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Rao WW, He F, Qi Y, Lok GKI, Jackson T, Zheng Y, Xiang YT. Mental health among school children and adolescents in China: A comparison of one-child and multiple-children families from a nationwide survey. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 100:104130. [PMID: 39083955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The influence of China's "one-child" policy on the mental health of children and adolescents is still unclear. This study examined the associations between number of children and children's mental health using data from the national school children and adolescents survey of China. Mental health was measured using the Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between number of children per family and children's mental health. A total of 64,017 students were enrolled, with 68.60 % from one-child families. Compared with children from one-child families, those from multiple-children families had significantly higher scores on the total CBLC and each of its subscales (all P<0.001). Analyses suggested children from multiple-child families have a higher risk of mental health problems (total problems on the CBCL: adjusted B=2.217, 95 %CI=1.883-2.550, P<0.001). Regular mental health assessments should be implemented and effective interventions should be developed for those in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wang Rao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Qi
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Grace Ka In Lok
- Macao Polytechnic University, Peking University Health Science Center, Macao Polytechnic University Nursing Academy, Macao SAR, China
| | - Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Science, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.
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Chen P, Rao SY, Zhang W, Jiang YY, Xiang Y, Xiang NX, Li YZ, Zhu HY, Su Z, Cheung T, Zhang Q, Ng CH, Xiang YT. Mental health status among children and adolescents in one-child and multichild families: a meta-analysis of comparative studies. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2024; 37:147-161. [PMID: 38415684 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Controversy remains about the difference in mental health status among children and adolescents between one-child and multichild families in China. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies comparing mental health status between both groups and explored their potential moderating factors. RECENT FINDINGS Totally, 113 eligible studies encompassing 237 899 participants (one-child families: 83 125; multichild families: 154 774) were included. The pooled SMD of SCL-90 total score was -0.115 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): -0.152; -0.078; I2 = 86.9%]. Specifically, children and adolescents from one-child families exhibited lower scores in terms of somatization (SMD = -0.056; 95% CI: -0.087; -0.026), obsessive-compulsive symptoms (SMD = -0.116; 95% CI: -0.154; -0.079), interpersonal sensitivity (SMD = -0.140; 95% CI: -0.171; -0.109), depression (SMD = -0.123; 95% CI: -0.159; -0.088); anxiety (SMD = -0.121; 95% CI: -0.151; -0.092); phobic anxiety (SMD = -0.124; 95% CI: -0.166; -0.081); paranoid ideation (SMD = -0.040; 95% CI: -0.070; -0.009); and psychoticism (SMD = -0.119; 95% CI: -0.148; -0.089). Study publication year was significantly associated with differences in mental health status between both groups ( P = 0.015). SUMMARY Children and adolescents from one-child families had better mental health status compared to those from multichild families in China. Future studies should investigate the underlying factors contributing to such mental health differences, and the potential interventions that could address these mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shu-Ying Rao
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Jiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yifan Xiang
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Yan-Zhang Li
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Han-Yu Zhu
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhaohui Su
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Teris Cheung
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qinge Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chee H Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic and St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
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Sun P, Yao X, Yuan M, Kou Y. Development of beliefs in a just world among Chinese early adolescents and the predictive role of family factors: A three-wave longitudinal study. J Pers 2023. [PMID: 38111291 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored how belief in a just world (BJW) develops among Chinese adolescents and the predictive role of family factors. BACKGROUND The development of BJW in adolescence is an important but understudied topic, especially in non-Western contexts. METHOD Using a three-wave longitudinal design, 1525 participants (48% girls; Mage = 12.47) were recruited to report their BJW, childhood SES, only-child or not, and parental psychological control in Wave 1 (Wave 2: N = 1262; Wave 3: N = 1124). RESULTS The mean slope for personal BJW is positive and significant, but not significant for general BJW. Childhood SES predicted initial level of personal and general BJW and the rate of growth of personal BJW. Only-child predicted initial level and the growth rate of personal BJW. Parental psychological control negatively predicted personal and general BJW at three time points. CONCLUSION Personal BJW increased during the observation period, whereas general BJW was stable. Individuals with lower levels of childhood SES had lower initial personal and general BJW but a higher growth rate in personal BJW than those with higher SES. Individuals having siblings had lower levels of initial personal BJW but a higher growth rate in personal BJW than those from only-child family. Parental psychological control may exert consistent and contemporaneous negative effect on BJW across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Yao
- School of Education and Psychology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingliang Yuan
