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Soh JEC, Shimizu A, Sato A, Ogita H. Novel cardiovascular protective effects of RhoA signaling and its therapeutic implications. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115899. [PMID: 37907138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) belongs to the Rho GTPase superfamily, which was first studied in cancers as one of the essential regulators controlling cellular function. RhoA has long attracted attention as a key molecule involved in cell signaling and gene transcription, through which it affects cellular processes. A series of studies have demonstrated that RhoA plays crucial roles under both physiological states and pathological conditions in cardiovascular diseases. RhoA has been identified as an important regulator in cardiac remodeling by regulating actin stress fiber dynamics and cytoskeleton formation. However, its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, preventing definitive conclusions being drawn about its protective role in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we outline the characteristics of RhoA and its related signaling molecules, and present an overview of RhoA classical function and the corresponding cellular responses of RhoA under physiological and pathological conditions. Overall, we provide an update on the novel signaling under RhoA in the cardiovascular system and its potential clinical and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ern Chi Soh
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akio Shimizu
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ogita
- Division of Molecular Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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González-Herrera F, Clayton NS, Guzmán-Rivera D, Carrillo I, Castillo C, Catalán M, Anfossi R, Quintero-Pertuz H, Quilaqueo ME, Olea-Azar C, Rivera-Meza M, Kemmerling U, Ridley AJ, Vivar R, Maya JD. Statins change the cytokine profile in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected U937 macrophages and murine cardiac tissue through Rho-associated kinases inhibition. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1035589. [PMID: 36713380 PMCID: PMC9874148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is the most severe manifestation of Chagas disease.CCC is characterized by cardiac inflammation and fibrosis caused by a persistent inflammatory response. Following infection, macrophages secrete inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α to control parasitemia. Although this response contains parasite infection, it causes damage to the heart tissue. Thus, the use of immunomodulators is a rational alternative to CCC. Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) 1 and 2 are RhoA-activated serine/threonine kinases that regulate the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Both ROCKs have been implicated in the polarization of macrophages towards an M1 (pro-inflammatory) phenotype. Statins are FDA-approved lipid-lowering drugs that reduce RhoA signaling by inhibiting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthesis. This work aims to identify the effect of statins on U937 macrophage polarization and cardiac tissue inflammation and its relationship with ROCK activity during T. cruzi infection. Methods PMA-induced, wild-type, GFP-, CA-ROCK1- and CA-ROCK2-expressing U937 macrophages were incubated with atorvastatin, or the inhibitors Y-27632, JSH-23, TAK-242, or C3 exoenzyme incubated with or without T. cruzi trypomastigotes for 30 min to evaluate the activity of ROCK and the M1 and M2 cytokine expression and secretion profiling. Also, ROCK activity was determined in T. cruzi-infected, BALB/c mice hearts. Results In this study, we demonstrate for the first time in macrophages that incubation with T. cruzi leads to ROCK activation via the TLR4 pathway, which triggers NF-κB activation. Inhibition of ROCKs by Y-27632 prevents NF-κB activation and the expression and secretion of M1 markers, as does treatment with atorvastatin. Furthermore, we show that the effect of atorvastatin on the NF-kB pathway and cytokine secretion is mediated by ROCK. Finally, statin treatment decreased ROCK activation and expression, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine production, promoting anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in chronic chagasic mice hearts. Conclusion These results suggest that the statin modulation of the inflammatory response due to ROCK inhibition is a potential pharmacological strategy to prevent cardiac inflammation in CCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola González-Herrera
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natasha S. Clayton
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Guzmán-Rivera
- Escuela de Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ileana Carrillo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renatto Anfossi
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helena Quintero-Pertuz
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Elena Quilaqueo
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Olea-Azar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Rivera-Meza
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Integrative Biology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Juan Diego Maya, ; Raúl Vivar,
| | - Juan Diego Maya
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Juan Diego Maya, ; Raúl Vivar,
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Left Cardiac Remodelling Assessed by Echocardiography Is Associated with Rho-Kinase Activation in Long-Distance Runners. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8100118. [PMID: 34677187 PMCID: PMC8541355 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This single-blind and cross-sectional study evaluated the role of Rho-kinase (ROCK) as a biomarker of the cardiovascular remodelling process assessed by echocardiography in competitive long-distance runners (LDRs) during the training period before a marathon race. Thirty-six healthy male LDRs (37.0 ± 5.3 years; 174.0 ± 7.0 height; BMI: 23.8 ± 2.8; V˙ O2-peak: 56.5 ± 7.3 mL·kg-1·min-1) were separated into two groups according to previous training level: high-training (HT, n = 16) ≥ 100 km·week-1 and low-training (LT, n = 20) ≥ 70 and < 100 km·week-1. Also, twenty-one healthy nonactive subjects were included as a control group (CTR). A transthoracic echocardiography was performed and ROCK activity levels in circulating leukocytes were measured at rest (48 h without exercising) the week before the race. The HT group showed a higher left ventricular mass index (LVMi) and left atrial volume index (LAVi) than other groups (p < 0.05, for both); also, higher levels of ROCK activity were found in LDRs (HT = 6.17 ± 1.41 vs. CTR = 1.64 ± 0.66 (p < 0.01); vs. LT = 2.74 ± 0.84; (p < 0.05)). In LDRs a direct correlation between ROCK activity levels and LVMi (r = 0.83; p < 0.001), and LAVi (r = 0.70; p < 0.001) were found. In conclusion, in male competitive long-distance runners, the load of exercise implicated in marathon training is associated with ROCK activity levels and the left cardiac remodelling process assessed by echocardiography.
