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Jiang D, Huang Z, Lee CKJ. Being Under-Benefited and Perceived Stress in the Relationship Between Aging Parents and Adult Children: The Moderating Role of Empathy. Innov Aging 2024; 8:igae075. [PMID: 39371386 PMCID: PMC11447738 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igae075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Previous studies examining the relationship between being under-benefited and stress among aging parents and their adult children have yielded mixed findings. Few studies have examined whether this positive association can be alleviated by state-level or trait-level factors. Given the positive effects of empathy on interpersonal exchanges, we tested the moderating role of empathy on the relationship between being under-benefited and perceived stress among aging parents and adult children in this 14-day diary study. Research Design and Methods A sample of 99 pairs of parents (M age = 50.01 years, SD age = 4.53 years; 79.8% female) and children (M age = 22.38, SD age = 3.49; 85.9% female) were recruited reported their level of being under-benefited in the exchange with their parent/child, perceived stress, and empathy as an affective state on a daily basis for 14 consecutive days, after completing a pretest which measured their trait empathy and demographic information. Results For both parents and children, the positive under-benefited-stress association was only significant when they reported lower affective empathy on a daily basis. The association between the level of being under-benefited and stress was negative when children reported greater affective empathy on a daily basis. Children reported more perceived stress on the days their parents reported a greater level of being under-benefited. Such association was only significant in children with lower trait empathy. The negative association between children's being under-benefited and parents' perceived stress was only significant in parents with higher trait empathy. Discussion and Implications These findings highlight the importance of empathy as a daily affect and a trait in the relationship between daily exchanges and mental health in the intergenerational contexts between aging parents and adult children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jiang
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zewen Huang
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi-Kin John Lee
- Academy for Applied Policy Studies and Education Futures, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
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Su Z, Qiu W, Yang Y, Chen X, Ding R, Pan J. Emotion regulation strategies and depression in mother-adolescent dyads: An actor-partner interdependence model approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38978278 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Parent-adolescent emotion dynamics have attracted increasing attention in recent years because adolescence is a challenging period for both adolescents and parents. However, how emotions are coconstructed between parents and adolescents is less clear. This study examined whether mothers' and adolescents' emotion regulation strategy was linked with their own and each other's depression using the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM). The participants were 173 mother-adolescent pairs (Mother: Mage = 43.05 years old, SD = 3.78; Adolescent: Mage = 13.00 years old, SD = 0.90). The results showed that the more mothers used cognitive reappraisal, the lower their depression levels were; and the more mothers and adolescents used expressive suppression, the higher their levels of depression were. Additionally, maternal expressive suppression was associated with adolescent depressive symptoms. Moreover, the results revealed that for mothers with higher levels of expressive suppression, their adolescents' usage of expressive suppression was significantly positively related to adolescents' depression, while for those mothers with lower levels of expressive suppression, there was no significant correlation between adolescents' usage of expressive suppression and depression. The findings underscore the significance of recognising the interdependence and interconnected nature of emotions within parent-adolescent relationships for a comprehensive understanding of their emotional well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghuang Su
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyu Qiu
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong Baiyun University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Ding
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhao Pan
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Chen S, Jing L, Li C, Wang H. Exploring the Nexus between Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity, Self-Disclosure, Social Anxiety, and Adolescent Social Avoidance: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study in Central China. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 11:56. [PMID: 38255369 PMCID: PMC10814873 DOI: 10.3390/children11010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: Psychological issues among adolescents represent a prevalent challenge in today's society. The purpose of this study is to explore the associations among moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, self-disclosure, social anxiety, and social avoidance in adolescents. Methods: This study collected cross-sectional data from 427 students in eight provincial key junior and senior high schools in the central China region of three provinces using snowball sampling and convenience sampling from July to August 2023. A structural equation model was employed to investigate the relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and social avoidance among adolescents. Results: The findings indicate that moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is negatively correlated with social anxiety (standardized coefficient = -0.219, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with self-disclosure (standardized coefficient = 0.454, p < 0.001). Social anxiety is negatively correlated with self-disclosure (standardized coefficient = -0.220, p < 0.001). Social avoidance is positively correlated with social anxiety (standardized coefficient = 0.461, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with self-disclosure (standardized coefficient = -0.331, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The chain-mediated dual-path model between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and social avoidance is facilitated by social anxiety and self-disclosure. In other words, adolescents who engage in more moderate to high-intensity physical activities exhibit lower levels of social anxiety, and those who have a stronger inclination for self-disclosure tend to demonstrate lower levels of social avoidance. In light of these findings, it is recommended that the government, society, schools, and families collaborate synergistically to promote the holistic well-being of adolescents and advance the development of a healthier China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyin Chen
