1
|
Costa I, Lopes I, Morais M, Silva R, Remião F, Medeiros R, Alves LG, Pinto E, Cerqueira F. Disclosing the Antifungal Mechanisms of the Cyclam Salt H 4[H 2( 4-CF3PhCH 2) 2Cyclam]Cl 4 against Candida albicans and Candida krusei. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5209. [PMID: 38791254 PMCID: PMC11121207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoses are one of the major causes of morbidity/mortality among immunocompromised individuals. Considering the importance of these infections, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined a priority list of fungi for health in 2022 that include Candida albicans as belonging to the critical priority group and Pichia kudriavzevii (Candida krusei) to the medium priority group. The existence of few available antifungal drugs, their high toxicity, the acquired fungal resistance, and the appearance of new species with a broader spectrum of resistance, points out the need for searching for new antifungals, preferably with new and multiple mechanisms of action. The cyclam salt H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4 was previously tested against several fungi and revealed an interesting activity, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8 µg/mL for C. krusei and of 128 µg/mL for C. albicans. The main objective of the present work was to deeply understand the mechanisms involved in its antifungal activity. The effects of the cyclam salt on yeast metabolic viability (resazurin reduction assay), yeast mitochondrial function (JC-1 probe), production of reactive oxygen species (DCFH-DA probe) and on intracellular ATP levels (luciferin/luciferase assay) were evaluated. H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4 induced a significant decrease in the metabolic activity of both C. albicans and C. krusei, an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, and an impaired mitochondrial function. The latter was observed by the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and decrease in ATP intracellular levels, mechanisms that seems to be involved in the antifungal activity of H4[H2(4-CF3PhCH2)2Cyclam]Cl4. The interference of the cyclam salt with human cells revealed a CC50 value against HEK-293 embryonic kidney cells of 1.1 μg/mL and a HC10 value against human red blood cells of 0.8 μg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Costa
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (I.C.); (R.S.); (F.R.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Lopes
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.L.); (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.C.)
- School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Morais
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.L.); (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.C.)
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute for the Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (I.C.); (R.S.); (F.R.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (I.C.); (R.S.); (F.R.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.L.); (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.C.)
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, GIT-LoSa, University Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís G. Alves
- Centro de Química Estrutural—Institute of Molecular Sciences, Associação do Instituto Superior Técnico para a Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Av. António José de Almeida nº 12, 1000-043 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fátima Cerqueira
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (I.L.); (M.M.); (R.M.); (F.C.)
- FP-I3ID, FP-BHS, GIT-LoSa, University Fernando Pessoa, Praça 9 de Abril 349, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Puumala E, Fallah S, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Advancements and challenges in antifungal therapeutic development. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0014223. [PMID: 38294218 PMCID: PMC10938895 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00142-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Over recent decades, the global burden of fungal disease has expanded dramatically. It is estimated that fungal disease kills approximately 1.5 million individuals annually; however, the true worldwide burden of fungal infection is thought to be higher due to existing gaps in diagnostics and clinical understanding of mycotic disease. The development of resistance to antifungals across diverse pathogenic fungal genera is an increasingly common and devastating phenomenon due to the dearth of available antifungal classes. These factors necessitate a coordinated response by researchers, clinicians, public health agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry to develop new antifungal strategies, as the burden of fungal disease continues to grow. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the new antifungal therapeutics currently in clinical trials, highlighting their spectra of activity and progress toward clinical implementation. We also profile up-and-coming intracellular proteins and pathways primed for the development of novel antifungals targeting their activity. Ultimately, we aim to emphasize the importance of increased investment into antifungal therapeutics in the current continually evolving landscape of infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Puumala
