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Vital KD, Pires LO, Gallotti B, Silva JL, Lima de Jesus LC, Alvarez-Leite JI, Ferreira Ê, de Carvalho Azevedo VA, Santos Martins F, Nascimento Cardoso V, Antunes Fernandes SO. Atorvastatin attenuates intestinal mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil in mice by modulating the epithelial barrier and inflammatory response. J Chemother 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38711347 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2024.2345027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis is a major side effect of cancer treatment. Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme reductase inhibitors used to treat hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that atorvastatin (ATV) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and resulting from the regulation of different molecular pathways. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ATV on intestinal homeostasis in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced mucositis. Our results showed that ATV protected the intestinal mucosa from epithelial damage caused by 5-FU mainly due to inflammatory infiltrate and intestinal permeability reduction, downregulation of inflammatory markers, such as Tlr4, MyD88, NF-κB, Tnf-a, Il1β, and Il6 dose-dependent. ATV also improved epithelial barrier function by upregulating the mRNA transcript levels of mucin 2 (MUC2), and ZO-1 and occludin tight junction proteins. The results suggest that the ATV anti-inflammatory and protective effects on 5-FU-induced mice mucositis involve the inhibition of the TLR4/MYD88/NPRL3/NF-κB, iNos, and caspase 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia Duarte Vital
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Octavio Pires
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gallotti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janayne Luihan Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luís Cláudio Lima de Jesus
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ênio Ferreira
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flaviano Santos Martins
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Simone Odília Antunes Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Farrell NF, Pan J, Huang T, Piccirillo JF, Goldstein BJ, Brody SL. Simvastatin as a topical anti-inflammatory: Effect on airway epithelial cell homeostasis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:1817-1820. [PMID: 36757028 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nyssa Fox Farrell
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jiehong Pan
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jay F Piccirillo
- Clinical Outcomes Research Office, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven L Brody
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Rajasegaran T, How CW, Saud A, Ali A, Lim JCW. Targeting Inflammation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer through Drug Repurposing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030451. [PMID: 36986550 PMCID: PMC10051080 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Lung cancers can be classified as small-cell (SCLC) or non-small cell (NSCLC). About 84% of all lung cancers are NSCLC and about 16% are SCLC. For the past few years, there have been a lot of new advances in the management of NSCLC in terms of screening, diagnosis and treatment. Unfortunately, most of the NSCLCs are resistant to current treatments and eventually progress to advanced stages. In this perspective, we discuss some of the drugs that can be repurposed to specifically target the inflammatory pathway of NSCLC utilizing its well-defined inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Continuous inflammatory conditions are responsible to induce DNA damage and enhance cell division rate in lung tissues. There are existing anti-inflammatory drugs which were found suitable for repurposing in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment and drug modification for delivery via inhalation. Repurposing anti-inflammatory drugs and their delivery through the airway is a promising strategy to treat NSCLC. In this review, suitable drug candidates that can be repurposed to treat inflammation-mediated NSCLC will be comprehensively discussed together with their administration via inhalation from physico-chemical and nanocarrier perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiviyadarshini Rajasegaran
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anoosha Saud
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Ali
- Cancer Science Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Chee Woei Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Bulbul MG, Jones G, Shaikh N, Assi S, E Bailey C, Ramadan HH, Makary CA. Is there an association between chronic rhinosinusitis and statins? A single institution study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2023; 13:184-187. [PMID: 35980343 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa G Bulbul
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Garrett Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Noah Shaikh
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sahar Assi
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christopher E Bailey
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Hassan H Ramadan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Chadi A Makary
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Eita AS, Makky AM, Anter A, Khalil IA. Atorvastatin-loaded emulsomes foam as a topical antifungal formulation. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Shaban NZ, Sleem AA, Abu-Serie MM, Maher AM, Habashy NH. Regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and IL-13 in asthmatic rats by aerosol inhalation of the combined active constituents of Punica granatum juice and peel. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113721. [PMID: 36152413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway illness. For the first time, we evaluated the proposed anti-asthmatic protective and therapeutic potency of inhaling Punica granatum juice (PJE) and peel (PPE) extract mixture (PM). Rats were challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) for 23 days and aerosolized with PM before each OVA challenge (protected group) or following the final OVA challenge for 3 days (therapeutic group). Considerable concentrations of phenolics were detected in PJE and PPE. Therefore, PM demonstrated synergistic scavenging abilities of NO and DPPH radicals. It also showed synergistic anti-inflammatory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the white blood cells by lowering the gene expression of CXCR1, CXCR2, IL-6, and IL-8. In addition, PM increased IL-10 gene expression while decreasing NO and TNF-α levels in LPS-exposed cells. Regarding the rats that were protected with PM, they exerted pulmonary pro-oxidant effects but prevented the OVA-induced upregulation of NF-κB, IKK, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, IL-13, and COL1A1, as well as MUC5AC and mucin over-secretion. While PM in the therapeutic group improved reactive oxygen species levels and normalized most of the investigated inflammatory and fibrotic mediators and mucin formation, but slightly improved the antioxidant indices. In addition, OVA-induced morphological alterations were massively improved after PM inhalation for short or long periods. Thus, PM inhalation prevented and treated OVA-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, while the inhalation period between 3 and 23 days needs to be optimized to acquire a better impact on the antioxidant indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Z Shaban
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
| | - Alyaa A Sleem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Abu-Serie
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Adham M Maher
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt
| | - Noha H Habashy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt.
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Saadat S, Boskabady MH. Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Rosuvastatin on Asthmatic, Hyperlipidemic, and Asthmatic-Hyperlipidemic Rat Models. Inflammation 2021; 44:2279-2290. [PMID: 34226988 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Statins could be of potential therapeutic effect in asthma due to their pleiotropic effects on inflammation process. This study aimed to examine the possible interaction of serum lipids, and evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin treatment on asthma. Seven groups of rats, namely control (C), asthmatic (A), hyperlipidemic (H), asthmatic-hyperlipidemic (AH), rosuvastatin (40 mg/kg)-treated asthmatic (AR), rosuvastatin-treated hyperlipidemic (HR), and rosuvastatin-treated hyperlipidemic-asthmatic (AHR) groups, were studied. Total and differential WBC counts, serum oxidative stress markers, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were evaluated. In the A and AH groups, total and differential WBC counts, and IL-6 and IL-10 levels were higher than in the C group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). An increase in nitrite and malondialdehyde concentrations and a decrease in total thiol content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were observed in the A, H, and AH groups compared to the C group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Beyond lipid lowering, rosuvastatin treatment reduced total and differential WBC counts in the A and AH groups (p<0.05 to p<0.001), IL-6 level in the AH group (p<0.05), and IL-10 level in all treated groups (p<0.05). Rosuvastatin reduced oxidative stress by decreasing nitrite and malondialdehyde concentrations, and increasing total thiol content in all treated groups as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the H and AH groups (p<0.05 to p<0.01). Rosuvastatin reduced airway inflammation and oxidation through regulating NOS and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine and inflammatory cells, which indicate a novel insight into the pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin in treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Saadat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Rimmer RA, Mace JC, Gill A, Alt J, Detwiller K, Geltzeiler M, Smith TL, Farrell NF. Association of statins with quality of life and olfaction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 12:237-239. [PMID: 34510817 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Rimmer
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jess C Mace
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Amarbir Gill
- Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jeremiah Alt
- Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kara Detwiller
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Mathew Geltzeiler
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Sinus Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Nyssa Fox Farrell
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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Yang CC, Yang CM. Chinese Herbs and Repurposing Old Drugs as Therapeutic Agents in the Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Pulmonary Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:657-687. [PMID: 33707963 PMCID: PMC7940992 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s293135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several pro-inflammatory factors and proteins have been characterized that are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma, induced by oxidative stress, cytokines, bacterial toxins, and viruses. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as secondary messengers and are products of normal cellular metabolism. Under physiological conditions, ROS protect cells against oxidative stress through the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis, which is important for proliferation, viability, cell activation, and organ function. However, overproduction of ROS is most frequently due to excessive stimulation of either the mitochondrial electron transport chain and xanthine oxidase or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α. NADPH oxidase activation and ROS overproduction could further induce numerous inflammatory target proteins that are potentially mediated via Nox/ROS-related transcription factors triggered by various intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, oxidative stress is considered important in pulmonary inflammatory processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that redox signals can induce pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Thus, therapeutic strategies directly targeting oxidative stress may be effective for pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Therefore, drugs with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties may be beneficial to these diseases. Recent studies have suggested that traditional Chinese medicines, statins, and peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor agonists could modulate inflammation-related signaling processes and may be beneficial for pulmonary inflammatory diseases. In particular, several herbal medicines have attracted attention for the management of pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we reviewed the pharmacological effects of these drugs to dissect how they induce host defense mechanisms against oxidative injury to combat pulmonary inflammation. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death can be protected via the induction of HO-1 by these drugs. The main objective of this review is to focus on Chinese herbs and old drugs to develop anti-inflammatory drugs able to induce HO-1 expression for the management of pulmonary inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chung Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Tao-Yuan, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, 33302, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Post-Baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan
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Brunaugh AD, Sharma S, Smyth H. Inhaled fixed-dose combination powders for the treatment of respiratory infections. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1101-1115. [PMID: 33632051 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1886074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. As an alternative to systemic drug administration, inhaled drug delivery can produce high drug concentrations in the lung tissue to overcome resistant bacteria. The development of inhaled fixed-dose combination powders (I-FDCs) is promising next step in this field, as it would enable simultaneous drug-drug or drug-adjuvant delivery at the site of infection, thereby promoting synergistic activity and improving patient compliance. AREAS COVERED This review covers the clinical and pharmaceutical rationales for the development of I-FDCs for the treatment of respiratory infections, relevant technologies for particle and powder generation, and obstacles which must be addressed to achieve regulatory approval. EXPERT OPINION I-FDCs have been widely successful in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; however, application of I-FDCs towards the treatment of respiratory infections carries additional challenges related to the high dose requirements and physicochemical characteristics of anti-infective drugs. At present, co-spray drying is an especially promising approach for the development of composite fixed-dose anti-infective particles for inhalation. Though the majority of fixed-dose research has thus far focused on the combination of multiple antibiotics, future work may shift to the additional inclusion of immunomodulatory agents or repurposed non-antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivam Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Hugh Smyth
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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Corlateanu A, Stratan I, Covantev S, Botnaru V, Corlateanu O, Siafakas N. Asthma and stroke: a narrative review. Asthma Res Pract 2021; 7:3. [PMID: 33608061 PMCID: PMC7896413 DOI: 10.1186/s40733-021-00069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation, bronchial reversible obstruction and hyperresponsiveness to direct or indirect stimuli. It is a severe disease causing approximately half a million deaths every year and thus possessing a significant public health burden. Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Asthma and asthma medications may be a risk factors for developing stroke. Nevertheless, since asthma is associated with a variety of comorbidities, such as cardiovascular, metabolic and respiratory, the increased incidence of stroke in asthma patients may be due to a confounding effect. The purpose of this review is to analyze the complex relationship between asthma and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Corlateanu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Stefan cel Mare street 165, 2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Iu Stratan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Stefan cel Mare street 165, 2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - S. Covantev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Stefan cel Mare street 165, 2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - V. Botnaru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Stefan cel Mare street 165, 2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - O. Corlateanu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Stefan cel Mare street 165, 2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - N. Siafakas
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, University General Hospital, Stavrakia, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Yu D, Liao JK. Emerging views of statin pleiotropy and cholesterol lowering. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:413-423. [PMID: 33533892 PMCID: PMC8803071 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past four decades, no class of drugs has had more impact on cardiovascular health than the HMC-CoA reductase inhibitors or statins. Developed as potent lipid-lowering agents, statins were later shown to reduce morbidity and mortality of patients who are at risk for cardiovascular disease. However, retrospective analyses of some of these clinical trials have uncovered some aspects of their clinical benefits that may be additional to their lipid-lowering effects. Such "pleiotropic" effects of statins garnered intense interest and debate over its contribution to cardiovascular risk reduction. This review will provide a brief background of statin pleiotropy, assess the available clinical evidence for and against their non-lipid-lowering benefits, and propose future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Yu
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Care, ThedaCare Regional Medical Center, Appleton, WI, USA
| | - James K Liao