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Kou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Zhao G, Wang B, Li H, Ren H, Jiao Z. The relationship between depressive and anxious symptoms and school attendance among adolescents seeking psychological services in a public general hospital in China: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:456. [PMID: 37344768 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School attendance problems (SAPs), whether absenteeism or dropout, are strongly associated with poor outcomes for adolescents. We examined multiple variables that influence SAPs to identify potential leverage points for improving school attendance. METHODS Self-reported SAPs and demographic information was collected from 392 adolescents in adolescents presenting to the general hospital for psychological services. PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were applied to assess the severity of depressive and anxious symptoms. We constructed logistic regression analysis and the Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) segmentation analysis via SPSS Decision Tree to identifying risk factors for the development of SAPs in adolescents. RESULTS SAPs were self-reported by 252 (64.3%) adolescents. The SAPs group and non-SAPs group showed a significant difference in age, PHQ9 total scores, GAD7 total scores, schools, siblings, residence, parental marital quality, general health, regular exercise, and regular diet. A post hoc comparison between the two groups showed that the frequency of SAPs was significantly higher in the moderately-severe and severe depressive groups compared with other three groups (none, mild, moderate). The frequency of SAPs in severe anxious groups was significantly different from the none-anxious group. According to the binary logistic regression analysis, the depressive severity, siblings, residence, marital quality of parents, general health, and regular diet were correlated with the SAPs among adolescents. The adjusted OR of SAPs according to moderately-severe depressive symptoms was 10.84 (95%CI: 1.967-59.742) and severe depressive symptoms was 6.659 (95%CI: 1.147-38.666). In the decision tree model, PHQ-9 severity was extracted as the first splitting variable, with regular exercise and residence as the second, and siblings as the third. The ROC curves for predicting SAPs showed a fair diagnostic accuracy of the model with AUCs of CHAID model (0.705,95%CI:0.652-0.759, P = 0.000) and logistic regression model (0.777,95%CI:0.729-0.824, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION Our study provides insights into the associations between depressive symptoms and poor school attendance and identifies a number of risk factors associated with SAPs. Effective intervention by mental health practitioners, more attention by policy makers, and further research in this area are urgently needed for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Psychology, Qilu Hospital Of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, 253014, Shandong, China
| | - Honghong Ren
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhian Jiao
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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He T, Zhang W, Tang Y, Hinshaw SP, Wu Q, Lin X. Unidirectional or Bidirectional? Relation between Parental Responsiveness and Emotion Regulation in Children with and without Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023:10.1007/s10802-023-01051-2. [PMID: 37058195 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Parenting is crucial for emotion regulation in children. Much less is known, however, concerning the association between parenting and emotion regulation in children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), who are known to have poor emotion regulation. The current study aimed to examine how parental responsiveness and child emotion regulation related either unidirectionally or bidirectionally to one another over time and to investigate whether the associations were different in ODD and non-ODD groups. Data were collected each year for three consecutive years from a sample of 256 parents of children with ODD and 265 parents of children without ODD in China. The results from the random intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) suggested that the directionality of the link between parental responsiveness and child emotion regulation differs according to ODD status. The non-ODD group demonstrated a unidirectional link between early emotion regulation and subsequent parental responsiveness, consistent with the "child effect". However, in the ODD group, the link between parental responsiveness and emotion regulation was transactional, in line with social coercion theory. Multiple-group comparisons found that increased parental responsiveness was more strongly associated with improved child emotion regulation in the ODD group only. The research established a dynamic and longitudinal relationship between parental responsiveness and emotion regulation and suggested that intensive interventions should aim to improve parental responsiveness to children with ODD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Stephen P Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qinglu Wu
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiuyun Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Autonomy-relatedness Patterns and their Association with Academic and Psychological Adjustment among Chinese Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:1272-1286. [PMID: 36773189 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Establishing autonomy and maintaining relatedness with parents are two of the most crucial goals for adolescents and meeting these goals can be critical for academic and psychological adjustment. A two-dimensional framework was proposed for exploring the integrative synthesis of autonomy and relatedness, but its cultural applicability was limited. To better account for the situations associated with non-Western cultural context, this study extended the prior framework to three dimensions (volition, functional independence, and relatedness) and utilized latent profile analysis to explore the configurations and their concurrent and longitudinal (one year later) associations with adjustment (academic engagement, academic buoyancy, depressive symptoms, and externalizing problems). The study collected data from 3992 Chinese adolescents (51.33% girls, Mage = 15.41, SD = 0.55). Latent profile analyses identified five profiles: High, High Functional Independence, Moderate, Low Functional Independence, and Extremely Low Functional Independence. The High profile was the robust optimal pattern for academic and psychological adjustment, while the Low Functional Independence and Extremely Low Functional Independence were risk patterns over time. The High Functional Independence profile was only conducive to academic areas but not to psychological areas. Findings demonstrated the necessity of the three-dimensional framework in this field.
