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Maluleke KD, Ntimana CB, Mashaba RG, Seakamela KP, Maimela E. Associated factors of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 and 2 diabetes in Limpopo province in South Africa. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2024; 5:1319840. [PMID: 38770017 PMCID: PMC11104328 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2024.1319840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the major cause of vision impairment or blindness in individuals who have diabetes. It has accounted for 2.6% of all cases of blindness, and 1.9% of all cases of vision impairments globally. There is a lack of data on the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its associated factors amongst diabetic rural populations. Hence, the current study aimed to determine factors associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients undergoing diabetic therapy. Methods The study was cross-sectional in design and the participants were selected using convenient sampling. STATA version 15 software was used for data analysis. Chi-square was used to compare proportions. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between DR and associated risk factors. Results The prevalence of DR was 35.3%, of which 32% were mild and 3.4% were moderate non-proliferative DR (NPDR). Females were more unemployed than males (32.1% versus 16.8%, p=0.0058). Males were found to drink alcohol (21.8% versus 1.9%, p<0.001) and smoke cigarettes (4% versus 0.3%, p=0.0034) more than females. Being aged ≥ 55 years (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.6-4.4), with matric qualification (OR: 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-1.0); employed (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2-1.6); having high systolic blood pressure (OR=1.4, 95%CI=1.1-1.7) were the independent determinants of DR. Conclusions The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 34%. DR was determined by high systolic blood pressure, old age, and employment. Although not statistically significant, gender, hyperglycemic state, poor glycemic control, smoking, and increased body mass index (BMI) were associated with increased risk of developing DR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cairo Bruce Ntimana
- Dikgale Mamabolo Mothiba (DIMAMO) Population Health Research Centre, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
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Zhu H, Ma S, Ding Y, Xia H. Associations between employment and mental health of older workers with disparate conditions: Evidence from China. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 56:244-251. [PMID: 38387148 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine associations between the employment of older people and mental health across demographic characteristics, socioeconomic conditions, and health status, with a focus on pensions. METHODS This study included 4,512 participants aged 60-69 from the CLASS in 2014. A multiple linear regression was conducted to investigate the association between employment and mental health. A causal forest model was applied to estimate the heterogeneous treatment effects. RESULTS Employed individuals (n = 1,295) reported better mental health than their non-employed counterparts. This association displayed significant heterogeneity, primarily attributed to pensions. Those with lower pensions may be compelled to work due to financial reasons, thus offsetting the health-promotion effect of employment. CONCLUSION Employment may benefit the mental health of older adults, which has a more significant marginal effect on those who are men, older, urban residents, without a spouse, below primary education, receiving more pensions, and less family and friend support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huoyun Zhu
- School of Public Administration and Emergency Management, Institute of Common Prosperity and National Governance, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shilong Ma
- School of Public Administration and Emergency Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- School of Public Affaris, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huiqin Xia
- College of Political Science and Law, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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Prajitha KC, Subbaraman MR, Siddharth Raman SR, Sharahudeen A, Chandran D, Sawyer J, Kumar S, Anish TS. Need of community-based palliative care in rural India and factors that influence its sustainability: a comprehensive exploration using qualitative methodology in rural Puducherry, India. Palliat Care Soc Pract 2023; 17:26323524231196315. [PMID: 37692560 PMCID: PMC10486217 DOI: 10.1177/26323524231196315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The existing palliative care services in India are concentrated in urban areas, attached to tertiary care hospitals. This poses issues relating to access and equity for people in rural locations and with low socioeconomic status. A Community-Based Palliative Care (CBPC) service named Sanjeevan has been initiated in Puducherry, a union territory of India to provide physical, social, psychological, and emotional support to incurably ill people, including older adults living in rural areas. Objectives To understand the social mechanisms that underpin the implementation of CBPC in rural parts of India and the challenges to its sustainability. Design Qualitative research using focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). Methods Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach was used in this study, and descriptive analysis was done. Through CBPR it was possible to document and interpret local knowledge on the community concerns and assets along with the experiences of the community members. Purposive sampling