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Ocaranza MP, Jalil JE, Altamirano R, de León A, Moya J, Lonis A, Gabrielli L, Nab PM, Córdova S, Paredes A, Vergara I, Bittner A, Sabat K, Pastorini K. Reverse Remodeling in Human Heart Failure after Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Is Associated With Reduced RHO-Kinase Activation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:565724. [PMID: 33967744 PMCID: PMC8104930 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.565724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Reverse remodeling is a clinically relevant endpoint in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Rho-kinase (ROCK) signaling cascade activation correlates with cardiac remodeling and left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in HFrEF patients. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is effective in HFrEF, especially when there is a left bundle block, as this treatment may stimulate reverse remodeling, thereby improving quality of life and prolonging survival for patients with this severe condition. Here, we evaluate the hypothesis that ROCK activation is reduced after effective CRT in HFrEF. Methods: ROCK activation in circulating leukocytes was evaluated in 28 HFrHF patients, using Western blot (myosin light chain phosphatase subunit 1 phosphorylation, MYPT1p/t), before and three months after initiation of CRT. LV systolic function and remodeling were assessed by echocardiography. Results: Three months after CRT, LV ejection fraction increased an average of 14.5% (p < 0.001) in 13 patients (responders), while no change was observed in 15 patients (non-responders). End-systolic diameter decreased 16% (p < 0.001) in responders, with no change in non-responders. ROCK activation in PBMCs decreased 66% in responders (p < 0.05) but increased 10% in non-responders (NS). LV end-diastolic diameter was also 5.2 mm larger in non-responders vs. responders (p = 0.058). LV ejection fraction, systolic diameter, and ROCK activation levels were similar in both groups at baseline. Conclusion: In HFrEF patients, 3 months of effective CRT induced reverse myocardial remodeling, and ROCK activation was significantly decreased in circulating leukocytes. Thus, decreased ROCK activation in circulating leukocytes may reflect reverse cardiac remodeling in patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Ocaranza
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile.,Center for New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile.,Center for New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ana de León
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jackeline Moya
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Lonis
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Mac Nab
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Córdova
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Paredes
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ismael Vergara
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex Bittner
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karime Sabat
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla Pastorini
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
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Parsamanesh N, Karami-Zarandi M, Banach M, Penson PE, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on myocarditis: A review of underlying molecular mechanisms. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 67:53-64. [PMID: 33621589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis refers to the clinical and histological characteristics of a diverse range of inflammatory cellular pathophysiological conditions which result in cardiac dysfunction. Myocarditis is a major cause of mortality in individuals less than 40 years of age and accounts for approximately 20% of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Myocarditis contributes to dilated cardiomyopathy in 30% of patients and can progress to cardiac arrest, which has a poor prognosis of <40% survival over 10 years. Myocarditis has also been documented after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The most commonly used lipid-lowering therapies, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), decrease CVD-related morbidity and mortality. In addition to their lipid-lowering effects, increasing evidence supports the existence of several additional beneficial, 'pleiotropic' effects of statins. Recently, several studies have indicated that statins may attenuate myocarditis. Statins modify the lipid oxidation, inflammation, immunomodulation, and endothelial activity of the pathophysiology and have been recommended as adjuvant treatment. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of action of statins and their effects on myocarditis, SARS-CoV-2 and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Parsamanesh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.
| | - Peter E Penson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Cantin C, Jalil JE, Bulnes JF, Novoa U, MacNab P, Godoy I, Córdova S, Gabrielli L, Ocaranza MP. Effect of Early Normotension with Olmesartan on Rho-kinase Activity in Hypertensive Patients. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2020; 18:87-91. [PMID: 30663569 DOI: 10.2174/1570161117666190121103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II is a potent activator of the Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway, through which it exerts some of its adverse vasoconstrictor effects. Clinical evidence on the effects of blocking the angiotensin II receptor 1 on ROCK activity in hypertensive patients is scarce. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that ROCK activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) in patients with essential hypertension is reduced earlier than previously observed, along with blood pressure (BP) lowering on treatment with olmesartan. METHODS Prospective pilot open study; 17 hypertensive patients were treated with progressive olmesartan doses starting with 20 mg qd. BP was measured at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after treatment initiation. If treatment failed to normalize BP after 3 weeks, olmesartan dose was increased to 40 mg qd, and if still hypertensive after 6 weeks, 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide qd was added. ROCK activity was measured at baseline and 9 weeks after treatment as myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 phosphorylation (MYPT1-p/T ratio) in PBMC. RESULTS Mean baseline BP was 162 ± 4.9/101 ± 2.4 mmHg. After 9 weeks of treatment, both systolic and diastolic BP were reduced by 41 and 22 mmHg, respectively (p<0.05). Mean pretreatment MYPT1- p/T ratio in PMBCs was significantly reduced by 80% after 9 weeks with olmesartan (p<0.01). CONCLUSION Normotension achieved after 9 weeks in 82% of the patients treated with olmesartan was associated with a significant reduction of ROCK activity in PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cantin
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan F Bulnes
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Novoa
- Universidad de Talca, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Talca, Chile
| | - Paul MacNab
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Godoy
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Córdova
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Ocaranza
- Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Santiago, Chile
