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Bilginer HA, Sogut O, Az A, Ergenc H. Electrocardiographic abnormalities are prognostic of the clinical outcomes and mortality of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhages. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 81:140-145. [PMID: 38728937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We explored the relationships between electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities and the clinical outcomes and mortality of patients with non-traumatic aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAHs). METHODS This retrospective cohort study enrolled consecutive adult patients who presented to emergency departments with non-traumatic aneurysmal SAHs. We recorded their demographics, clinical characteristics, and ECG findings, and explored the relationships between ECG abnormalities, on the one hand, and 28-day mortality and prognosis, on the other. RESULTS We enrolled 158 patients, 76 females (48.10%) and 82 males (51.90%) of average age 54.70 ± 7.07 years. A total of 107 patients (67.72%) exhibited at least one ECG abnormality, most commonly a T-wave change (n = 54, 34.18%). Such patients evidenced significantly higher Hunt-Hess and Fisher scale scores than those without abnormalities (both p < 0.001). Patients with abnormal ECG findings experienced more unfavorable outcomes and higher mortality than others (both p < 0.001). ECG abnormalities, including PR prolongation, pathological Q waves, QRS widening, left bundle branch blocks, premature ventricular contractions, ST segment changes, and T-wave changes, were more common in non-survivors and patients with Hunt-Hess scores of 4-5 compared to survivors and those with Hunt-Hess scores <4, respectively. Moreover, increased age and presence of abnormal ECG findings were independent predictors of mortality in aneurysmal SAHs. CONCLUSIONS Patients with abnormal ECG findings exhibited unfavorable clinical outcomes and increased mortality rates. Abnormal ECG findings combined with higher Hunt-Hess or Fischer grade scores usefully predict adverse clinical outcomes in and mortality of SAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Ahmet Bilginer
- University of Health Sciences, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Sogut
- University of Health Sciences, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Adem Az
- Istanbul Beylikduzu State Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Huseyin Ergenc
- University of Health Sciences, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Longhitano Y, Bottinelli M, Pappalardo F, Maj G, Audo A, Srejic U, Rasulo FA, Zanza C. Electrocardiogram alterations in non-traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. J Clin Monit Comput 2024; 38:407-414. [PMID: 37736801 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-023-01075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of abnormal electrocardiograms in individuals without known organic heart disease is one of the most common manifestations of cardiac dysfunction occurring during acute non traumatic brain injury. The primary goal of the present review is to provide an overview of the available data and literature regarding the presence of new-onset electrocardiographic (ECG) alterations in acute non traumatic brain injury. The secondary aim is to identify the incidence of ECG alterations and consider the prognostic significance of new-onset ECG changes in this setting. To do so, English language articles from January 2000 to January 2022 were included from PubMed using the following keywords: "electrocardiogram and subarachnoid hemorrhage", "electrocardiogram and intracranial hemorrhage", "Q-T interval and subarachnoid hemorrhage ", "Q-T interval and intracranial bleeding ", "Q-T interval and intracranial hemorrhage", and "brain and heart- interaction in stroke". Of 3162 papers, 27 original trials looking at electrocardiogram alterations in acute brain injury were included following the PRISMA guideline. ECG abnormalities associated with acute brain injury could potentially predict poor patient outcomes. They could even herald the future development of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE), delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and even in-hospital death. In particular, patients with SAH are at increased risk of having severe ventricular dysrhythmias. These may contribute to a high mortality rate and to poor functional outcome at 3 months. The current data on ECG QT dispersion and mortality appear less clearly associated. While some patients demonstrated poor outcomes, others showed no relationship with poor outcomes or increased in-hospital mortality. Observing ECG alterations carefully after cerebral damage is important in the critical care of these patients as it can expose preexisting myocardial disease and change prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslava Longhitano
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Bottinelli
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, "Maggiore Della Carità" University Hospital, Corso Mazzini18, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Federico Pappalardo
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology, AON SS. Antonio E Biagio E Cesare Arrigo H, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giulia Maj
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology, AON SS. Antonio E Biagio E Cesare Arrigo H, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Andrea Audo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, AON SS. Antonio E Biagio E Cesare Arrigo H, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Una Srejic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Frank Anthony Rasulo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine, and Critical Care, Spedali Civili, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Christian Zanza
- Italian Society of Pre-Hospital Emergency Medicine (SIS-118), Consultant in Anesthesia and Critical Care and Consultant in Internal and Emergency Medicine, Taranto, EU, Italy.