was used to identify vocal participants involved in patient care and areas of the Sanjeevan program such as financial management, administration, and community mobilization. Seven KIIs and four FGDs were conducted, with 7-8 participants in each. Results The analysis indicated the need for a CBPC and the factors enabling its establishment. The findings revealed capacity building, resources for palliative care services, and the existing social structure of the community being the main challenges that need to be overcome for better penetration of CBPC services into society. Demand generation through sensitization and administration of services based on the need and regular follow-up remains the key strategies for the sustainability of the program. Conclusion The CBPC program like 'Sanjeevan' adopted in the rural area of Puducherry can be cited as an example and can be replicated in other rural settings with similar sociocultural characteristics to support people living with end-stage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anisha Sharahudeen
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Dhanusha Chandran
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Joseph Sawyer
- Academic Clinical Fellow in Palliative Medicine, UCL Division of Psychiatry, MCPCRD, London, UK
| | - Suresh Kumar
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Community Participation in Palliative Care and Long Term Care, Calicut, Kerala, India Director Sanjeevan, Puducherry India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To conduct a comprehensive literature review on the state of population aging, healthcare financing, and provision in India. METHODS To obtain relevant records in the Indian context, multiple publications were searched from databases, such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Medline/PubMed, JSTOR, and Google Scholar using the following keywords: "Population Ageing," "Population Aging," "Health System," "Demographic Dividend," "Non-communicable Diseases," "Double Burden of Diseases," "Health Spending," "Sustainable Health Financing," and "Health Coverage." Data on different health indices were collected from different websites of the government of India and international organizations (e.g. World Bank, UN, WHO, and Statista). RESULTS As people live longer, India faces a double burden of disease, with the rising incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) amidst the presence of widespread communicable diseases. The combined problem of the double burden of diseases and population aging poses a severe sustainability challenge for its healthcare financing and the entire health system. Healthcare financing based on progressive taxation and large-scale prepayment coverage is an effective solution for sustaining the health system. However, due to the prevalence of indirect taxes, India's tax system is regressive. Hence, community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes can be a feasible solution to cover the large mass of poor working in the informal sector. CONCLUSIONS India needs to address the alterations in its healthcare needs and demands brought on by the advancing demographic shift. To achieve so, the country's healthcare system must be reformed to accommodate strong national policies focusing on universal access to critical care especially geriatric and palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Rout
- Department of Analytical & Applied Economics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University Faculty of Economics, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Kodali NK, Bhat LD, Phillip NE, Koya SF. Prevalence and associated factors of cardiovascular diseases among men and women aged 45 years and above: Analysis of the longitudinal ageing study in India, 2017-2019. Indian Heart J 2023; 75:31-35. [PMID: 36549638 PMCID: PMC9986734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies on the prevalence and associated factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) representative of all states of India among middle-aged and elderly are not much reported. The present study estimates the prevalence and associated factors of cardiovascular diseases across Indian states among men and women aged ≥45 years. METHODS We used data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India wave 1 (2017-2019), which included a final analytical sample size of 56,935 adults and their spouses aged 45 years and above. We estimated CVDs prevalence for sociodemographic and behavioural variables, and multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between behavioural factors and CVDs in both men and women. RESULTS The prevalence of CVDs was 5.2% among adults ≥45 years (women: 4.6%; men: 5.9%), hypertension was 46.7% (women:48.9%; men:44%). Men and women have a similar prevalence of diabetes (11.9%) and cholesterol (2.3%). Prevalence of physical inactivity was 30.3% (women:27%; men:34.1%). Hypertension (adjusted odds ratio; aOR women:2.60, 95% CI: 2.08-3.25, men:1.88, 95% CI 1.54-2.29), hypercholesterolemia (aOR women:1.70; 95% CI 1.07-2.69, men 3.55; 95% CI 2.66-4.74), diabetes (aOR women:2.53; 95% CI 1.83-3.51, men:1.77 95% CI 1.44-2.17), obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking in men were significantly associated with CVDs. CONCLUSION The prevalence of CVDs and lifestyle risk factors among middle-aged and elderly poses severe concerns regarding noncommunicable disease (NCD) healthcare services provided in a lower-middle-income country like India. The key to preventing CVDs is controlling hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and increasing physical activity among adults aged ≥45 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Kodali
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Lekha D Bhat
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India.