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Ocaranza MP, Valderas P, Moya J, Gabrielli L, Godoy I, Córdova S, Nab PM, García L, Farías L, Jalil JE. Rho kinase cascade activation in circulating leukocytes in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:56. [PMID: 32375786 PMCID: PMC7203835 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intracellular ROCK signaling pathway is an important modulator of blood pressure and of cardiovascular and renal remodeling when Rho-kinase activity is increased. Besides, in preclinical models of diabetes, ROCK activation has also a role in abnormal glucose metabolism as well as in subsequent vascular and myocardial dysfunction. In humans, there are a few data assessing ROCK activation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and no studies assessing upstream/downstream components of the ROCK pathway. We assessed here levels of ROCK activation and some of the RhoA/ROCK cascade molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in T2D patients under current treatment. Methods Cross-sectional observational study comparing 28 T2D patients under current antidiabetic treatment with 31 consecutive healthy subjects, matched by age and gender. Circulating levels of malondialdehyde, angiotensin II and inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were determined in all subjects. ROCK activation in PMBCs, upstream and downstream cascade proteins, and levels of the proinflammatory molecules VCAM, ICAM-1 and IL-8 were determined in their PMBCs by Western blot. Results Compared to healthy controls, ROCK activation in T2D patients measured by 2 direct ROCK targets in PBMCs was increased by 420 and 570% (p < 0001) and it correlated significantly with serum glucose levels. p38 MAPK phosphorylation (downstream from ROCK) and JAK-2 (upstream from ROCK) were significantly higher in the T2D patients by 580% and 220%, respectively. In T2D patients, significantly increased PBMC levels of the proinflammatory molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and IL-8 were observed compared to control subjects (by 180%, 360% and 260%, respectively). Circulating levels of Ang II and MDA were significantly higher in T2D patients by 29 and 63%, respectively. Conclusions T2D patients under treatment with glucose-lowering drugs, antihypertensive treatment as well as with statins have significantly increased ROCK activation in their circulating leukocytes along with higher phosphorylation of downstream cascade proteins despite pharmacologic treatment, along with increased plasma angiotensin II and MDA levels. ROCK inhibition might have an additional role in the prevention and treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Ocaranza
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile.,Center for New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Valderas
- Facultad de Medicina, Odontología, Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Argentina 2000, 1240000, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jackeline Moya
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Godoy
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Córdova
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Mac Nab
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena García
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Farías
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Diagonal Paraguay 362, Piso 7, 8320000, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Cheng C, Liu XB, Xu DL, Zhang J. Increased ROCK1 not ROCK2 in circulating leukocytes in rats with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Perfusion 2020; 35:819-825. [PMID: 32308124 DOI: 10.1177/0267659120915140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that ROCK is overactivated and involved in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in vivo. But the role of ROCK in circulating leukocytes during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion is not well studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was performed to evaluate ROCK activity in circulating leukocytes in rats with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion Wistar rats were subjected to 30-min ischemia followed by 180-min reperfusion. ROCK activity in circulating leukocytes was examined by the phosphorylation state of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1, a substrate of ROCK. RESULTS ROCK activity significantly increased in leukocytes in rat ischemia/reperfusion models compared to the sham group. ROCK1 not ROCK2 level in circulating leukocytes was significantly elevated in ischemia/reperfusion. Administration of the selective inhibitor of ROCK, fasudil, significantly reduced myocardial infarct size, myocyte apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokine, including interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α. Furthermore, fasudil upregulated ischemia/reperfusion-induced reduction of nitric oxide production. CONCLUSION Increased ROCK1 not ROCK2 in circulating leukocytes plays a role in the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Inhibition of ROCK1 in circulating leukocytes has an important role in fasudil-induced cardioprotective effects. ROCK1 in circulating leukocytes might be a new biomarker in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Dong-Ling Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Rho Kinase Activity, Connexin 40, and Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanistic Insights from End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis Patients. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010165. [PMID: 31936157 PMCID: PMC7019687 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence on cellular/molecular mechanisms leading to atrial fibrillation (AF) are scanty. Increased expression of Rho kinase (ROCK) and myosin-phosphatase-target subunit-1 (MYPT-1), ROCK activity’s marker, were shown in AF patients, which correlated with connexin 40 (Cx40) expression, membrane protein of heart gap junctions, key for rapid action potential’s cell–cell transfer. AF is the most frequent arrhythmia in dialysis patients who present increased MYPT-1 phosphorylation, which correlates with left ventricular (LV) mass. Given ROCK’s established role in cardiovascular–renal remodeling, induction of impaired cell-to-cell coupling/potential conduction promoting AF initiation/perpetuation, we evaluated in dialysis patients with AF, MYPT-1 phosphorylation, Cx40 expression, and their relationships to support their involvement in AF. Mononuclear cells’ MYPT-1 phosphorylation, Cx40 expression, and the ROCK inhibitor fasudil’s effect were assessed in dialysis patients with AF (DPAFs), dialysis patients with sinus rhythm (DPs), and healthy subjects (C) (western blot). M-mode echocardiography assessed LV mass and left atrial systolic volume. DPAF’s phospho-MYPT-1 was increased vs. that of DPs and C (1.57 ± 0.17 d.u. vs. 0.69 ± 0.04 vs. 0.51 ± 0.05 respectively, p < 0.0001). DP’s phospho-MYPT-1 was higher vs. that of C, p = 0.009. DPAF’s Cx40 was higher vs. that of DPs and C (1.23 ± 0.12 vs. 0.74 ± 0.03 vs. 0.69 ± 0.03, p < 0.0001). DPAF’s phospho-MYPT-1 correlated with Cx40 (p < 0.001), left atrial systolic volume (p = 0.013), and LV mass (p = 0.014). In DPAFs, fasudil reduced MYPT-1 phosphorylation (p < 0.01) and Cx40 expression (p = 0.03). These data point toward ROCK and Cx40’s role in the mechanism(s) leading to AF in dialysis patients. Exploration of the ROCK pathway in AF could contribute to AF generation’s mechanistic explanations and likely identify potential pharmacologic targets for translation into treatment.
