1
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Luque LM, Carlevaro CM, Rodriguez-Lomba E, Lomba E. In silico study of heterogeneous tumour-derived organoid response to CAR T-cell therapy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12307. [PMID: 38811838 PMCID: PMC11137006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising immunotherapy for treating cancers. This method consists in modifying the patients' T-cells to directly target antigen-presenting cancer cells. One of the barriers to the development of this type of therapies, is target antigen heterogeneity. It is thought that intratumour heterogeneity is one of the leading determinants of therapeutic resistance and treatment failure. While understanding antigen heterogeneity is important for effective therapeutics, a good therapy strategy could enhance the therapy efficiency. In this work we introduce an agent-based model (ABM), built upon a previous ABM, to rationalise the outcomes of different CAR T-cells therapies strategies over heterogeneous tumour-derived organoids. We found that one dose of CAR T-cell therapy should be expected to reduce the tumour size as well as its growth rate, however it may not be enough to completely eliminate it. Moreover, the amount of free CAR T-cells (i.e. CAR T-cells that did not kill any cancer cell) increases as we increase the dosage, and so does the risk of side effects. We tested different strategies to enhance smaller dosages, such as enhancing the CAR T-cells long-term persistence and multiple dosing. For both approaches an appropriate dosimetry strategy is necessary to produce "effective yet safe" therapeutic results. Moreover, an interesting emergent phenomenon results from the simulations, namely the formation of a shield-like structure of cells with low antigen expression. This shield turns out to protect cells with high antigen expression. Finally we tested a multi-antigen recognition therapy to overcome antigen escape and heterogeneity. Our studies suggest that larger dosages can completely eliminate the organoid, however the multi-antigen recognition increases the risk of side effects. Therefore, an appropriate small dosages dosimetry strategy is necessary to improve the outcomes. Based on our results, it is clear that a proper therapeutic strategy could enhance the therapies outcomes. In that direction, our computational approach provides a framework to model treatment combinations in different scenarios and to explore the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Melina Luque
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
| | - Carlos Manuel Carlevaro
- Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, Facultad Regional La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Enrique Lomba
- Instituto de Química Física Blas Cabrera, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Hadiloo K, Taremi S, Safa SH, Amidifar S, Esmaeilzadeh A. The new era of immunological treatment, last updated and future consideration of CAR T cell-based drugs. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107158. [PMID: 38599467 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer treatment is one of the fundamental challenges in clinical setting, especially in relapsed/refractory malignancies. The novel immunotherapy-based treatments bring new hope in cancer therapy and achieve various treatment successes. One of the distinguished ways of cancer immunotherapy is adoptive cell therapy, which utilizes genetically modified immune cells against cancer cells. Between different methods in ACT, the chimeric antigen receptor T cells have more investigation and introduced a promising way to treat cancer patients. This technology progressed until it introduced six US Food and Drug Administration-approved CAR T cell-based drugs. These drugs act against hematological malignancies appropriately and achieve exciting results, so they have been utilized widely in cell therapy clinics. In this review, we introduce all CAR T cells-approved drugs based on their last data and investigate them from all aspects of pharmacology, side effects, and compressional. Also, the efficacy of drugs, pre- and post-treatment steps, and expected side effects are introduced, and the challenges and new solutions in CAR T cell therapy are in the last speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Hadiloo
- Department of immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, the Islamic Republic of Iran; School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Siavash Taremi
- Department of immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, the Islamic Republic of Iran; School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Salar Hozhabri Safa
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sima Amidifar
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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3
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Kirouac DC, Zmurchok C, Morris D. Making drugs from T cells: The quantitative pharmacology of engineered T cell therapeutics. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2024; 10:31. [PMID: 38499572 PMCID: PMC10948391 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-024-00355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Engineered T cells have emerged as highly effective treatments for hematological cancers. Hundreds of clinical programs are underway in efforts to expand the efficacy, safety, and applications of this immuno-therapeutic modality. A primary challenge in developing these "living drugs" is the complexity of their pharmacology, as the drug product proliferates, differentiates, traffics between tissues, and evolves through interactions with patient immune systems. Using publicly available clinical data from Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells, we demonstrate how mathematical models can be used to quantify the relationships between product characteristics, patient physiology, pharmacokinetics and clinical outcomes. As scientists work to develop next-generation cell therapy products, mathematical models will be integral for contextualizing data and facilitating the translation of product designs to clinical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Kirouac
- Notch Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- The University of British Columbia, School of Biomedical Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Metrum Research Group, Tariffville, CT, USA.