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Developed simvastatin chitosan nanoparticles co-crosslinked with tripolyphosphate and chondroitin sulfate for ASGPR-mediated targeted HCC delivery with enhanced oral bioavailability. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1851-1867. [PMID: 33424274 PMCID: PMC7783227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin (SV) repurposing has emerged as an alternative approach for the treatment of cancer. In this study, SV chitosan nanoparticles co-crosslinked with tripolyphosphate and chondroitin sulfate (SVCSChSNPs) were developed in order to maximize SV therapeutic efficiency. The hepatic targeting was realized using N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues of ChS, which can be identified by the ASGPR receptors specifically expressed in hepatocytes. SV was repurposed as an anticancer agent against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NPs were fabricated by the ionic gelation method, and the formulation variables (CS concentration, CS:ChS ratio, and CS solution pH) were optimized using a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design. The optimized NPs were investigated for particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, in vitro cytotoxicity, apoptotic effects against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, and detection of intracellular localization. The NPs were further evaluated for in vitro release behavior of SV and pharmacokinetics using Wister albino rats. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging showed a spherical shape with regular surface NPs of < 100 nm diameter. In vitro cytotoxicity testing showed that the SVCSChSNPs exhibited greater inhibition of proliferation in HepG2 cells and high cellular uptake through ASGPR-mediated endocytosis. The in vitro dissolution profile was 2.1-fold greater than that of pure SV suspension. Furthermore, in vivo oral pharmacokinetics revealed that the obtained NPs enhanced the bioavailability of SV by up to 2- and 1.6-fold for SV and SVA, respectively, compared to the pure SV suspension. These findings demonstrated that hepatic-targeted CSChSNPs delivering SV could potentially serve as a promising platform for HCC and other liver-related diseases.
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Mehta PP, Dhapte-Pawar VS. Repurposing drug molecules for new pulmonary therapeutic interventions. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1829-1848. [PMID: 33188495 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing with novel strategies has substantially contributed to the identification and analysis of new molecules for better pulmonary intervention. This review would offer insights into the drug repurposing for effective pulmonary therapy. The review begins by explaining the relevant background knowledge of drug repurposing, the need for drug repurposing, and their potential advantages in treating pulmonary diseases. This article takes into account clinical trial problems, drug delivery challenges, regulatory issues, and human ergonomics along with chemistry manufacturing and control strategies for effective pulmonary drug repurposing. This article elaborates on pulmonary drug repurposing with help of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat analysis. In brief, this article is the first inclusive account of drug repurposing for better pulmonary therapy. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush P Mehta
- Department of Quality Assurance Technique, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-38, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vividha S Dhapte-Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-38, Maharashtra, India.
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Gilani S, Bhattacharyya N. The Potential Protective Effects of Statins in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Case-Control Study. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E1431-E1433. [PMID: 33140862 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To determine the potential protective effect of prior statin use on the subsequent diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, case-control. METHODS Electronic medical records for all patients seen in the otolaryngology clinic in 2019 and receiving a diagnosis of CRS were reviewed for the presence or absence of active prior statin use within 365 days of the visit. Similarly, prior statin use in a control group of patients without any diagnosis of CRS was also determined. Statin exposure in CRS patients was compared to statin exposure in control patients with 1:2 matching on age and sex with chi-square and odds ratios were computed. RESULTS In 2019, 3655 patients (mean age, 52.9 years, 56.4% female) were identified with a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis versus 41,636 patients without any diagnosis of CRS. All chronic rhinosinusitis patients were successfully matched to 7310 controls. 6.3% of CRS patients (229 patients) had prior statin use, versus 8.5% (624 patients) of control patients. The average mean duration of statin use prior to visit was not significantly different between CRS and control patients (mean days, 202.3 days versus 205.6 days, respectively; P = .697). The presence of a statin medication in use was associated with a significant protective effect against a subsequent diagnosis of CRS with and odds ratio for CRS diagnosis of 0.716 (95% confidence interval, 0.612-0.838) in those patients taking a statin medication (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The use of a statin medication was associated with a significant reduction in subsequent diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E1431-E1433, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapideh Gilani
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, California, U.S.A
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Tulbah AS. The potential of Atorvastatin for chronic lung diseases therapy. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1353-1363. [PMID: 33250642 PMCID: PMC7679442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin (ATO) is of the statin class and is used as an orally administered lipid-lowering drug. ATO is a reversible synthetic competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase thus leading to a reduction in cholesterol synthesis. It has recently been demonstrated that ATO has different pharmacological actions, which are unrelated to its lipid-lowering effects and has the ability to treat chronic airway diseases. This paper reviews the potential of ATO as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative agent after oral or inhaled administration. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using ATO under conditions associated with those found in the airways. This treatment could potentially be used to support the formulating of ATO as an inhaler for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases.