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Yu C, Zuo X, Lian Q, Zhong X, Fang Y, Lou C, Tu X. Comparing the Perceptions of Gender Norms among Adolescents with Different Sibling Contexts in Shanghai, China. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1281. [PMID: 36138591 PMCID: PMC9497095 DOI: 10.3390/children9091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Individuals' gender development is influenced by the characteristics of personal and contextual environments. However, the role of sibling contexts in shaping gender norms has rarely been studied among Chinese youth at early adolescence as most of them were the only child. The aim of this paper is to compare perceived gender norms among adolescents aged 10-14 with different sibling configurations, to help inform and tailor guidance for sexual and reproductive health education in the future. We used the Global Early Adolescent Study baseline data collected from Shanghai, China. The sample for analysis was 1615 students. We used univariate analysis and multivariate ordinal logistic regression to compare perceived gender-stereotyped traits and gender role attitudes, stratified by age and sex. The results showed that sibling context was more influential for boys than girls at early adolescence in their gender socialization process. Among boys those who were with mixed-sex siblings scored higher on gender-stereotyped traits (ORonly-childvs. mixed-sex siblings = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.48-0.94, p = 0.019; ORsame-sex siblingsvs. mixed-sex siblings = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37-0.96, p = 0.033). Younger early adolescents aged 10-12 who were the only child or who had mixed-sex siblings perceived more traditional gender role attitudes than those living with same-sex siblings (ORonly-childvs. same-sex siblings = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.06-2.75, p = 0.028; ORmixed-sex siblingsvs. same-sex siblings = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.03-2.94, p = 0.037). Comprehensive sexuality education with gender and power components being well addressed, both in and out of the family, is needed to provide extra gender-inclusive and gender-egalitarian environments for youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiayun Zuo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiguo Lian
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | | | - Yuhang Fang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chaohua Lou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaowen Tu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
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Fernandes C, Santos AF, Fernandes M, Veríssimo M, Santos AJ. Caregivers’ Responses to Children’s Negative Emotions: Associations with Preschoolers’ Executive Functioning. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9071075. [PMID: 35884059 PMCID: PMC9317396 DOI: 10.3390/children9071075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the connection between parental emotional responsiveness and children’s executive functioning (EF). This study aimed to explore the relations between caregivers’ reactions to their children’s distress and children’s EF. Mothers of 136 preschoolers reported their reactions to their children’s negative emotions using the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale. Children’s EF was assessed through the mothers and teachers’ reports using the Behavioral Inventory of Executive Functioning for Preschool Children. Results showed that the mothers’ perceived use of negative emotional regulation responses (i.e., punitive and minimizing reactions) was associated with lower levels of EF in children, as reported by both mothers and teachers. The association between the mothers’ use of positive emotional regulation responses (i.e., problem-focused, emotion-focused, and expressive encouragement reactions) and children’s EF was not significant. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the mothers’ use of negative emotional regulation responses accounted for significant proportions of variance in EF indexes. These findings suggest that parental socialization of emotion could be important for children’s EF. Specifically, caregivers’ negative emotional regulation responses to children’s distress may serve as a risk factor for poorer EF in children. Efforts to improve children’s EF may be more effective when parental emotional responsiveness to their distress is considered.