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3
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Ohya A, Ohtake M, Kawamura Y, Akimoto T, Iwashita M, Yamamoto T, Takeuchi I. Diagnosis and treatment approaches for simultaneous onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage and thyroid storm: a case report. Int J Emerg Med 2023; 16:15. [PMID: 36858963 PMCID: PMC9976426 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-023-00490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subarachnoid hemorrhage and thyroid storm are similar in their clinical symptomatology, and diagnosis of these conditions, when they occur simultaneously, is difficult. Here, we report a rare case of concurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage and thyroid storm we encountered at our hospital. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was a 52-year-old woman. While bathing at home, the patient experienced a sudden disturbance of consciousness and was brought to our hospital. The main physical findings upon admittance were Glasgow Coma Scale score of E1V2M4, elevated blood pressure (208/145 mmHg), and tachycardia with atrial fibrillation (180 bpm) along with body temperature of 36.1 °C. Brain computed tomography revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with a ruptured aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery branching from the left internal carotid artery, and aneurysm clipping was performed. Blood tests upon admission revealed high levels of free T3 and free T4 and low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Upon determining that the patient had hyperthyroidism, thiamazole was administered. However, due to continuous impaired consciousness, fever, and persistence of tachycardia, the patient was diagnosed with thyroid storm. Oral potassium iodide and hydrocortisone were added to the treatment. The treatment was successful as the patient's symptoms improved, and she became lucid. In this case, we believe that in the presence of untreated hyperthyroidism, the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage induced thyroid storm. Tachycardia of 130 bpm or higher, which is the diagnostic criterion for thyroid storm, rarely occurs with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Therefore, we believe it is an important factor for recognizing the presence of the thyroid storm. In this case, clipping surgery was prioritized which resulted in a favorable outcome. However, it is possible that invasive surgery may have exacerbated thyroid storm, suggesting that treatment should be tailored as per patient's condition. CONCLUSION If a pulse rate of 130 bpm or higher is observed alongside subarachnoid hemorrhage, we recommend considering the possibility of concomitant thyroid storm and testing for thyroid hormone. If concomitant thyroid storm is present, we believe that a treatment plan tailored to the patient's condition is critical, and early diagnosis will lead to a favorable outcome for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimi Ohya
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohtake
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Kawamura
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taisuke Akimoto
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwashita
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- grid.413045.70000 0004 0467 212XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Rachfalska N, Putowski Z, Krzych ŁJ. Distant Organ Damage in Acute Brain Injury. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E1019. [PMID: 33371363 PMCID: PMC7767338 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10121019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute brain injuries pose a great threat to global health, having significant impact on mortality and disability. Patients with acute brain injury may develop distant organ failure, even if no systemic diseases or infection is present. The severity of non-neurologic organs' dysfunction depends on the extremity of the insult to the brain. In this comprehensive review we sought to describe the organ-related consequences of acute brain injuries. The clinician should always be aware of the interplay between central nervous system and non-neurological organs, that is constantly present. Cerebral injury is not only a brain disease, but also affects the body as whole, and thus requires holistic therapeutical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Łukasz J. Krzych
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (N.R.); (Z.P.)