| | - Neena Elezebeth Phillip
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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Laksono AD, Nugraheni WP, Rohmah N, Wulandari RD. Health insurance ownership among female workers in Indonesia: does socioeconomic status matter? BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1798. [PMID: 36138387 PMCID: PMC9494853 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female workers are vulnerable groups in the Indonesian context, and female workers must be responsible for domestic problems and earn a living. The study aimed to analyze the role of socioeconomic on health insurance ownership among female workers in Indonesia. METHODS The study population was all female workers in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved 7,943 respondents. The study analyzed health insurance ownership as an outcome variable and socioeconomic status as an exposure variable. The study also involved five control variables: residence, age, marital, education, and occupation. The research used multinomial logistic regression in the final step. RESULTS The results show the poorest female workers have a possibility of 0.735 times more than the richest to have NHI (AOR 0.733; 95% CI 0.733-0.737). The poorer female workers have 0.939 times less likely than the richest to have NHI (AOR 0.939; 95% CI 0.937-0.942). Female workers with middle socioeconomic status are possibly 0.833 times less than the richest to have NHI (AOR 0.833; 95% 0.831-0.835). Moreover, the richer female workers have 1.028 times more likely than the richest to have NHI (AOR 1.028; 95% CI 1.025-1.030). Moreover, all socioeconomic statuses have a lower possibility than the richest of having other health insurance. CONCLUSIONS The study concluded that socioeconomic has a role in health insurance ownership among female workers in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Dwi Laksono
- National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Nikmatur Rohmah
- Faculty of Health Science, Muhammadiyah University of Jember, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- Department of Administration and Health Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
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Garg S, Bebarta KK, Tripathi N. Role of publicly funded health insurance in financial protection of the elderly from hospitalisation expenditure in India-findings from the longitudinal aging study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:572. [PMID: 35820859 PMCID: PMC9275032 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elderly face a greater burden of illnesses than other age groups and have a more frequent need of healthcare, including in-patient hospitalisations. Catastrophic expenditure on hospitalisation of the elderly poses a significant challenge to India's aim of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). India has implemented a policy of Publicly Funded Health Insurance (PFHI) to provide free inpatient care by empanelling private and public hospitals. The existing studies have examined the performance of PFHI in financial protection of the elderly. METHODS This study utilised the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) Wave 1, conducted in 2017-18. LASI is a large-scale nationally representative survey collecting data on elderly health including illness burden, healthcare use and out of pocket expenditure (OOPE). It covered a sample 72,250 individuals aged 45 or above. Financial Protection was measured in terms of Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE). Multivariate analysis was conducted to find effect of PFHI on OOPE-quantile and logistic models were applied for OOPE and CHE respectively. For robustness, Propensity Score Matching (PSM) model was applied. RESULTS Of the hospitalisations, 35% had taken place in public hospitals. The mean OOPE for a hospitalisation in public sector was Indian Rupees (INR) 8276, whereas it was INR 49,700 in private facilities. Incidence of CHE was several times greater for using private hospitals as compared to public hospitals. Multi-variate analyses showed that enrolment under PFHI was not associated with lower OOPE or CHE. PSM model also confirmed that PFHI-enrolment had no effect on OOPE or CHE. Use of private facilities was a key determinant of OOPE, irrespective of enrolment under PFHI. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study in India to examine the performance of PFHI in the context of catastrophic hospitalisation expenditure faced by the elderly. It found that PFHI was not effective in financial protection of the elderly. The ongoing reliance on a poorly regulated private sector seems to be a key limitation of PFHI policy. Governments need to find more effective ways of protecting the elderly from catastrophic health expenditure if the goal of UHC has to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Garg
- State Health Resource Centre, Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India.
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