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Ocaranza MP, Moya J, Jalil JE, Lavandero S, Kalergis AM, Molina C, Gabrielli L, Godoy I, Córdova S, Castro P, Mac Nab P, Rossel V, García L, González J, Mancilla C, Fierro C, Farías L. Rho-kinase pathway activation and apoptosis in circulating leucocytes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:1413-1427. [PMID: 31778027 PMCID: PMC6991691 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased Rho‐kinase activity in circulating leucocytes is observed in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, there is little information in HFrEF regarding other Rho‐kinase pathway components an on the relationship between Rho‐kinase and apoptosis. Here, Rho‐kinase activation levels and phosphorylation of major downstream molecules and apoptosis levels were measured for the first time both in HFrEF patients and healthy individuals. Methods Cross‐sectional study comparing HFrEF patients (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 19). Rho‐kinase activity in circulating leucocytes (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs) was determined by myosin light chain phosphatase 1 (MYPT1) and ezrin‐radixin‐moesin (ERM) phosphorylation. Rho‐kinase cascade proteins phosphorylation p38‐MAPK, myosin light chain‐2, JAK and JNK were also analysed along with apoptosis. Results MYPT1 and ERM phosphorylation were significantly elevated in HFrEF patients, (3.9‐ and 4.8‐fold higher than in controls, respectively). JAK phosphorylation was significantly increased by 300% over controls. Phosphorylation of downstream molecules p38‐MAPK and myosin light chain‐2 was significantly higher by 360% and 490%, respectively, while JNK phosphorylation was reduced by 60%. Catecholamine and angiotensin II levels were significantly higher in HFrEF patients, while angiotensin‐(1‐9) levels were lower. Apoptosis in circulating leucocytes was significantly increased in HFrEF patients by 2.8‐fold compared with controls and significantly correlated with Rho‐kinase activation. Conclusion Rho‐kinase pathway is activated in PMBCs from HFrEF patients despite optimal treatment, and it is closely associated with neurohormonal activation and with apoptosis. ROCK cascade inhibition might induce clinical benefits in HFrEF patients, and its assessment in PMBCs could be useful to evaluate reverse remodelling and disease regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paz Ocaranza
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jackeline Moya
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge E Jalil
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departament of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Molina
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luigi Gabrielli
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Godoy
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samuel Córdova
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Castro
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Mac Nab
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Rossel
- Department of Medicine, Hospital del Salvador, Medical School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena García
- Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier González
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Mancilla
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Fierro
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Farías
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Gómez-Mendoza DP, Marques FD, Melo-Braga MN, Sprenger RR, Sinisterra RD, Kjeldsen F, Santos RA, Verano-Braga T. Angiotensin-(1-7) oral treatment after experimental myocardial infarction leads to downregulation of CXCR4. J Proteomics 2019; 208:103486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Düzen IV, Yavuz F, Vuruskan E, Saracoglu E, Poyraz F, Cekici Y, Alıcı H, Göksülük H, Candemir B, Sucu M, Demiryürek AT. Investigation of leukocyte RHO/ROCK gene expressions in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2777-2782. [PMID: 31572525 PMCID: PMC6755446 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia caused by disorganized electrical activity in the atria, and it is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. There is a limited data about Rho/Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway contribute to AF development. The aim of the present study was to elucidate leukocyte RHO/ROCK gene expressions in patients with non-valvular AF (NVAF). A total of 37 NVAF patients and 47 age and sex-matched controls were included in this study. mRNA was extracted from leukocytes, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for gene expression analysis. A marked increase in ROCK1 and ROCK2 gene expressions in patients with NVAF was observed (P<0.0001). The present study detected significant elevations in RHOBTB2, RND3 (RHOE), RHOC, RHOG, RHOH, RAC3, RHOB, RHOD, RHOV, RHOBTB1, RND2, RND1 and RHOJ gene expressions (P<0.01). However, there were marked decreases in CDC42, RAC2, and RHOQ gene expressions in patients with NVAF. No significant modifications were seen in the other Rho GTPase proteins RHOA, RAC1, RHOF, RHOU and RHOBTB3. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to provide data that gene expression of leukocyte RHO/ROCK may contribute to the NVAF pathogenesis through activated leukocytes, which promotes the immune or inflammatory cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan V Düzen
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Fethi Yavuz
- Department of Cardiology, Adana City Hospital, Adana 01060, Turkey
| | - Ertan Vuruskan
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Erhan Saracoglu
- Department of Cardiology, Dr Ersin Arslan Education and Research Hospital, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Fatih Poyraz
- Department of Cardiology, Defa Life Hospital, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Cekici
- Department of Cardiology, Dr Ersin Arslan Education and Research Hospital, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Hayri Alıcı
- Department of Cardiology, Hatem Hospital, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Göksülük
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06340, Turkey
| | - Basar Candemir
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06340, Turkey
| | - Murat Sucu
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
| | - Abdullah T Demiryürek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey
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13