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Stress cardiomyopathy misinterpreted as ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in a patient with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a case report. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MEDECINE INTERNE 2020; 58:173-177. [PMID: 32364523 DOI: 10.2478/rjim-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac abnormalities are frequently reported in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. However, frank ST-elevation and myocardial dysfunction mimicking acute coronary syndrome is a rare occurrence. Systemic and local catecholamine release mediate myocardial injury and may explain raised troponin levels, concordant regional wall motion abnormalities and systolic dysfunction. These findings can pose a significant problem in the acute setting where "time-is-muscle" paradigm can rush clinicians towards a "rule-in" diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. We present the case of a 60-year-old male who arrived at a regional emergency department with loss of consciousness, chest pain and headache. His ECG showed ST-elevation in precordial leads with corresponding region wall motion abnormalities and dynamically elevated troponin levels which supported a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Percutaneous coronary intervention was attempted but found no hemodynamically significant lesions and the patient was managed conservatively with antithrombotic treatment. Further work-up for his headache led to the diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH and subsequent endovascular coiling. The patient was discharged with a good clinical outcome. We discuss the potential catastrophic consequences of interpreting neurologic myocardial stunning as STEMI. Use of potent antithrombotic therapies, like bridging thrombolysis, in this setting can lead to dismal consequences. Clinical history should still be carefully obtained in the acute setting in this era of sensitive biomarkers.
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Xu C, Zheng A, He T, Cao Z. Brain-Heart Axis and Biomarkers of Cardiac Damage and Dysfunction after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072347. [PMID: 32231119 PMCID: PMC7178236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac complications after a stroke are the second leading cause of death worldwide, affecting the treatment and outcomes of stroke patients. Cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponin (cTn), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) have been frequently reported in patients undergoing a stroke. The aim of the present study is to meta-analyze the relationship between changes in such cardiac biomarkers and stroke and to present a systematic review of the previous literature, so as to explore the brain-heart axis. METHODS We searched four online databases pertinent to the literature, including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. Then, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate changes in cTn, BNP, and NT-proBNP associated with different types of stroke. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A significant increase in cTnI concentration was found in patients exhibiting a brain hemorrhage. BNP increased in cases of brain infarction, while the NT-proBNP concentration was significantly elevated in patients suffering an acute ischemic stroke and brain hemorrhage, indicating cardiac damage and dysfunction after a stroke. Our analysis suggests that several potential mechanisms may be involved in the brain-heart axis. Finally, clinicians should pay careful attention to monitoring cardiac function in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases in order to provide a timely and more accurate treatment.
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Abstract
Introduction: Cardiovascular complications in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage are considered to be a neurally mediated process rather than a manifestation of coronary artery disease. Aim: The aim of study is to show the incidence and type cardiac complications after traumatic and spontaneous SAH. Patients and methods: The study had prospective character in which included 104 patients, with diagnosed subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), in the period from 2014 to 2017. Two groups of patients were formed. Group I: patients with SAH caused by the rupture of a brain aneurysm. Group II: patients with SAH after traumatic brain injury. Results: Electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities was predominant after traumatic brain injury 74 %, with statistically significant difference atrial fibrillation 42.5 % (p = 0.043) and sinus bradycardia 31.4 % (p = 0.05). Hypertension are predominant in patients with spontaneous SAH with statistically significant difference (15 (27.7%) vs 36 (72%) p=0.034) and hypotension in group II (10 (18.5%) vs 2 (4%) p = 0.021 ) with traumatic SAH patients. The time in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for traumatic SAH group was 6.1 ± 5.2 days and 3.9 ± 1.16 for spontaneous SAH group with statistical significance (p = 0.046). Respiratory support time was longer in traumatic SAH group (39.4 ± 23.44 vs. 15.66 ± 22.78) with p = 0.043. Conclusion: Cardiac dysfunction in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage are considered to be a neurally mediated process rather than a manifestation of coronary artery disease. Early treatment of cerebral injury could be reduce incidence of cardiac complications after traumatic brain injury. Cardiac dysfunction in patients with SAH is still very high, despite substantial qualitative progress in their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Sijercic
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alisa Krdzalic
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Harun Avdagic
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Goran Krdzalic