- School of Physical Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Longjun Jing
- School of Physical Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- China Athletics College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Chuchu Li
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 8AQ, UK
| | - Huilin Wang
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 8AQ, UK
- School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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Rinaldi T, Castelli I, Palena N, Greco A, Pianta R, Marchetti A, Valle A. The representation of child-parent relation: validation of the Italian version of the child-parent relationship scale (CPRS-I). Front Psychol 2023; 14:1194644. [PMID: 37799528 PMCID: PMC10547905 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1194644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study proposes a psychometric validation of the Italian version of the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) developed by Pianta in 1992. Based on attachment theory, the scale assesses parents' relationship perceptions with their own child and comprises three scales: Closeness, Conflict, and Dependency. A sample of 501 parents (188 fathers and 313 mothers) completed 30 items of the Italian version of the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS-I) online, but only 437 answered 85% of the entire protocol; hence, the analyses only focused on 437 participants. The first analysis of the original theoretical model revealed poor fit, item loadings, and internal consistency. Therefore, a follow-up analysis was conducted. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses with a split sample (EFA = 218; CFA = 219) confirmed the original three-factor structure of the Italian sample, although some items were eliminated. The validity and reliability of the Italian version of the CPRS-I were also verified by correlating the above three factors with measures of adult attachment styles and children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The CPRS-I showed significant correlations with all tested constructs, in line with those found by Driscoll and Pianta for the short form of the scale. Our results confirm that the CPRS-I has the same structure as the original scale; therefore, it can be a useful tool for assessing parents' perceptions of their relationship with their children. The implications for educational and clinical settings are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rinaldi
- Department of Psychology, Università eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Nicola Palena
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Andrea Greco
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Robert Pianta
- Center for Advanced Study of Teaching and Learning, Curry School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Antonella Marchetti
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Valle
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
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Zhang W, Zhou F, Zhang Q, Lyu Z. Attachment anxiety and smartphone addiction among university students during confinement: Teacher–student relationships, student–student relationships and school connectedness as mediators. Front Public Health 2022; 10:947392. [PMID: 35991041 PMCID: PMC9388001 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.947392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning at home during the COVID-19 confinement might affect students' relationships with their peers, teachers, and schools and increase the possibility of smartphone addiction. We hypothesized that attachment anxiety directly and indirectly affects smartphone addiction, with teacher–student relationships, student–student relationships, and school connectedness as mediators. The participants were 999 university students from different regions of China. The results showed that six of the paths were significant except the one between student–student relationships and smartphone addiction. Also, the association between attachment anxiety and smartphone addiction was mediated by teacher–student relationships and school connectedness not but student–student relationships. The current study highlights the mediating effect of school connectedness and teacher–student relationships in the multiple mediation model, and suggests that universities can alleviate the risk of smartphone addiction in distance teaching by cultivating good teacher–student relationships and strengthening students' sense of belonging to their schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- School of Journalism and Culture Communication, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Wen Zhang
| | - Fangzhou Zhou
- Institute of Communication Studies, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- School of Accounting, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixuan Lyu
- School of Journalism and Communication, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Rodriguez LM, Coy A, Hadden BW. The Attachment Dynamic: Dyadic Patterns of Anxiety and Avoidance in Relationship Functioning. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2021; 38:971-994. [PMID: 34366536 PMCID: PMC8336265 DOI: 10.1177/0265407520975858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Whereas attachment dimensions (i.e., anxiety and avoidance) are generally associated with lower levels of relationship evaluations (e.g., satisfaction, commitment), research has not yet fully incorporated how partner attachment is related to these evaluations, nor how dyadic patterns (actor × partner attachment interactions) are associated with evaluations. Across two dyadic studies (N = 185, 123 dyads), we examine how actor, partner, and actor × partner interactions of attachment anxiety and avoidance are associated with reports of trust, satisfaction, and commitment. Results generally revealed that actor effects of attachment anxiety on lower relationship evaluations were weaker when partners were more anxious and stronger when partners were more avoidant. Moreover, actor effects of attachment avoidance on lower trust and satisfaction were stronger when partners were more anxious. Finally, own avoidance was more strongly negatively related to commitment in the presence of a more avoidant partner. These results suggest that the combination of attachment within relationships is important to consider for both close relationships researchers and clinicians.