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Differences in Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Results between Only-Child and Non-Only-Child Children: Analysis of Propensity Scores Based on Large-Scale Assessment. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9060807. [PMID: 35740744 PMCID: PMC9221992 DOI: 10.3390/children9060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on the data of 3561 fifth-grade and 4062 eighth-grade students from the Beijing Assessment of Educational Quality in China, the present study used a propensity-value matching model to scientifically analyze only-child and non-only-child children in primary and secondary schools. Female differences in cognitive outcomes (linguistic performance) and non-cognitive outcomes (teacher-student relationships, peer relationships, and emotional management) were also evaluated. The results of the study were as follows. First, fifth-grade only-child students had a higher linguistic performance compared to that of their non-only-child counterparts, and the same result was found for eighth-grade students. Second, fifth- and eighth-grade only-child students had good teacher-student relationships that were not significantly different from those of their non-only-child counterparts. Third-, fifth-, and eighth-grade only-child students had significantly better peer relationships and emotional management compared to these parameters in their non-only-child counterparts.
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Yan X, Gao Y, Zhang H, Liang C, Yu H, Wang L, Li S, Li Y, Tong H. Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Revision of the Pitt Wellness Scale for People in the University Environment. Front Psychol 2022; 13:899880. [PMID: 35645946 PMCID: PMC9134205 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of students enrolled in higher education in China accounts for more than one-fifth of the world, and universities, as a community of faculty, staff and scholars, currently do not have a scale that specifically assesses the well-being of the population in the environment of Chinese universities. However, the University of Pittsburgh has developed a comprehensive well-being scale, referred to as the Pitt Wellness Scale, specifically to measure people's well-being in a university environment. Aims Investigate the psychometric properties of the Pitt Wellness Scale in Chinese university environmental samples. Methods The original scale was culturally adapted and modified through expert consultation, a random sample of 1870 current faculty, staff, and students were selected for the questionnaire survey. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to investigate the potential factor structure of the Chinese Revision of the Pitt Wellness Scale and to measure its reliability and validity. Finally, the factors that affect people's well-being in the Chinese university environment were explored. Results The Chinese Revision of the Pitt Wellness Scale retained 30 items, and the EFA supports a five-factor structure, which differed from the results of the original scale, and the CFA results showed that the model fitted well. The discriminant validity of the modified Chinese scale was excellent. The overall Omega coefficient of the scale was 0.958, and the reliability of the retest after 4 weeks was 0.821. Conclusion The Chinese Revision of the Pitt Wellness Scale possesses satisfactory psychometric properties, and it can be considered an instrument for assessing personal well-being in Chinese university environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Yan
- Department of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Department of Nursing, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chunguang Liang
- Department of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Sisi Li
- Department of Nursing, Panjin Vocational and Technical College, Panjin, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- Department of Stomatology, Shandong Medical College, Linyi, China
| | - Huijuan Tong
- Department of Nursing, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
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11
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Rong Y, Han Y, Dong L, Bi H. Differences in Power Acquisition Between Only and Non-only Children: The Effects of Cooperative Orientation, Competitive Orientation, and Dependency on Parents. Front Psychol 2022; 13:778726. [PMID: 35360630 PMCID: PMC8960376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.778726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drawing upon a developmental perspective, we investigated the differences in power acquisition (i.e., rank at work and leader role occupancy in university) between only and non-only children as well as the mediating role of cooperative and competitive orientations and the moderating role of dependency on parents. To test our hypotheses, we conducted two field studies in 155 part-time Master of Business Administration (MBA) students (Study 1) and 375 senior students (Study 2). Results showed that: (1) non-only children were more likely to achieve higher rank at work than only children; (2) only children were less likely than non-only children to acquire power in organizations because they scored lower in cooperative orientation; however, the mediating effect of competitive orientation was not significant; (3) the difference in cooperative orientation between only and non-only children was smaller when dependency on parents was high, whereas it became larger when dependency on parents was low. Our research contributes to the understanding of how family structure influences individual power acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rong