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Fallah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leah E. Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen T, Liu P, Chen D, Liu D, Fang J, Wang Q, Xu Y, Tan C, Wang C. Novel automated antifungal susceptibility testing system for yeasts based on dual-detection algorithm of turbidimetry and colorimetry. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38440953 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The increasing prevalence and growing resistance of fungi present a significant peril to public health. There are only four classes of antifungal medicines available today, and few candidates are in clinical trials.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Rapid and sensitive diagnostic techniques are lacking for most fungal pathogens, and those that do exist are expensive or hard to obtain.Aim. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a novel automated antifungal susceptibility testing system, Fungus AST, in comparison to the broth microdilution method (BMD) recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Methodology. A total of 101 clinical Candida spp. isolates were collected from the Zengcheng Branch of Nanfang Hospital and subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing. Antifungal susceptibility was assessed using the Fungus AST method and the BMD.Results. In this study, we introduce a novel automated antifungal susceptibility testing system, Fungus AST, which detects the turbidity and/or colour intensity of microdilution wells using a four-wavelength detection technology in real time and is designed to match the growth characteristics of strains over time. Based on our analysis, all reportable ranges of Fungus AST were suitable for clinical fungal isolates in PR China. Within ±twofold dilutions, reproducibility was 100 %. Considering the BMD as a referenced method, ten antifungal agents (anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine and nystatin) showed an essential agreement of >95 %. The category agreement of five antifungal agents (anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, fluconazole and voriconazole) was excellent at >90 %. One Candida albicans isolate and voriconazole showed a major error (ME) (1.7 %), and no other ME or very ME agents were found.Conclusion. Given the above, it can be argued that the utilization of Fungus AST is a discretionary automated approach. More improvements are needed in Fungus AST compared to the BMD system for a wider range of clinical isolates, including different types of fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shen
- Medicine Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Piao Liu
- Medicine Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Dongmiao Chen
- Medicine Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Duoduo Liu
- Medicine Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Juan Fang
- Autobio Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, 450016, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Autobio Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, 450016, PR China
| | - Yinjuan Xu
- Medicine Laboratory, Zengcheng Branch, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 511340, PR China
| | - Chunjuan Tan
- Medicine Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Congrong Wang
- Medicine Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang Y, Li W, Wang Z, Lu J. Lipid-Based Nanotechnology: Liposome. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:34. [PMID: 38258045 PMCID: PMC10820119 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades, liposomes have been extensively developed and used for various clinical applications such as in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and dietetic fields, due to its versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, as well as the ability to enhance the therapeutic index of free drugs. However, some challenges remain unsolved, including liposome premature leakage, manufacturing irreproducibility, and limited translation success. This article reviews various aspects of liposomes, including its advantages, major compositions, and common preparation techniques, and discusses present U.S. FDA-approved, clinical, and preclinical liposomal nanotherapeutics for treating and preventing a variety of human diseases. In addition, we summarize the significance of and challenges in liposome-enabled nanotherapeutic development and hope it provides the fundamental knowledge and concepts about liposomes and their applications and contributions in contemporary pharmaceutical advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhao Jiang
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Track, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (Y.J.); (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Wenpan Li
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Track, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (Y.J.); (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Track, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (Y.J.); (W.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jianqin Lu
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Track, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (Y.J.); (W.L.); (Z.W.)
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Program, NCI-Designated University of Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Southwest Environmental Health Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Padaraju A, Dwivedi F, Kumar G. Microemulsions, nanoemulsions and emulgels as carriers for antifungal antibiotics. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:721-740. [PMID: 38014430 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to estimates, up to 25% of the world's population has fungal skin diseases, making them the most prevalent infectious disease. Several chemical classes of antifungal drugs are available to treat fungal infections. However, the major challenges of conventional formulations of antifungal drugs include poor pharmacokinetic profiles like solubility, low permeability, side effects and decreased efficacy. Novel drug delivery is a promising approach for overcoming pharmacokinetic limitations and increasing the effectiveness of antibiotics. In this review, we have shed light on microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and emulgels as novel drug delivery approaches for the topical delivery of antifungal antibiotics. We believe these formulations have potential translational value and could be developed for treating fungal infections in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Padaraju
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
| | - Falguni Dwivedi
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Balanagar, 500037, India
| |
Collapse
|