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4
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Shishido SN, Hart O, Jeong S, Moriarty A, Heeke D, Rossi J, Bot A, Kuhn P. Liquid biopsy approach to monitor the efficacy and response to CAR-T cell therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e007329. [PMID: 38350684 PMCID: PMC10862257 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are approved for use in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Axicabtagene ciloleucel (YESCARTA) and brexucabtagene autoleucel (TECARTUS) genetically modified autologous T cells expressing an anti-CD19 scFv based on the FMC63 clone have shown impressive response rates for the treatment of CD19+B cell malignancies, but there remain challenges in monitoring long-term persistence as well as the functional characterization of low-level persisting CAR-T cells in patients. Furthermore, due to CD19-negative driven relapse, having the capability to monitor patients with simultaneous detection of the B cell malignancy and persisting CAR-T cells in patient peripheral blood is important for ensuring timely treatment optionality and understanding relapse. METHODS This study demonstrates the development and technical validation of a comprehensive liquid biopsy, high-definition single cell assay (HDSCA)-HemeCAR for (1) KTE-X19 CAR-T cell identification and analysis and (2) simultaneously monitoring the CD19-epitope landscape on neoplastic B cells in cryopreserved or fresh peripheral blood. Proprietary anti-CD19 CAR reagents, healthy donor transduced CAR-T cells, and patient samples consisting of malignant B cell fractions from manufacturing were used for assay development. RESULTS The CAR-T assay showed an approximate limit of detection at 1 cell in 3 million with a sensitivity of 91%. Genomic analysis was additionally used to confirm the presence of the CAR transgene. This study additionally reports the successful completion of two B cell assays with multiple CD19 variants (FMC63 and LE-CD19) and a unique fourth channel biomarker (CD20 or CD22). In patient samples, we observed that CD19 isoforms were highly heterogeneous both intrapatient and interpatient. CONCLUSIONS With the simultaneous detection of the CAR-T cells and the B cell malignancy in patient peripheral blood, the HDSCA-HemeCAR workflow may be considered for risk monitoring and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Shishido
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Olivia Hart
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sujin Jeong
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aidan Moriarty
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Darren Heeke
- Kite A Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - John Rossi
- Kite A Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Adrian Bot
- Kite A Gilead Company, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Convergent Science Institute in Cancer, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute of Urology, Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Joslyn LR, Huang W, Miles D, Hosseini I, Ramanujan S. "Digital twins elucidate critical role of T scm in clinical persistence of TCR-engineered cell therapy". NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2024; 10:11. [PMID: 38278838 PMCID: PMC10817974 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-024-00335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in adoptive T cell therapy for cancer, understanding and predicting the kinetics of infused T cells remains a challenge. Multiple factors can impact the distribution, expansion, and decay or persistence of infused T cells in patients. We have developed a novel quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model of TCR-transgenic T cell therapy in patients with solid tumors to describe the kinetics of endogenous T cells and multiple memory subsets of engineered T cells after infusion. These T cells undergo lymphodepletion, proliferation, trafficking, differentiation, and apoptosis in blood, lymph nodes, tumor site, and other peripheral tissues. Using the model, we generated patient-matched digital twins that recapitulate the circulating T cell kinetics reported from a clinical trial of TCR-engineered T cells targeting E7 in patients with metastatic HPV-associated epithelial cancers. Analyses of key parameters influencing cell kinetics and differences among digital twins identify stem cell-like memory T cells (Tscm) cells as an important determinant of both expansion and persistence and suggest that Tscm-related differences contribute significantly to the observed variability in cellular kinetics among patients. We simulated in silico clinical trials using digital twins and predict that Tscm enrichment in the infused product improves persistence of the engineered T cells and could enable administration of a lower dose. Finally, we verified the broader relevance of the QSP model, the digital twins, and findings on the importance of Tscm enrichment by predicting kinetics for two patients with pancreatic cancer treated with KRAS G12D targeting T cell therapy. This work offers insight into the key role of Tscm biology on T cell kinetics and provides a quantitative framework to evaluate cellular kinetics for future efforts in the development and clinical application of TCR-engineered T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weize Huang