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Yan X, Jiao K, Song X. Shen’ge powder decreases the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in chronic heart failure by activating the Rho protein/Rho‐associated coiledcoil forming protein kinase signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3038-3045. [PMID: 30474257 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Yan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital Dongying Shandong PR China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Cardiology Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital Dongying Shandong PR China
| | - Xiaozheng Song
- Department of Cardiology Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital Dongying Shandong PR China
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14
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Rho kinase activation in circulating leukocytes is related to hypertensive myocardial remodeling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1837-1853. [PMID: 30065083 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rho-kinase has relevant functions in blood pressure modulation and cardiovascular remodeling. Rho-kinase activity is determined in circulating leukocytes measuring phosphorylation of its target myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1), but its relationship with Rho-kinase activity in the myocardium and in vasculature in hypertension has not been evaluated.The aim was to determine the degree of association between Rho-kinase cascade activation in circulating leukocytes with cardiac and aortic Rho-kinase pathway activation in a model of hypertension and to analyze it with a cause-effect perspective.Hypertensive deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt rats received the Rho-kinase antagonist fasudil (DOCA-Fas, 100 mg/kg/day, 3 weeks). Results were compared with an untreated DOCA-salt and a sham group.Rho-kinase inhibition reduced significantly blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial collagen and macrophage infiltration, but not aortic wall hypertrophy. Fasudil decreased significantly Rho-kinase activity in peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMC), myocardium and aortic wall to similar levels as in the sham group. A significant correlation was found between PBMC Rho-kinase activity and cardiac remodeling, specifically with hypertrophy (r = 0.51, P≤0.01), myocardial collagen (r = 0.40, P≤0.05) and ED1 immunostaining (r = 0.48, P≤0.01). In the untreated hypertensive group, increased levels (P<0.05) of the proinflammatory molecules p65 NF-κB, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin-6 antibody in the myocardium, aortic wall and PBMC were observed and were reduced with fasudil (P<0.05).In conclusion, in this hypertension model, Rho-kinase and its pathway activation determined in circulating leukocytes reflect the activation of this pathway in the myocardium and in the aortic wall and are significantly related to myocardial remodeling (hypertrophy, fibrosis and inflammation).
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15
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Zhang J, Xu F, Liu XB, Bi SJ, Lu QH. Increased Rho kinase activity in patients with heart ischemia/reperfusion. Perfusion 2018; 34:15-21. [PMID: 30004298 DOI: 10.1177/0267659118787432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM:\ Rho kinase is a downstream effector of Rho GTPase that is known to regulate various pathological processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the regulation of Rho kinase activity in leukocytes in patients with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated 38 patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 26 patients with atherosclerosis (AS) and 22 normal subjects. All patients underwent coronary angiography (CAG) and all STEMI patients received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) within 12 h after chest pain on-set. Blood samples for leukocyte Rho kinase activity were obtained before CAG and 3 and 24 hours after CAG/PCI. RESULTS Rho kinase activity increased in the I/R and AS groups. Compared with the AS group, Rho kinase activity was significantly higher in peripheral blood leukocytes in STEMI/PPCI. Furthermore, there was no correlation between changes in Rho kinase activity and changes in high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-TnI) and C-reactive protein (CRP). There was a negative correlation between Rho kinase activity and IL-6. CONCLUSION Rho kinase is involved in the pathogenesis of heart I/R injury in patients. Inhibition of Rho kinase may be an additional therapeutic intervention for the treatment of I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fei Xu
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Liu
- 2 Shandong Blood Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shao-Jie Bi
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qing-Hua Lu
- 1 Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recognition of subclinical myocardial dysfunction offers clinicians and patients an opportunity for early intervention and prevention of symptomatic cardiovascular disease. We review the data on novel biomarkers in subclinical heart disease in the general population with a focus on pathophysiology, recent observational or trial data, and potential applicability and pitfalls for clinical use. RECENT FINDINGS High-sensitivity cardiac troponin and natriuretic peptide assays are powerful markers of subclinical cardiac disease. Elevated levels of these biomarkers signify subclinical cardiac injury and hemodynamic stress and portend an adverse prognosis. Novel biomarkers of myocardial inflammation, fibrosis, and abnormal contraction are gaining momentum as predictors for incident heart failure, providing new insight into pathophysiologic mechanisms of cardiac disease. There has been exciting growth in both traditional and novel biomarkers of subclinical cardiac injury in recent years. Many biomarkers have demonstrated associations with relevant cardiovascular outcomes and may enhance the diagnostic and prognostic power of more conventional biomarkers. However, their use in "prime time" to identify patients with or at risk for subclinical cardiac dysfunction in the general population remains an open question. Strategic investigation into their clinical applicability in the context of clinical trials remains an area of ongoing investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Shemisa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA
| | - Anish Bhatt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA
| | - Daniel Cheeran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA
| | - Ian J Neeland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8830, USA.