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Filipponi C, Schulz PJ, Petrocchi S. Effects of Self-Mastery on Adolescent and Parental Mental Health through the Mediation of Coping Ability Applying Dyadic Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10120182. [PMID: 33261110 PMCID: PMC7761085 DOI: 10.3390/bs10120182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence demonstrated that self-mastery and coping ability predict mental health in adults and children. However, there is a lack of research analyzing the relationships between those constructs in parents and children. Self-report data from 89 dyads (adolescents’ mean of age = 14.47, SD = 0.50; parents’ mean of age = 47.24, SD = 4.54) who participated in waves 17, 18, and 19 (following T1, T2, and T3) of a nineteen-wave longitudinal study were analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model’s extended Mediation. Results showed significant actor effects of parents’ and adolescents’ self-mastery (T1) on mental health (T3) and the mediator effect of their coping abilities in managing stress (T2). Both a higher parental education level and being a mother positively influenced adolescents’ coping ability. The mutually beneficial relationships between parents’ and adolescents’ self-mastery, coping ability, and mental health were not demonstrated. Self-mastery is a significant predictor of adolescents’ and parents’ mental health, and coping ability serves as a good mediator between them. Qualitative research may clarify reasons why partner effects in the model were found to be non-significant. Further research should re-test this model with a larger sample size during childhood, when parents provide significant behavioral models for their children—as well as in adolescence, considering the peer group—to develop guidelines for behavioral interventions.
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Cao M, Zhu Y, Sun F, Luo J, Jing J. Short sleep duration is associated with specific food intake increase among school-aged children in China: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:558. [PMID: 31088522 PMCID: PMC6515588 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between sleep duration and food intake is unclear. This study aims to examine the relationship among children aged 6–17 years in China. Methods The sample consisted of 70,519 children aged 6–17 years, which were randomly selected from 7 representative areas from China, from September to November, 2013. In the structured questionnaire, children reported daily sleep hours (less than 7 h, 7–9 h and more than 9 h), weekly food intake amount (including vegetables, fruit, sugar beverages and meat), physical activity and sedentary time. The relationship of sleep duration with vegetable, sugar beverage, fruit and meat intake was evaluated by multi-nominal logistic regression and multi-variable adjusted. Results A total of 62,517 children (51.6% boys) completed the study. Short sleep duration (SSD, < 7 h) was independently associated with increased sugar beverage intake (SBI, Odd Ratio, OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.19–1.40) but decreased vegetable (VI, OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90–0.98) & fruit intake (FI, OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88–0.99). Stratified by age and gender, SSD increased SBI for boys of both young (6–12 years) & older (13–17 years) groups and older girls (ORs: 1.25, 1.25, 1.49, 95% CI: 1.08–1.44, 1.04–1.50, 1.22–1.81, respectively), but decreased VI and FI for older girls (ORs: 0.84& 0.81, 95% CI: 0.74–0.96& 0.68–0.96, respectively). Conclusions Among school-aged children in China, short sleep duration was associated with increased risks of more sugar beverage intake among those younger and boys but less vegetable & fruit intake among those older and girls. Longitudinal research is needed to clarify the causation in between.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqing Cao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yanna Zhu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jingyin Luo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Faculty of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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