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dale Miles
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Foley CR, Swan SL, Swartz MA. Engineering Challenges and Opportunities in Autologous Cellular Cancer Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:188-198. [PMID: 38166251 PMCID: PMC11155266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The use of a patient's own immune or tumor cells, manipulated ex vivo, enables Ag- or patient-specific immunotherapy. Despite some clinical successes, there remain significant barriers to efficacy, broad patient population applicability, and safety. Immunotherapies that target specific tumor Ags, such as chimeric Ag receptor T cells and some dendritic cell vaccines, can mount robust immune responses against immunodominant Ags, but evolving tumor heterogeneity and antigenic downregulation can drive resistance. In contrast, whole tumor cell vaccines and tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccines target the patient's unique tumor antigenic repertoire without prior neoantigen selection; however, efficacy can be weak when lower-affinity clones dominate the T cell pool. Chimeric Ag receptor T cell and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapies additionally face challenges related to genetic modification, T cell exhaustion, and immunotoxicity. In this review, we highlight some engineering approaches and opportunities to these challenges among four classes of autologous cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R. Foley
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sheridan L. Swan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melody A. Swartz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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7
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Smith R. Bringing cell therapy to tumors: considerations for optimal CAR binder design. Antib Ther 2023; 6:225-239. [PMID: 37846297 PMCID: PMC10576856 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells have revolutionized the immunotherapy of B-cell malignancies and are poised to expand the range of their impact across a broad range of oncology and non-oncology indications. Critical to the success of a given CAR is the choice of binding domain, as this is the key driver for specificity and plays an important role (along with the rest of the CAR structure) in determining efficacy, potency and durability of the cell therapy. While antibodies have proven to be effective sources of CAR binding domains, it has become apparent that the desired attributes for a CAR binding domain do differ from those of a recombinant antibody. This review will address key factors that need to be considered in choosing the optimal binding domain for a given CAR and how binder properties influence and are influenced by the rest of the CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Smith
- Department of Research, Kite, a Gilead Company, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 240, Emeryville, CA 94070, USA
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8
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Rajakaruna H, Desai M, Das J. PASCAR: a multiscale framework to explore the design space of constitutive and inducible CAR T cells. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302171. [PMID: 37507138 PMCID: PMC10387492 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CAR T cells are engineered to bind and destroy tumor cells by targeting overexpressed surface antigens. However, healthy cells expressing lower abundances of these antigens can also be lysed by CAR T cells. Various CAR T cell designs increase tumor cell elimination, whereas reducing damage to healthy cells. However, these efforts are costly and labor-intensive, constraining systematic exploration of potential hypotheses. We develop a protein abundance structured population dynamic model for CAR T cells (PASCAR), a framework that combines multiscale population dynamic models and multi-objective optimization approaches with data from cytometry and cytotoxicity assays to systematically explore the design space of constitutive and tunable CAR T cells. PASCAR can quantitatively describe in vitro and in vivo results for constitutive and inducible CAR T cells and can successfully predict experiments outside the training data. Our exploration of the CAR design space reveals that optimal CAR affinities in the intermediate range of dissociation constants effectively reduce healthy cell lysis, whereas maintaining high tumor cell-killing rates. Furthermore, our modeling offers guidance for optimizing CAR expressions in synthetic notch CAR T cells. PASCAR can be extended to other CAR immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshana Rajakaruna
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomics, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Milie Desai
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Jayajit Das
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomics, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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9
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Mody H, Ogasawara K, Zhu X, Miles D, Shastri PN, Gokemeijer J, Liao MZ, Kasichayanula S, Yang TY, Chemuturi N, Gupta S, Jawa V, Upreti VV. Best Practices and Considerations for Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometric Aspects for Optimal Development of CAR-T and TCR-T Cell Therapies: An Industry Perspective. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:530-557. [PMID: 37393588 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