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17
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Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2017; 120:229-243. [PMID: 28057795 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 757] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The statins have been used for 30 years to prevent coronary artery disease and stroke. Their primary mechanism of action is the lowering of serum cholesterol through inhibiting hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis thereby upregulating the hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and increasing the clearance of LDL-cholesterol. Statins may exert cardiovascular protective effects that are independent of LDL-cholesterol lowering called pleiotropic effects. Because statins inhibit the production of isoprenoid intermediates in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, the post-translational prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho and Rac, and their downstream effectors such as Rho kinase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases are also inhibited. In cell culture and animal studies, these effects alter the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, the reactivity of platelets, and the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. The relative contributions of statin pleiotropy to clinical outcomes, however, remain a matter of debate and are hard to quantify because the degree of isoprenoid inhibition by statins correlates to some extent with the amount of LDL-cholesterol reduction. This review examines some of the currently proposed molecular mechanisms for statin pleiotropy and discusses whether they could have any clinical relevance in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Oesterle
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL (A.O., J.K.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany (U.L.)
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL (A.O., J.K.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany (U.L.)
| | - James K Liao
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL (A.O., J.K.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany (U.L.).
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18
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Liu L, Tan L, Lai J, Li S, Wang DW. Data for increased Rho kinase activity in type 2 diabetic patients. Data Brief 2016; 9:978-982. [PMID: 27896306 PMCID: PMC5120266 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "Enhanced Rho-Kinase Activity: Pathophysiological Relevance in Type 2 Diabetes" [1]. Rho-Kinase has attracted a great deal of interest as a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases. These data describe the observed relationship of Rho-Kinase activity with type 2 diabetic patients. Rho-Kinase activity is determined by immunoblotting of peripheral blood leukocytes with the Phospho-Thr853 in the myosin-binding subunit of myosin light-chain phosphatase. The level of IL-6 is measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dao Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Abstract
Hypertensive cardiac remodeling is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis, which can lead to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCKs) are members of the serine/threonine protein kinase family, which mediates the downstream effects of the small GTP-binding protein RhoA. There are 2 isoforms: ROCK1 and ROCK2. They have different functions in different types of cells and tissues. There is growing evidence that ROCKs contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac fibrosis, hypertrophy, and subsequent heart failure. Recent experimental studies using ROCK inhibitors, such as fasudil, have shown the benefits of ROCK inhibition in cardiac remodeling. Mice lacking each ROCK isoform also exhibit reduced myocardial fibrosis in a variety of pathological models of cardiac remodeling. Indeed, clinical studies with fasudil have suggested that ROCKs could be potential novel therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the roles of ROCKs in the development of cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy and discuss their therapeutic potential for deleterious cardiac remodeling. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1491-1498).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Shimizu
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago
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20
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Loirand G. Rho Kinases in Health and Disease: From Basic Science to Translational Research. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 67:1074-95. [PMID: 26419448 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 are key regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics downstream of Rho GTPases that participate in the control of important physiologic functions, S including cell contraction, migration, proliferation, adhesion, and inflammation. Several excellent review articles dealing with ROCK function and regulation have been published over the past few years. Although a brief overview of general molecular, biochemical, and functional properties of ROCKs is included, an effort has been made to produce an original work by collecting and synthesizing recent studies aimed at translating basic discoveries from cell and experimental models into knowledge of human physiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and medical therapeutics. This review points out the specificity and distinct roles of ROCK1 and ROCK2 isoforms highlighted in the last few years. Results obtained from genetically modified mice and genetic analysis in humans are discussed. This review also addresses the involvement of ROCKs in human diseases and the potential use of ROCK activity as a biomarker or a pharmacological target for specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervaise Loirand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1087, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
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Zhang J, Xu DL, Liu XB, Bi SJ, Zhao T, Sui SJ, Ji XP, Lu QH. Darapladib, a Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Inhibitor, Reduces Rho Kinase Activity in Atherosclerosis. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:321-7. [PMID: 26847282 PMCID: PMC4740522 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.2.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) activity and Rho kinase activity may be associated with atherosclerosis. The principal aim of this study was to examine whether darapladib (a selective Lp-PLA2 inhibitor) could reduce the elevated Lp-PLA2 and Rho kinase activity in atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The atherosclerosis rats were prepared by feeding them with a high-cholesterol diet for 10 weeks. Low-dose darapladib (25 mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) and high-dose darapladib (50 mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) interventions were then administered over the course of 2 weeks. RESULTS The serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and Lp-PLA2, significantly increased in atherosclerosis model groups, as did Rho kinase activity and cardiomyocyte apoptosis (p<0.05 vs. sham group), whereas nitric oxide (NO) production was reduced. Levels of TC, LDL-C, CRP, Lp-PLA2, and Rho kinase activity were respectively reduced in darapladib groups, whereas NO production was enhanced. When compared to the low-dose darapladib group, the reduction of the levels of TC, LDL-C, CRP, and Lp-PLA2 was more prominent in the high-dose darapladib group (p<0.05), and the increase of NO production was more prominent (p<0.05). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis of the high-dose darapladib group was also significantly reduced compared to the low-dose darapladib group (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in Rho kinase activity between the low-dose darapladib group and the high-dose darapladib group (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Darapladib, a Lp-PLA2 inhibitor, leads to cardiovascular protection that might be mediated by its inhibition of both Rho kinase and Lp-PLA2 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Dong Ling Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Bo Liu