- Clinic for Surgery, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Hong JY, You JS, Kim MJ, Lee HS, Park YS, Chung SP, Park I. Development and external validation of new nomograms by adding ECG changes (ST depression or tall T wave) and age to conventional scoring systems to improve the predictive capacity in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage: a retrospective, observational study in Korea. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024007. [PMID: 30787083 PMCID: PMC6398783 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop new nomograms by adding ECG changes (ST depression or tall T wave) and age to three conventional scoring systems, namely, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scale, Hunt and Hess (HH) system and Fisher scale, that can predict prognosis in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) using our preliminary research results and to perform external validation of the three new nomograms. DESIGN Retrospective, observational study SETTING: Emergency departments (ED) of two university-affiliated tertiary hospital between January 2009 and March 2015. PARTICIPANTS Adult patients with SAH were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were age <19 years, no baseline ECG, cardiac arrest on arrival, traumatic SAH, referral from other hospital and referral to other hospitals from the ED. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES The 6 month prognosis was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). We defined a poor outcome as a GOS score of 1, 2 or 3. RESULTS A total of 202 patients were included for analysis. From the preliminary study, age, ECG changes (ST depression or tall T wave), and three conventional scoring systems were selected to predict prognosis in patients with SAH using multi-variable logistic regression. We developed simplified nomograms using these variables. Discrimination of the developed nomograms including WFNS scale, HH system and Fisher scale was superior to those of WFNS scale, HH system and Fisher scale (0.912 vs 0.813; p<0.001, 0.913 vs 0.826; p<0.001, and 0.885 vs 0.746; p<0.001, respectively). The calibration plots showed excellent agreement. In the external validation, the discrimination of the newly developed nomograms incorporating the three scoring systems was also good, with an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve value of 0.809, 0.812 and 0.772, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We developed and externally validated new nomograms using only three independent variables. Our new nomograms were superior to the WFNS scale, HH systems, and Fisher scale in predicting prognosis and are readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Hong
- Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Sung You
- Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Joung Kim
- Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Seok Park
- Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Phil Chung
- Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Incheol Park
- Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sugimoto K, Yamada A, Inamasu J, Hirose Y, Takada K, Sugimoto K, Tanaka R, Watanabe E, Ozaki Y. Electrocadiographic Scoring Helps Predict Left Ventricular Wall Motion Abnormality Commonly Observed after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:3148-3154. [PMID: 30120035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac wall motion abnormality (WMA) is a common complication in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and is one determinant of their prognosis. The aim of this study was to examine whether the electrocardiography (ECG) findings at admission could predict WMA commonly observed after SAH. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 161 SAH patients with SAH who were hospitalized in our institution between April 2007 and November 2010. We performed bedside 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography and 12-lead surface ECG within 24hours of SAH onset. Each of the following ECG changes was scored as having 1 point: ST elevation, ST depression and T wave inversion. We summed up the points in every patient and compared with WMA evaluated by echocardiography. RESULTS The study subjects were classified into 2 groups based on the presence of WMA. Multivariate analysis revealed that ST elevation, ST depression and T wave inversion were strong independent predictors of WMA. Receiver operating characteristic curve determined that the threshold value to predict WMA was 4 points (sensitivity 86.5%, specificity 83.1%, AUC 0.94, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, a novel ECG score may well predict WMA after SAH which may associate with an increased risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sugimoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Akira Yamada
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
| | - Joji Inamasu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hirose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kayoko Takada
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Sugimoto
- Clinical Laboratory, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Risako Tanaka
- Clinical Laboratory, Fujita Health University Hospital, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Eiichi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yukio Ozaki