With the promise of a potentially "single dose curative" paradigm, CAR-T cell therapies have brought a paradigm shift in the treatment and management of hematological malignancies. Both CAR-T and TCR-T cell therapies have also made great progress toward the successful treatment of solid tumor indications. The field is rapidly evolving with recent advancements including the clinical development of "off-the-shelf" allogeneic CAR-T therapies that can overcome the long and difficult "vein-to-vein" wait time seen with autologous CAR-T therapies. There are unique clinical pharmacology, pharmacometric, bioanalytical, and immunogenicity considerations and challenges in the development of these CAR-T and TCR-T cell therapies. Hence, to help accelerate the development of these life-saving therapies for the patients with cancer, experts in this field came together under the umbrella of International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development (IQ) to form a joint working group between the Clinical Pharmacology Leadership Group (CPLG) and the Translational and ADME Sciences Leadership Group (TALG). In this white paper, we present the IQ consortium perspective on the best practices and considerations for clinical pharmacology and pharmacometric aspects toward the optimal development of CAR-T and TCR-T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Mody
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ken Ogasawara
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xu Zhu
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dale Miles
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jochem Gokemeijer
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Z Liao
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Tong-Yuan Yang
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen R&D, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nagendra Chemuturi
- Clinical Pharmacology, DMPK, Pharmacometrics, Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Swati Gupta
- Development Biological Sciences, Immunology, AbbVie, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vijay V Upreti
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling & Simulation, Amgen, South San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Renardy M, Prokopienko AJ, Maxwell JR, Flusberg DA, Makaryan S, Selimkhanov J, Vakilynejad M, Subramanian K, Wille L. A Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model Describing the Cellular Kinetic-Pharmacodynamic Relationship for a Live Biotherapeutic Product to Support Microbiome Drug Development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:633-643. [PMID: 37218407 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) are human microbiome therapies showing promise in the clinic for a range of diseases and conditions. Describing the kinetics and behavior of LBPs poses a unique modeling challenge because, unlike traditional therapies, LBPs can expand, contract, and colonize the host digestive tract. Here, we present a novel cellular kinetic-pharmacodynamic quantitative systems pharmacology model of an LBP. The model describes bacterial growth and competition, vancomycin effects, binding and unbinding to the epithelial surface, and production and clearance of butyrate as a therapeutic metabolite. The model is calibrated and validated to published data from healthy volunteers. Using the model, we simulate the impact of treatment dose, frequency, and duration as well as vancomycin pretreatment on butyrate production. This model enables model-informed drug development and can be used for future microbiome therapies to inform decision making around antibiotic pretreatment, dose selection, loading dose, and dosing duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph R Maxwell
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Majid Vakilynejad
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Lucia Wille
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Qi T, Vincent BG, Cao Y. A multispecies framework for modeling adaptive immunity and immunotherapy in cancer. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010976. [PMID: 37083574 PMCID: PMC10155959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Predator-prey theory is commonly used to describe tumor growth in the presence of selective pressure from the adaptive immune system. These interactions are mediated by the tumor immunopeptidome (what the tumor "shows" the body) and the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire (how well the body "sees" cancer cells). The tumor immunopeptidome comprises neoantigens which can be gained and lost throughout tumorigenesis and treatment. Heterogeneity in the immunopeptidome is predictive of poor response to immunotherapy in some tumor types, suggesting that the TCR repertoire is unable to support a fully polyclonal response against every neoantigen. Importantly, while tumor and T-cell populations are known to compete with each other for intratumoral resources, whether between-lineage competition among peripheral T cells influences the TCR repertoire is unknown and difficult to interrogate experimentally. Computational models may offer a way to investigate these phenomena and deepen our understanding of the tumor-immune axis. Here, we construct a predator-prey-like model and calibrate it to preclinical and clinical data to describe tumor growth and immunopeptidome diversification. Simultaneously, we model the expansion of antigen-specific T-cell lineages and their consumption of both lineage-specific antigenic resources and lineage-agnostic, shared resources. This predator-prey-like framework accurately described clinically observed immunopeptidomes; recapitulated response-associated effects of immunotherapy, including immunoediting; and allowed exploration of treatment of tumors with varying growth and mutation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Qi