- Shandong Blood Center, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shao Jie Bi
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shu Jian Sui
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Ping Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research of the Chinese Ministry of Education and Public Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qing Hua Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
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22
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Calò LA, Vertolli U, Pagnin E, Ravarotto V, Davis PA, Lupia M, Naso E, Maiolino G, Naso A. Increased rho kinase activity in mononuclear cells of dialysis and stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: Cardiovascular risk implications. Life Sci 2016; 148:80-5. [PMID: 26872982 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of excess mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis patients (DP) who have higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), the strongest predictor of CV events. Rho kinase (ROCK) activation is linked in hypertensive patients to cardiac remodeling while ROCK inhibition suppresses cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and, in a human clinical condition opposite to hypertension, its downregulation associates with lack of CV remodeling. Information on ROCK activation-LVH link in CKD and DP is lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mononuclear cells (PBMCs) MYPT-1 phosphorylation, a marker of ROCK activity, and the effect of fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, on MYPT-1 phosphorylation were assessed in 23 DPs, 13 stage 3-4 CKD and 36 healthy subjects (HS) by Western blot. LV mass was assessed by M-mode echocardiography. KEY FINDINGS DP and CKD had higher MYPT-1 phosphorylation compared to HS (p<0.001 and p=0.003). Fasudil (500 and 1000μM) dose dependently reduced MYPT-1 phosphorylation in DP (p<0.01). DP had higher LV mass than CKD (p<0.001). MYPT-1 phosphorylation was higher in patients with LVH (p=0.009) and correlated with LV mass both in DP and CKD with LVH (p<0.001 and p=0.006). SIGNIFICANCE In DP and CKD, ROCK activity tracks with LVH. This ROCK activation-LVH link provided in these CVD high-risk patients along with similar findings in hypertensive patients and added to opposite findings in a human model opposite to hypertension and in type 2 diabetic patients, identify ROCK activation as a potential LVH marker and provide further rationale for ROCK activation inhibition as target of therapy in CVD high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo A Calò
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Ugo Vertolli
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Pagnin
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Paul A Davis
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Mario Lupia
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Naso
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maiolino
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Hypertension, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Agostino Naso
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Nephrology, University of Padova, Italy
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Erectile dysfunction in heart failure rats is associated with increased neurogenic contractions in cavernous tissue and internal pudendal artery. Life Sci 2016; 145:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hartmann S, Ridley AJ, Lutz S. The Function of Rho-Associated Kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:276. [PMID: 26635606 PMCID: PMC4653301 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 are serine/threonine kinases that are downstream targets of the small GTPases RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC. ROCKs are involved in diverse cellular activities including actin cytoskeleton organization, cell adhesion and motility, proliferation and apoptosis, remodeling of the extracellular matrix and smooth muscle cell contraction. The role of ROCK1 and ROCK2 has long been considered to be similar; however, it is now clear that they do not always have the same functions. Moreover, depending on their subcellular localization, activation, and other environmental factors, ROCK signaling can have different effects on cellular function. With respect to the heart, findings in isoform-specific knockout mice argue for a role of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy, respectively. Increased ROCK activity could play a pivotal role in processes leading to cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, angina pectoris, vasospastic angina, heart failure, and stroke, and thus ROCK activity is a potential new biomarker for heart disease. Pharmacological ROCK inhibition reduces the enhanced ROCK activity in patients, accompanied with a measurable improvement in medical condition. In this review, we focus on recent findings regarding ROCK signaling in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, with a special focus on differences between ROCK1 and ROCK2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Hartmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Susanne Lutz
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Göttingen, Germany
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Abstract
Rho kinase (ROCK) is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA. ROCK family, consisting of ROCK1 and ROCK2, plays central roles in the organization of actin cytoskeleton and is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions, such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Due to the discovery of effective inhibitors, such as fasudil and Y27632, the biological roles of ROCK have been extensively explored with particular attention on the cardiovascular system. In many preclinical models of cardiovascular diseases, including vasospasm, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, stroke, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and heart failure, ROCK inhibitors have shown a remarkable efficacy in reducing vascular smooth muscle cell hypercontraction, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory cell recruitment, vascular remodeling, and cardiac remodeling. Moreover, fasudil has been used in the clinical trials of several cardiovascular diseases. The continuing utilization of available pharmacological inhibitors and the development of more potent or isoform-selective inhibitors in ROCK signaling research and in treating human diseases are escalating. In this review, we discuss the recent molecular, cellular, animal, and clinical studies with a focus on the current understanding of ROCK signaling in cardiovascular physiology and diseases. We particularly note that emerging evidence suggests that selective targeting ROCK isoform based on the disease pathophysiology may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the disease treatment including cardiovascular diseases.