- Department of Cardiology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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Tahsili-Fahadan P, Geocadin RG. Heart-Brain Axis: Effects of Neurologic Injury on Cardiovascular Function. Circ Res 2017; 120:559-572. [PMID: 28154104 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A complex interaction exists between the nervous and cardiovascular systems. A large network of cortical and subcortical brain regions control cardiovascular function via the sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow. A dysfunction in one system may lead to changes in the function of the other. The effects of cardiovascular disease on the nervous system have been widely studied; however, our understanding of the effects of neurological disorders on the cardiovascular system has only expanded in the past 2 decades. Various pathologies of the nervous system can lead to a wide range of alterations in function and structure of the cardiovascular system ranging from transient and benign electrographic changes to myocardial injury, cardiomyopathy, and even cardiac death. In this article, we first review the anatomy and physiology of the central and autonomic nervous systems in regard to control of the cardiovascular function. The effects of neurological injury on cardiac function and structure will be summarized, and finally, we review neurological disorders commonly associated with cardiovascular manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Tahsili-Fahadan
- From the Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, and Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Romergryko G Geocadin
- From the Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, and Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Mansella G, Jeger R, Bingisser R, Nickel CH. The Neurocardiogenic Spectrum in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2017; 1:16-21. [PMID: 29849398 PMCID: PMC5965431 DOI: 10.5811/cpcem.2016.11.32582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A 36-year-old man was brought to our emergency department after successful resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with the whole spectrum of neurocardiogenic effects in subarachnoid hemorrhage: electrocardiographic changes, regional wall motion abnormalities, and elevations of cardiac enzymes. Coronary angiography revealed normal coronary arteries but showed the midventricular type of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in the left ventriculography. Subsequently, cerebral computed tomography revealed diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage and generalized cerebral edema with brain herniation. Brain death was diagnosed. This case highlights the possibility of an acute cerebral illness (especially subarachnoid hemorrhage) as an underlying cause of cardiac abnormalities mimicking myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Mansella
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Emergency Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raban Jeger
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Cardiology, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Bingisser
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Emergency Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian H Nickel
- University Hospital Basel, Department of Emergency Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
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Cuisinier A, Maufrais C, Payen JF, Nottin S, Walther G, Bouzat P. Myocardial function at the early phase of traumatic brain injury: a prospective controlled study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2016; 24:129. [PMID: 27793208 PMCID: PMC5084439 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-016-0323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of brain-heart interaction has been described in several brain injuries. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may also lead to cardiac dysfunction but evidences are mainly based upon experimental and clinical retrospective studies. METHODS We conducted a prospective case-control study in a level I trauma center. Twenty consecutive adult patients with severe TBI were matched according to age and gender with 20 control patients. The control group included adult patients undergoing a general anesthesia for a peripheral trauma surgery. Conventional and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE) was performed within the first 24 post-traumatic hours in the TBI group and PRE/PER-operative in the control group. The primary endpoint was the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) measured by the Simpson's method. Secondary endpoints included the diastolic function and the STE analysis. RESULTS We found similar LVEF between the TBI group and the PER-operative control group (61 % [56-76]) vs. 62 % [52-70]). LV morphological parameters and the systolic function were also similar between the two groups. Regarding the diastolic function, the isovolumic relaxation time was significantly higher in the TBI cohort (125 s [84-178] versus 107 s [83-141], p = 0.04), suggesting a subclinical diastolic dysfunction. Using STE parameters, we observed a trend toward higher strains in the TBI group but only the apical circumferential strain and the basal rotation reached statistical significance. STE-derived parameters of the diastolic function tended to be lower in TBI patients. DISCUSSION No systematic myocardial depression was found in a cohort of severe TBI patients. CONCLUSIONS STE revealed a correct adaptation of the left systolic function, while the diastolic function slightly impaired. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02380482.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Cuisinier
- Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Albert Michallon, BP 217, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, CS 10217, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Claire Maufrais
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Payen
- Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Albert Michallon, BP 217, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, CS 10217, F-38043, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, F-38043, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Alpes Université, F-38043, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Bouzat
- Pôle Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Albert Michallon, BP 217, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, CS 10217, F-38043, Grenoble, France. .,Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, F-38043, Grenoble, France. .,Grenoble Alpes Université, F-38043, Grenoble, France.