- College of Business, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Han
- College of Business, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Linping Dong
- School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Bi
- Shanghai Bihe Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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Li M, Cai M, Zhong H, Liu H. Comparisons of academic achievements of one-only children vs. children with siblings in China. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Liu Y, Jiang Q. Who Benefits From Being an Only Child? A Study of Parent-Child Relationship Among Chinese Junior High School Students. Front Psychol 2021; 11:608995. [PMID: 33488473 PMCID: PMC7820425 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.608995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After more than three decades of implementation, China's one-child policy has generated a large number of only children. Although extensive research has documented the developmental outcomes of being an only child, research on the parent-child relational quality of the only child is somewhat limited. Using China Education Panel Survey (2014), this study examined whether the only child status was associated with parent-child relationships among Chinese junior high school students. It further explored whether children's gender moderated the association between the only child status and parent-child relationships. Two-level ordered logit models suggested that only children were more likely to report a close relationship with their mothers and fathers compared to children from multiple-child families (including two-child families). Taking birth order into consideration, we found that, only children were more likely to have close parent-child relationships than firstborns, whereas no significant differences were found between only children and lastborns. Interaction analyses further suggested that the only child advantages were gender-specific: the positive effects of the only child status were stronger for daughters than for sons, that is, daughters benefited more from being only children. Our findings highlight the importance of considering children's gender and birth order in exploring the only child effects in the Chinese context. Additional analyses about sibling-gender composition indicated female children were more likely to be disadvantaged with the presence of younger brothers, whereas male children benefited more from having older sisters. This reveals that the son preference culture is still deep-rooted in the Chinese multiple-child families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Liu
- Institute for Population and Development Studies, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Quanbao Jiang
- Institute for Population and Development Studies, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Persistence and remission of depressive symptoms and psycho-social correlates in Chinese early adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:406. [PMID: 32787890 PMCID: PMC7425537 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate a one-year course of persistent/remitted depressive symptoms and associated demographic and psychosocial factors that predict persistent/remitted depressive symptoms in Chinese high school students. METHODS One thousand five hundred forty-four Grade 7 students provided data for the first wave. Of the initially recruited students, 483 who were classified as depressed (CESD score ≥ 16) at baseline were then tracked and invited to fill in the questionnaire for a second time (Grade 8) after 1 year. Finally, 435 of them were successfully matched. RESULTS Two hundred two (46.4%) of the subset categorized as depressed in the first survey (N = 435) remained with depressive symptoms, while 233 (53.6%) recovered from depression 1 year later. Having siblings, a lower level of positive youth development, non-intact family status, and poor family functioning at baseline significantly predicted a higher likelihood of persistent depression, while those with fathers having higher educational qualifications (bachelor's degree or higher) at baseline showed a significantly higher probability of remitting from depression. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicated that the prevalence of persistent depressive symptoms was generally high, and promoting aspects of positive youth development and family functioning for adolescents could be promising in preventing or reducing these symptoms.