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Key Words
- %, Percentage
- AA, Allergic asthma
- AP-1, Activator protein-1
- ATO, Atorvastatin
- Atorvastatin
- BALF, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- CCL7, Chemokine ligand 7
- CI, Confidence interval
- COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CS, Cigarettes smoke
- CYP3A4/5, Cytochrome Metabolic enzymes3A4/5
- FPP, Farnesylpyrophosphate
- G, Gram
- GEF, Guanine nucleotide exchange factors
- GGPP, Geranylgeranylpyrophosphate
- IL, Interleukins
- Inflammation
- Inhale
- Log P, Partition coefficient
- MMPs, Matrix-metalloprotease
- MVA, Mevalonic acid
- NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NCSCL, Non-small cell lung cancer
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa
- NOS, Nitric oxide synthase
- NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
- OATP, Organic anion transporting polypeptide
- Oral
- Oxidation
- PEG, Polyethylene glycol
- PPE, Porcine pancreatic elastase
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Respiratory diseases
- SAS, Supercritical antisolvent
- SphK1, Sphingosine kinase 1
- TGF, Transforming growth factor
- TNF-a, Tumour necrosis factor alpha
- TSC, Tuberous sclerosis
- UDP, Uridine diphosphate
- UV, Ultraviolet light
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial cell growth factor
- VLDL, Very low-density lipoproteins
- WHO, World Health Organization
- log D, Coefficient values octanol/water
- m2, Square meter
- mg, Milligram
- mg/day, Milligram per day
- ml, Millilitres
- pH, Measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution
- pKa, Dissociation constant
- s, Second
- v/v, Volume per volume
- °C/min, Temperature in degrees per minutes
- μM, Micromolar
- μg, Microgram
- μg/day, Microgram per day
- μg/mL, Microgram per millilitre
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Tulbah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Simvastatin attenuates lung functional and vascular effects of hyperoxia in preterm rabbits. Pediatr Res 2020; 87:1193-1200. [PMID: 31816623 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains a frequent complication following preterm birth, affecting respiratory health throughout life. Transcriptome analysis in a preterm rabbit model for BPD revealed dysregulation of key genes for inflammation, vascular growth and lung development in animals exposed to hyperoxia, which could be prevented by simvastatin. METHODS Preterm rabbits were randomized to either normoxia (21% O2) or hyperoxia (95% O2) and within each condition to treatment with 5 mg/kg simvastatin daily or control. Lung function, structure and mRNA-expression was assessed on day 7. RESULTS Simvastatin partially prevented the effect of hyperoxia on lung function, without altering alveolar structure or inflammation. A trend towards a less fibrotic phenotype was noted in simvastatin-treated pups, and airways were less muscularized. Most importantly, simvastatin completely prevented hyperoxia-induced arterial remodeling, in association with partial restoration of VEGFA and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression. Simvastatin however decreased survival in pups exposed to normoxia, but not to hyperoxia. CONCLUSION Repurposing of simvastatin could be an advantageous therapeutic strategy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia and other developmental lung diseases with pulmonary vascular disease. The increased mortality in the treated normoxia group however limits the translational value at this dose and administration route.