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Zhang L, Qi S. Electrocardiographic Abnormalities Predict Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:2653-2659. [PMID: 27476337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted a retrospective cohort study of a large sample to assess whether electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are independently associated with the occurrence of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE), delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), and in-hospital death after nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS In this retrospective observational study, patients who were admitted within 72 hours of SAH symptom onset between 2013 and 2015 were enrolled. Twelve-lead ECG findings obtained within 72 hours after SAH and the presence of NPE, DCI, and in-hospital death were collected based on the results reported in the medical records. RESULTS We included 834 patients. NPE occurred in 192 patients (23%). The median delay from SAH onset to NPE was 3 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 5 days). DCI occurred in 223 patients (27%; median delay to DCI, 4 days; IQR: 5 days). In total, 141 patients (17%) died in the hospital (median time to death, 12 days; IQR: 18 days). The frequency of ECG abnormalities for all enrolled patients was 65%. Corrected QT prolongation had an adjusted risk ratio (RR) of 1.5 (1.1-2.2) for NPE and 1.8 (1.3-2.4) for DCI. ST depression had an adjusted RR of 3.0 (1.2-7.5) for in-hospital death. NSSTTCs (nonspecific ST- or T-wave changes) had an adjusted RR of 2.7 (1.8-4.2) for NPE, 2.8 (1.9-4.3) for DCI, and 2.2 (1.3-3.5) for in-hospital death. All RRs were adjusted for age and Hunt-Hess scores. CONCLUSIONS ECG abnormalities assessed within 72 hours after SAH using a standard 12-lead ECG are independently associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with nontraumatic SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sihua Qi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage mimicking acute myocardial infarction: case presentation. ROMANIAN NEUROSURGERY 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/romneu-2016-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We present a patient with a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on the computed tomography and electrocardiogram changes compatible with myocardial infarction. SAH is a medical emergency, but it can be initially misdiagnosed. Diagnosis may be delayed due to atypical presentations of SAH and this may endanger the life of the patient. Electrocardiogram abnormalities have been described previously in SAH and may obscure the correct diagnosis.
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Varvarousi G, Xanthos T, Sarafidou P, Katsioula E, Georgiadou M, Eforakopoulou M, Pavlou H. Role of levosimendan in the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:298-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Elsharkawy H, Abd-Elsayed A, El-Hadi S, Provencio J, Tetzlaff J. Fluctuating Electrocardiographic Changes Predict Poor Outcomes After Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Ochsner J 2016; 16:225-229. [PMID: 27660569 PMCID: PMC5024802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have been well documented. Evidence suggests that ECG changes and cardiac dysfunction worsen outcome. Determining which patients are at most risk is unclear but important to ascertain. METHODS We prospectively studied clinical markers, cardiac abnormalities, and clinical outcomes in 20 patients admitted within 48 hours of aneurysmal SAH. All patients had ECGs prior to surgical clipping, during the clipping surgery, and during the postoperative period. RESULTS The aneurysm was located in the anterior circulation in 17 patients (85%) and in the posterior circulation in 3 patients (15%). Abnormal ECG changes in patients with acute SAH were observed, with a total incidence rate of 65%. The incidence of T wave abnormalities was 53.8% among the patients with ECG changes, 46.2% had ST segment change, and 30.8% had QT interval prolongation. Of the 13 patients with ECG changes, 4 (30.8%) had fluctuating ECG abnormalities (an abnormality that presented and disappeared during the study period or changed in character). All 4 patients with fluctuating ECG changes had a poor outcome (100%) compared to 3 of the 9 patients (33.3%) patients with fixed abnormalities (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The unique finding in this study that has not been reported previously in the literature is the contribution of dynamic ECG changes to the prognosis for good recovery from aneurysmal SAH. In our group, all the patients who had ECG changes that fluctuated from one abnormal change to another had a poor outcome. The etiology of this finding is not clear but may open the door to further study into the pathogenesis of cardiac changes in aneurysmal SAH. The clinical utility of the variability of ECG abnormalities needs to be validated in a larger cohort of patients with longer follow-up than was possible in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Elsharkawy