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Chi X, Huang L, Wang J, Zhang P. The Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescents in China: Differences in Only Child and Non-Only Child Groups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E438. [PMID: 31936468 PMCID: PMC7014354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of depressive symptoms in early adolescents in China, as well as the differences between an only child and non-only child group. A total of 2059 seventh-grade Chinese students were invited to complete a questionnaire, which included questions concerning socio-demographic factors, family function, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The results revealed the following things. (1) thirty-four point seven percent of the participating Chinese early adolescents display symptoms of depression according to Radloff's criteria. Differences are significant across the four dimensions (i.e., positive affect, negative affect, somatic symptoms and retarded activity, and interpersonal difficulties), as well as across total scores between only children and children with sibling(s). (2) Academic achievement, having sibling(s) or not, migration, and family function can significantly predict depressive symptoms. (3) Two significant interactions were found, which were between sibling(s) and gender as well as sibling(s) and family function. Girls from the non-only child group and adolescents from the only child group with poor family function were more likely to have depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that a greater focus should be placed on girls from non-only child families, academic under-performers, migrants, and adolescents from poor family environments, and especially only children, to prevent or reduce the propensity for depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Chi
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liuyue Huang
- College of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Politics and Law, Anhui University of Architecture, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Peichao Zhang
- Research Center of Modern Psychology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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16
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Xu H, Song X, Wang S, Zhang S, Xu S, Wan Y. Mediating Effect of Social Support in the Relationship Between Childhood Abuse and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Chinese Undergraduates: The Role of Only-Child Status. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16204023. [PMID: 31640165 PMCID: PMC6843968 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16204023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has found a relationship between child abuse and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, few studies have examined the role of social support underlying this association. Moreover, the influence of the only child status on the mediating effect of social support has not been studied yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of social support on the association between specific forms of child abuse and NSSI as well as the role of the only child status on the mediated pathways, among undergraduates. A total of 4799 participants were selected from two medical colleges in the Anhui province using stratified cluster sampling. Pearson's correlation analysis was used in analyzing the relationship. Bootstrapping procedures were applied to examine the mediating effects. After adjusting for confounders, the results showed that the mediating effect of social support on the association between childhood abuse and NSSI was not significant in the total sample. However, among only children, the mediating effects of social support between overall childhood abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and NSSI were 9.65%, 14.82%, and 8.12%, respectively. Moreover, the mediating effect of social support from family and relatives was relatively higher than that from other sources. Social support had a mediating effect on the relationship between childhood abuse and NSSI among only-children. The enhancing of social support may contribute to the prevention and control of NSSI for those who were only-children in undergraduates, especially those who have experienced childhood abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiong Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Xianbing Song
- Department of Basic Course, Anhui medical College, 632 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Shichen Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health &Aristogenics, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Shaojun Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health &Aristogenics, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Yuhui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health &Aristogenics, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Chen BB, Zhou N. The Weight Status of Only Children in China: The Role of Marital Satisfaction and Maternal Warmth. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2019; 28:2754-2761. [DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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18
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Chen L, Chen X, Zhao S, French DC, Jin S, Li L. Predicting Substance Use and Deviant Behavior from Prosociality and Sociability in Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 48:744-752. [PMID: 30302741 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Social competence is commonly considered an important factor that impedes maladaptive development because individuals who lack adequate competence to direct or control their behaviors in social situations are likely to display problems. Despite the belief that social competence may be a multi-dimensional construct, existing research has not explored the unique contributions of its different aspects to development. The present two-wave longitudinal study examined relations of prosociality and sociability, two major aspects of social competence, with problem behaviors in a sample of adolescents. Peer assessment data on prosociality and sociability and self-report data on substance use and deviant behavior were obtained from a sample of adolescents in middle (N = 657, mean age = 13 years) and high (N = 675, mean age = 16 years) schools in China. The results showed that prosociality negatively predicted later problem behaviors, whereas sociability positively predicted later problem behaviors. In addition, gender and grade moderated the associations between sociability and problem behaviors. More specifically, the positive association between sociability and later substance use was significant for boys, but not for girls. Sociability was also more strongly associated with later substance use in middle school than in high school. The results indicate that prosociality and sociability may have different functional meanings in adolescent development and have implications for practical work with adolescents who display problem behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Chen
- Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinyin Chen
- Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Siman Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Doran C French
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shenghua Jin
- Institute of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P.R. China
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19