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Gabrielli L, Winter JL, Godoy I, McNab P, Padilla I, Cordova S, Rigotti P, Novoa U, Mora I, García L, Ocaranza MP, Jalil JE. Increased rho-kinase activity in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Hypertens 2014; 27:838-45. [PMID: 24363278 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is experimental evidence on the role of Rho-kinase (ROCK) activation in cardiac hypertrophy but no information on its role in human hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). We hypothesized that ROCK activity is higher in hypertensive patients with LVH compared with hypertensive patients without LVH. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study comparing untreated hypertensive patients with (n = 41) and without LVH (n = 46) determined by echocardiography with a healthy normotensive control group (n = 51). Measurements included LV mass, dimensions, and function and ROCK activity determined in circulating leukocytes by measuring Western blot levels of phosphorylated to total myosin light chain phosphatase 1 (MYPT1-p/t). RESULTS Compared with normotensive subjects, MYPT1-p/t was significantly increased by 4.5-fold in the hypertensive patients without LVH and by 9-fold in the hypertensive patients with LVH. Compared with the hypertension without LVH group, MYPT1-p/t was significantly increased by 2-fold in the hypertension with LVH gorup. In patients with eccentric LVH, the mean MYPT1-p/t ratio was significantly higher by 4-fold compared with hypertensive patients without eccentric LVH. Patients with an E/e' ratio ≥15 (n = 6) showed a higher MYPT1-p/t ratio (by 26%) compared with patients with a lower E/e' ratio (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS ROCK activity is higher in hypertensive patients with LVH compared with hypertensive patients without LVH, and it is further increased when eccentric LVH is present. Thus, in hypertension, ROCK activation is related to pathological cardiac remodeling and might have a role as an LVH marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Gabrielli
- School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Laboratories of Cardiology and Molecular Cardiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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The prognostic values of leukocyte Rho kinase activity in acute ischemic stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:214587. [PMID: 24716192 PMCID: PMC3955656 DOI: 10.1155/2014/214587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective. It has been reported that leukocyte ROCK activity is elevated in patients after ischemic stroke, but it is unclear whether leukocyte ROCK activity is associated with clinical outcomes following acute stroke events. The objective of this study is to investigate if leukocyte ROCK activity can predict the outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods. We enrolled 110 patients of acute ischemic stroke and measured the leukocyte ROCK activity and plasma level of inflammatory cytokines to correlate the clinical outcomes of these patients. Results. The leukocyte ROCK activity at 48 hours after admission in acute ischemic stroke patients was higher as compared to a risk-matched population. The leukocyte ROCK activity significantly correlated with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) difference between admission and 90 days after stroke event. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates showed lower stroke-free survival during follow-up period in patients with high leukocyte ROCK activity or plasma hsCRP level. Leukocyte ROCK activity independently predicted the recurrent stroke in patients with atherosclerotic stroke. Conclusions. This study shows elevated leukocyte ROCK activity in patients with ischemic stroke as compared to risk-matched subjects and is an independent predictor for recurrent stroke.
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Fasudil improves short-term echocardiographic parameters of diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: a pilot study. Heart Vessels 2014; 30:89-97. [PMID: 24390764 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-013-0458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is observed frequently in patients with type 2 diabetes; however, few studies have focused on the effect of the Rho-associated kinase inhibitor fasudil on cardiac performance in humans. We conducted a prospective pilot study to assess the impact of fasudil on LV diastolic function in patients with diabetes without systolic dysfunction. Two hundred and fifty eligible patients with type 2 diabetes (149 men [61.3 %] and 94 women [38.7 %]) with a mean age of 57.2 years were randomly assigned to fasudil (n = 122, 30 mg intravenously twice a day for 14 days) or placebo (n = 121) groups. Echocardiographic variables were measured at the baseline and 1 month after the intervention. Compared with the placebo group, the fasudil group showed a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure and in the peak of late diastolic transmitral flow (Am) (P < 0.05 for both). Deceleration time (DT), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), the peak of early diastolic annular velocity (e'), the peak of late diastolic annular velocity, and E/e' also exhibited a significant improvement (all, P < 0.05) after fasudil administration. Furthermore, the Em/Am ratio and IVRT, DT, and E/e' values recorded after fasudil treatment in the subgroup with impaired LV relaxation significantly differed from the corresponding values in the subgroup with normal LV relaxation (all, P < 0.05). Fasudil improves short-term echocardiographic parameters of LV diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.
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Shimizu T, Fukumoto Y, Tanaka SI, Satoh K, Ikeda S, Shimokawa H. Crucial role of ROCK2 in vascular smooth muscle cells for hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2780-91. [PMID: 24135024 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rho/Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Rho-kinase has 2 isoforms, ROCK1 and ROCK2, with different functions in different cells; ROCK1 for circulating inflammatory cells and ROCK2 for the vasculature. In the present study, we aimed to examine whether ROCK2 in VSMC is involved in the pathogenesis of PAH. APPROACH AND RESULTS In patients with PAH, the expression of ROCK2 was increased in pulmonary arterial media and primary pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells when compared with controls. To investigate the role of ROCK2 in VSMC, we generated VSMC-specific heterozygous ROCK2-deficient (ROCK2(+/-)) mice and VSMC-specific ROCK2-overexpressing transgenic (ROCK2-Tg) mice. The extent of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension was reduced in ROCK2(+/-) mice and was enhanced in ROCK2-Tg mice compared with respective littermates. The protein expression of ROCK activity and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and the number of Ki67-positive proliferating cells in the lung were reduced in ROCK2(+/-) mice and were increased in ROCK2-Tg mice compared with respective littermates. In cultured mouse aortic VSMC, migration and proliferation activities were reduced in ROCK2(+/-) mice, and migration activity was increased in ROCK2-Tg mice compared with respective littermates. In addition, in primary pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from a patient with PAH, ROCK2 was required for migration and proliferation through ROCK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. CONCLUSIONS ROCK2 in VSMC contributes to the pathogenesis of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Shimizu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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