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Department of General Anesthesiology and Department of Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Sherif El-Hadi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Alexandria University Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Javier Provencio
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - John Tetzlaff
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Department of General Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
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Baydin A, Amanvermez R, Tuncel ÖK, Ocak M, Meric M, Cokluk C. Ischemia-modified albumin is not better than creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin I in predicting a cardiac injury in nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33:488-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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The harmful effects of subarachnoid hemorrhage on extracerebral organs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:858496. [PMID: 25110700 PMCID: PMC4109109 DOI: 10.1155/2014/858496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating neurological disorder. Patients with aneurysmal SAH develop secondary complications that are important causes of morbidity and mortality. Aside from secondary neurological injuries, SAH has been associated with nonneurologic medical complications, such as neurocardiogenic injury, neurogenic pulmonary edema, hyperglycemia, and electrolyte imbalance, of which cardiac and pulmonary complications are most common. The related mechanisms include activation of the sympathetic nervous system, release of catecholamines and other hormones, and inflammatory responses. Extracerebral complications are directly related to the severity of SAH-induced brain injury and indicate the clinical outcome in patients. This review provides an overview of the extracerebral complications after SAH. We also aim to describe the manifestations, underlying mechanisms, and the effects of those extracerebral complications on outcome following SAH.
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Kim YH, Lee KY, Hwang SY. Intracranial Hemorrhage Identified in the Early Stage after Applying Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation to Support Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Korean J Crit Care Med 2014. [DOI: 10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Seong Youn Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
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Kosuge M, Uchida K, Imoto K, Hashiyama N, Ebina T, Hibi K, Tsukahara K, Maejima N, Masuda M, Umemura S, Kimura K. Frequency and implication of ST-T abnormalities on hospital admission electrocardiograms in patients with type A acute aortic dissection. Am J Cardiol 2013; 112:424-9. [PMID: 23642383 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although patients with Stanford type A acute aortic dissection often show ST-T abnormalities at presentation, the frequency and implication of such findings remain unclear. To clarify these points, admission electrocardiograms from 233 patients admitted ≤6 hours after symptom onset who underwent emergency surgery for type A acute aortic dissection were studied. The prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) patterns was 51% for ST-T abnormalities (4% for ST-segment elevation and 47% for ST-segment depression and/or negative T waves), 30% for normal ECG findings or no significant ST-T changes, and 19% for ECG confounders such as bundle branch block or left ventricular hypertrophy. Patients with ST-T abnormalities had higher prevalence of pericardial effusion (48% vs 9% and 38%), cardiac tamponade (28% vs 3% and 18%), moderate or severe aortic regurgitation (28% vs 7% and 18%), shock on admission (34% vs 3% and 13%), coronary ostial involvement (14% vs 1% and 2%), concomitant coronary artery bypass surgery (9% vs 1% and 0%), and in-hospital mortality (11% vs 1% and 4%) compared with patients with normal ECG findings or no significant ST-T changes and those who had ECG confounders (p <0.05 for all). On multivariate analysis, ST-T abnormalities were the only independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 3.87, 95% confidence interval 1.02 to 14.7, p = 0.035). In conclusion, about 50% of patients who underwent emergency surgery for type A acute aortic dissection had ST-T abnormalities, characterized predominantly by ST-segment depression or negative T waves, in the acute phase. ST-T abnormalities were associated with more complicated features and independently predicted in-hospital death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Kosuge
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.
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