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Guo X, Lv B, Zhou H, Liu C, Liu J, Jiang K, Luo L. Gender Differences in How Family Income and Parental Education Relate to Reading Achievement in China: The Mediating Role of Parental Expectation and Parental Involvement. Front Psychol 2018; 9:783. [PMID: 29910752 PMCID: PMC5992380 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of social economic status (SES) on children's academic outcomes has been well documented. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the process by which SES relates to academic achievement needs to be studied separately for boys and girls. Using a sample of 598 Chinese children (299 boys, 299 girls) in grades 4 to 6 and their parents, this study examined the process of how family SES, specifically family income and parental education, indirectly relates to children's reading achievement through parental expectation and parental involvement and whether this process differs between boys and girls. The results revealed that parental expectation and specific parental involvement behaviors played critical mediating roles between family SES and reading achievement. Moreover, the exact nature of these links differed by the gender of children. For boys, both the effect of parental education and the effect of family income were partially mediated by parental expectation and parent-child communication orderly. For girls, the effect of parental education was partially mediated by three separate pathways: (1) home monitoring; (2) parent-child communication; and (3) parental expectation followed by parent-child communication, while the effect of family income was fully mediated by parent-child communication. These findings suggest a process through which SES factors are related to children's academic development and identify a context under which these associations may differ. The practical implications of these findings are discussed, along with possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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20
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Liu N, Chen Y, Yang X, Hu Y. Do Demographic Characteristics Make Differences? Demographic Characteristics as Moderators in the Associations between Only Child Status and Cognitive/Non-cognitive Outcomes in China. Front Psychol 2017; 8:423. [PMID: 28421006 PMCID: PMC5378790 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Different family compositions and sizes may affect child development through the different modes of interaction between family members. Previous studies have compared only children with non-only children in cognitive/non-cognitive outcomes. However, relatively little research has systematically investigated the potential moderators among them. Using a large and representative sample of Chinese students (Grades 7–8; N = 5,752), this study examines the roles of demographic characteristics, such as gender, region, parental educational level, parental expectations, family socio-economic status and family structure, in the associations between only child status and cognitive/non-cognitive outcomes. For the cognitive outcomes, only child status exerts an influence on the students' academic performance in Chinese and mathematics in the sample of three districts' students. The examined associations between only child status and cognitive outcomes are different in region, parental education, parental expectations and family structure, while gender and family socio-economic status did not. For the non-cognitive outcomes, only child status exerts an influence on the students' school well-being, academic self-efficacy, academic self-concept, and internal academic motivation in the full sample of students, but not on external academic motivation. Further, the examined associations between only child status and non-cognitive outcomes are different in region, parental education, family socio-economic status and family structure, while gender and parental expectations did not. These findings suggest that the associations between only child status and cognitive/non-cognitive outcomes are heterogeneous in terms of some of the demographic characteristics. Possible explanations are proposed in some concepts of region and family environment in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Institute of Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty of Education, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China.,School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China.,School of Education and Psychology, Hainan Normal UniversityHaikou, China
| | - Yiting Chen
- Institute of Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty of Education, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Institute of Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty of Education, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yi Hu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal UniversityShanghai, China
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21
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Bao P, Jing J, Jin Y, Hu X, Liu B, Hu M. Trajectories and the influencing factors of behavior problems in preschool children: a longitudinal study in Guangzhou, China. BMC Psychiatry 2016; 16:178. [PMID: 27245585 PMCID: PMC4888511 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since child mental health problem was a global health issue, many researchers in western countries has focused on the trajectory of it to provide evidence for prevention programs. We designed this study to determine the trajectories of children's behavior problems, and to explore the effect of parent predictors on children's behavior problems in Guangzhou, China. METHODS Children (N = 1480) for this longitudinal, population-based survey, were recruited from eight regular kindergartens (October, 2010) across four districts in Guangzhou. Repeated measurement design analysis was used to compare the variation in behavioral problems by gender, only child status, and temperament. Logistic regression was applied to analyze the effect of parents' risks (maternal depression, parenting style) on the change in child problem behaviors. RESULTS The scores of behavior problems (externalizing, emotional, social communication problems) were stable during the entire preschool period by gender and child number. Children with difficult temperament exhibited more problem behaviors than children with easy temperament in the early years, and the misbehaviors declined significantly over time. Moreover, maternal depression and the increase in excessive interference/over protective or punishing parenting strategies resulted in an increase in child behavior problems. CONCLUSION There was no difference between the only-child status and child with siblings in the trajectory of problem behaviors. Parent factors were significant predictions of trajectory of child behavior problem during preschool age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bao
- Department of maternal and child health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of maternal and child health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yu Jin
- Department of maternal and child health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xumin Hu
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Buyun Liu
- Department of maternal and child health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of maternal and child health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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The Effects of Being an Only Child, Family Cohesion, and Family Conflict on Behavioral Problems among Adolescents with Physically Ill Parents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:10910-22. [PMID: 26404347 PMCID: PMC4586651 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to examine the parental physical illness’ effect on behavioral problems among adolescents, and the effects of being an only child, family cohesion, and family conflict on behavioral problems among adolescents with physically ill parents in Liaoning province, China. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2009. A questionnaire including two dimensions of the Family Environment Scale (family cohesion and family conflict), self-reported Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and demographic factors was distributed to the subjects. Results: Among the 5220 adolescents, 308 adolescents lived with physically ill parents. The adolescents with physically ill parents had more behavioral problems than adolescents with healthy parents. Among the girls who lived in families with physically ill parents, the SDQ score and the prevalence of SDQ syndromes were higher in the girls with siblings than the girls without siblings after adjusting for variables; the effect of family cohesion on SDQ was significant after adjusting for variables. Conclusion: Interventions targeting family cohesion may be effective to reduce behavioral problems of adolescents with physically ill parents.