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Rosuvastatin suppresses cytokine production and lung inflammation in asthmatic, hyperlipidemic and asthmatic-hyperlipidemic rat models. Cytokine 2020; 128:154993. [PMID: 32007867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.154993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the role that T lymphocytes play on the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, drugs targeting Th2 and Th17 cells may be a hopeful therapeutic strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of rosuvastatin treatment on cytokine production and lung inflammation in allergic asthma. METHODS The animals were assigned into control (C), asthmatic (A), hyperlipidemic (H), asthmatic-hyperlipidemic (AH), rosuvastatin (40 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally, for 3 weeks)-treated asthmatic (AR), rosuvastatin-treated hyperlipidemic (HR) and rosuvastatin-treated asthmatic-hyperlipidemic (AHR) groups (n = 6 in each group). The levels of IL-4, IFN-γ and IL-17, total and differential WBC counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), Th1/Th2 balance, and pathological changes were evaluated. RESULTS The BALF level of IL-4 in A, H and AH groups, and IL-17A in A and AH groups were significantly higher than that in C group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). IFN-γ level and Th1/Th2 balance (IFN‑γ/IL-4 ratio) in A and AH groups were significantly decreased (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). Inflammatory cells infiltration, muscle hypertrophy and emphysema were also observed in A and AH groups. The BALF levels of IL-4 in AR, HR and AHR groups, IFN-γ level in HR group, and IL-17A level in AR and AHR groups showed a significant improvement compared to that of A, H and AH groups (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Rosuvastatin treatment increased Th1/Th2 balance in all treated groups (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01), decreased total WBC counts, neutrophilia, eosinophilia and lung inflammation in AR and AHR groups, and improved muscle hypertrophy and emphysema in AHR group. CONCLUSIONS Rosuvastatin treatment improved lung pathological changes by suppression of Th2 and Th17-mediated cytokines which was unrelated to its lipid-lowering activity. Therefore, rosuvastatin might be a candidate immunomodulatory drug for treatment of patients with allergic asthma.
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Chen F, Yang M, Wan C, Liu L, Chen L. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in pulmonary hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:786. [PMID: 32042802 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a multi-causal disease and no satisfactory therapeutic strategies for it. Statins have been suggested as potential drugs in PH, whose effects in different clinic types of PH have not been conclusive. In this study, we included randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of statins therapy in PH. Methods We searched databases including Medline, Embase, Cochrane, PubMed and Web of science, with time up to January 1, 2019. With 95% confidence interval (CI), weighted mean difference (WMD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) was pooled and calculated in a random or fixed effect model according to I2 statistic. Results A total of nine RCTs with 657 patients were included. Four types of statins (atorvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin) were used at different doses (10-80 mg daily) for up to 6 months. In the pooled-data analysis, compared with placebo, there were significant improvements in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), in addition to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in patients treated with statins, but not in 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), cardiac index (CDI). No more adverse events and all-cause mortality were revealed. Subgroup analysis indicated that statins could decrease PAP in the subtype of PH due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but not pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Conclusions This study indicates that statins can efficiently and safely reduce PAP in PH, especially in the subtype due to COPD. Further RCTs are needed to focus on the efficacy and safety of statin therapy in different subtypes of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangying Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Tuberculosis, the Third People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chun Wan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 363 Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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He P, Smith A, Gelissen IC, Ammit AJ. The effect of statins and the synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 on expression of ABCA1 transporter protein in human lung epithelial cell lines in vitro. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1219-1226. [PMID: 31669886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with dyslipidemia, an established co-morbidity. Statins treat hypercholesterolemia, but more recently have been trailed in the setting of COPD for their potential anti-inflammatory benefits. The outcomes of prospective trials however have been inconsistent. Thus, we hypothesize that the variation in results may have been due to statin-induced downregulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), thereby reducing cholesterol export. This study aims to elucidate whether statin treatment in a cellular model of COPD leads to a decrease in ABCA1 protein expression. METHODS To mimic the inflammatory environment of COPD, two commonly used lung epithelial cell lines (BEAS-2B and A549) were treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and co-treated with cholesterol/25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH) to mimic dyslipidemia. ABCA1 protein was detected by Western Blotting. RESULTS We unexpectedly showed that statins did not affect ABCA1 expression. However, the LXR agonist T0901317 significantly increased ABCA1 expression in both cell lines, while TNF, cholesterol or 25-OH induced ABCA1 protein upregulation in BEAS-2B cells, indicating cell line differences in response. There was also evidence of synergistic impacts of combined treatments on ABCA1 upregulation in BEAS-2B cells. CONCLUSION Statins did not have an impact on ABCA1 expression in lung epithelial cell lines, disproving our original hypothesis. However, we showed for the first time, the effect of the inflammatory cytokine TNF, cholesterol/25-OH, statins and the LXR agonist T0901317 on expression of ABCA1 transporter protein in human lung epithelial cell lines in vitro. We hope that these in vitro studies may prove beneficial for addressing dyslipidemia in COPD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick He
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron Smith
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Alaina J Ammit
- Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Ali A, Levantini E, Fhu CW, Teo JT, Clohessy JG, Goggi JL, Wu CS, Chen L, Chin TM, Tenen DG. CAV1 - GLUT3 signaling is important for cellular energy and can be targeted by Atorvastatin in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:6157-6174. [PMID: 31534543 PMCID: PMC6735519 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The development of molecular targeted therapies, such as EGFR-TKIs, has positively impacted the management of EGFR mutated NSCLC. However, patients with innate and acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs still face limited effective therapeutic options. Statins are the most frequently prescribed anti-cholesterol agents and have been reported to inhibit the progression of various malignancies, including in lung. However, the mechanism by which statin exerts its anti-cancer effects is unclear. This study is designed to investigate the anti-proliferative effects and identify the mechanism-of-action of statins in NSCLC. Methods: In this study, the anti-tumoral properties of Atorvastatin were investigated in NSCLC utilizing cell culture system and in vivo models. Results: We demonstrate a link between elevated cellular cholesterol and TKI-resistance in NSCLC, which is independent of EGFR mutation status. Atorvastatin suppresses growth by inhibiting Cav1 expression in tumors in cell culture system and in in vivo models. Subsequent interrogations demonstrate an oncogenic physical interaction between Cav1 and GLUT3, and glucose uptake found distinctly in TKI-resistant NSCLC and this may be due to changes in the physical properties of Cav1 favoring GLUT3 binding in which significantly stronger Cav1 and GLUT3 physical interactions were observed in TKI-resistant than in TKI-sensitive NSCLC cells. Further, the differential effects of atorvastatin observed between EGFR-TKI resistant and sensitive cells suggest that EGFR mutation status may influence its actions. Conclusions: This study reveals the inhibition of oncogenic role of Cav1 in GLUT3-mediated glucose uptake by statins and highlights its potential impact to overcome NSCLC with EGFR-TKI resistance.
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Crisan L, Wong N, Sin DD, Lee HM. Karma of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors for Prevention and Management of Major Cardiovascular Events in the Context of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:79. [PMID: 31294030 PMCID: PMC6603127 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is compelling epidemiological evidence that airway exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollution particles, as well as bacterial and viral pathogens is strongly related to acute ischemic events. Over the years, there have been important animal and human studies that have provided experimental evidence to support a causal link. Studies show that patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) or risk factors for CVD are more likely to have major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and patients with more severe COPD have higher cardiovascular mortality and morbidity than those with less severe COPD. The risk of MACEs in acute exacerbation of COPD is determined by the complex interactions between genetics, behavioral, metabolic, infectious, and environmental risk factors. To date, there are no guidelines regarding the prevention, screening, and management of the modifiable risk factors for MACEs in the context of COPD or COPD exacerbations, and there is insufficient CVD risk control in those with COPD. A deeper insight of the modifiable risk factors shared by CVD, COPD, and acute exacerbations of COPD may improve the strategies for reduction of MACEs in patients with COPD through vaccination, tight control of traditional CV risk factors and modifying lifestyle. This review summarizes the most recent studies regarding the pathophysiology and epidemiology of modifiable risk factors shared by CVD, COPD, and COPD exacerbations that could influence overall morbidity and mortality due to MACEs in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Crisan
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nathan Wong
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Don D. Sin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hwa Mu Lee
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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