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benjamin G. Vincent
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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12
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Tian H, Cao J, Li B, Nice EC, Mao H, Zhang Y, Huang C. Managing the immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma: the outlook for osteosarcoma treatment. Bone Res 2023; 11:11. [PMID: 36849442 PMCID: PMC9971189 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, with poor survival after metastasis, is considered the most common primary bone cancer in adolescents. Notwithstanding the efforts of researchers, its five-year survival rate has only shown limited improvement, suggesting that existing therapeutic strategies are insufficient to meet clinical needs. Notably, immunotherapy has shown certain advantages over traditional tumor treatments in inhibiting metastasis. Therefore, managing the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma can provide novel and valuable insight into the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity and progression of the disease. Additionally, given the advances in nanomedicine, there exist many advanced nanoplatforms for enhanced osteosarcoma immunotherapy with satisfactory physiochemical characteristics. Here, we review the classification, characteristics, and functions of the key components of the immune microenvironment in osteosarcoma. This review also emphasizes the application, progress, and prospects of osteosarcoma immunotherapy and discusses several nanomedicine-based options to enhance the efficiency of osteosarcoma treatment. Furthermore, we examine the disadvantages of standard treatments and present future perspectives for osteosarcoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Tian
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Jiangjun Cao
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Bowen Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Haijiao Mao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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13
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Afonin KA, Dokholyan NV. Editorial to "Molecular engineering of biomaterials programmed to operate in living systems". Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 193:114669. [PMID: 36529189 PMCID: PMC10015611 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A Afonin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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Paixão EA, Barros LRC, Fassoni AC, Almeida RC. Modeling Patient-Specific CAR-T Cell Dynamics: Multiphasic Kinetics via Phenotypic Differentiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225576. [PMID: 36428671 PMCID: PMC9688514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell immunotherapy revolutionized cancer treatment and consists of the genetic modification of T lymphocytes with a CAR gene, aiming to increase their ability to recognize and kill antigen-specific tumor cells. The dynamics of CAR-T cell responses in patients present multiphasic kinetics with distribution, expansion, contraction, and persistence phases. The characteristics and duration of each phase depend on the tumor type, the infused product, and patient-specific characteristics. We present a mathematical model that describes the multiphasic CAR-T cell dynamics resulting from the interplay between CAR-T and tumor cells, considering patient and product heterogeneities. The CAR-T cell population is divided into functional (distributed and effector), memory, and exhausted CAR-T cell phenotypes. The model is able to describe the diversity of CAR-T cell dynamical behaviors in different patients and hematological cancers as well as their therapy outcomes. Our results indicate that the joint assessment of the area under the concentration-time curve in the first 28 days and the corresponding fraction of non-exhausted CAR-T cells may be considered a potential marker to classify therapy responses. Overall, the analysis of different CAR-T cell phenotypes can be a key aspect for a better understanding of the whole CAR-T cell dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle A. Paixão
- Graduate Program, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis 25651-075, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Luciana R. C. Barros
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Artur C. Fassoni
- Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá 37500-903, Brazil
| | - Regina C. Almeida
- Computational Modeling Department, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis 25651-075, Brazil
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