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Comparing Adolescent Only Children with Those Who Have Siblings on Academic Related Outcomes and Psychosocial Adjustment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/578289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study uses a large and representative sample of adolescents to test the theoretically informed hypotheses comparing adolescent singletons with those who have siblings. The results found that, for academic related outcomes (educational expectations, time spent on homework, and self-reported grades), there are no differences between singletons and firstborns who have any number of younger siblings. Singletons are also not different from laterborns from two-child families. In contrast, singletons are more advantageous compared to laterborns who have two or more siblings on educational expectations and grades. Singletons also spend more time on homework than laterborns who have three or more siblings. For psychosocial outcomes (psychological distress, susceptibility to negative peer pressure, and problem behaviors), singletons are not different from both firstborns and laterborns with any number of siblings. The findings suggest that singletons are not at any disadvantage compared to their peers who have siblings and they enjoy some advantages over laterborns from medium to large families on academic related outcomes.
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Mao ZH, Zhao XD. The effects of social connections on self-rated physical and mental health among internal migrant and local adolescents in Shanghai, China. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:97. [PMID: 22299776 PMCID: PMC3305514 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND China is in the midst of history's largest flow of rural-urban migration in the world; a flow that includes growing numbers of children and adolescents. Their health status is an important public health issue. This study compares self-rated physical and mental health of migrant and local adolescents in China, and examines to what extent layered social connections account for health outcomes. METHODS In 2010, we conducted a cross-sectional study among middle school students in Pudong New Area, Shanghai. Information about health status, social connections, and demographic factors were collected using a questionnaire survey. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, we used the t-test, Chi-square analysis, and a series of regression models to compare differences in health outcomes and explore the effects of social connections. RESULTS Migrant adolescents reported significantly higher rates of good physical health. However, they also had significantly fewer social connections, lower self-esteem, and higher levels of depression than their native peers. Family cohesion was associated with depressive symptoms and low self-esteem among all adolescents; peer association and social cohesion played major roles in migrants' well-being. Gender, age, and socioeconomic (SES) factors also affected adolescents' self-rated physical and mental health. CONCLUSIONS Self-rated data suggest that migrant adolescents enjoy a physical health advantage and a mental health disadvantage. Layered social connections, such as peer association and social cohesion, may be particularly important for migrants. A public health effort is required to improve the health status of migrant youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-hong Mao
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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Li Z, Wang L, Zhang L. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Short-Form of the EMBU among Chinese Adolescents. Psychol Rep 2012; 110:263-75. [DOI: 10.2466/02.08.09.21.pr0.110.1.263-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study used a sample of Chinese adolescents and validated a short-form of the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran: One's Memories of Upbringing (s-EMBU) assessing perceived parental rearing styles. A Chinese revision of the s-EMBU by the authors was administered to a total of 779 high school students, ages 11 to 19 years. Exploratory factor analysis with half of the sample yielded a three-factor solution of Rejection, Emotional Warmth, and Overprotection, accounting for 47.1% of the total variance on the father form and 48.8% of the total variance on the mother form. Then, confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit of the three-factor model to the data in the other half of the sample. The three subscales consisted of 6, 6, and 7 items, respectively. Scores on these subscales had Cronbach alphas ranging from .71 to .81, indicating adequate internal consistency. These psychometric properties suggest its applicability for research with Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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