1
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Aoki Y, Sugimoto H, Sentoku K, Hisamoto T, Shimomura Y. Case of familial trichilemmal cyst caused by a recurrent monoallelic mutational mechanism in the PLCD1 gene. J Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38963301 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.17368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Aoki
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Hiroko Sugimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kenta Sentoku
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hisamoto
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimomura
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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2
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Conway J, Henry TJ, Cohen LL, Ricardo JW, Lipner SR. Identification of a novel homozygous missense mutation in the Phospholipase C, delta-1 gene associated with leukonychia in a Middle Eastern patient. JAAD Case Rep 2024; 43:69-71. [PMID: 38179038 PMCID: PMC10765289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Conway
- School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Tanya J. Henry
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lilian L. Cohen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jose W. Ricardo
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Shari R. Lipner
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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3
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Kanemaru K, Nakamura Y. Activation Mechanisms and Diverse Functions of Mammalian Phospholipase C. Biomolecules 2023; 13:915. [PMID: 37371495 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) plays pivotal roles in regulating various cellular functions by metabolizing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane. This process generates two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, which respectively regulate the intracellular Ca2+ levels and protein kinase C activation. In mammals, six classes of typical PLC have been identified and classified based on their structure and activation mechanisms. They all share X and Y domains, which are responsible for enzymatic activity, as well as subtype-specific domains. Furthermore, in addition to typical PLC, atypical PLC with unique structures solely harboring an X domain has been recently discovered. Collectively, seven classes and 16 isozymes of mammalian PLC are known to date. Dysregulation of PLC activity has been implicated in several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Therefore, identification of new drug targets that can selectively modulate PLC activity is important. The present review focuses on the structures, activation mechanisms, and physiological functions of mammalian PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kanemaru
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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4
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Abstract
Changes in nail color can provide important clues of underlying systemic and skin disease. In particular, white discoloration (leukonychia) has a high prevalence with a wide array of potential relevant causes, from simple manicure habits to life-threatening liver or kidney failure. Therefore, a reliable assessment of the patient with leukonychia is essential. In the past, two classifications for leukonychia have been presented. The morphological classifies the nail according to the distribution of the white lines: total, partial, transversal, and longitudinal leukonychia. Mees’ and Muehrcke’s lines are examples of transversal leukonychia, while Terry’s and Lindsay’s nails are examples of total and partial leukonychia. The anatomical classifies according to the structure responsible for the white color: the nail plate in true leukonychia, the nail bed in apparent leukonychia, and the surface only in pseudoleukonychia. In this review, both morphological and anatomical features have been combined in an algorithm that enables clinicians to approach leukonychia efficiently and effectively.
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5
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Yousaf A, Kolodney MS. GWAS Identifies Three Susceptibility Loci for Trichilemmal Cysts. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1221-1223.e5. [PMID: 34537190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Yousaf
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael S Kolodney
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
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6
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Shen S, Shao M, Keyal U, Wang X, Li M, Zhang G. Identification of two novel mutations in the PLCD1 gene in Chinese patients with hereditary leukonychia. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:413. [PMID: 33786625 PMCID: PMC8025461 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary leukonychia (HL) is a rare nail dystrophy disease, and several different clinical manifestations and mutations in the phospholipase C δ 1 (PLCD1) gene have been reported. The present study reports on one Chinese family and one sporadic case of with HL. The family members exhibited an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with the involvement of all the fingers and toenails in all the patients. Of interest, most of the affected members had koilonychia during their childhood. Thus, the present study first used gene mapping with an aim to identify the pathogenic gene underlying koilonychia. Through genome‑wide linkage analysis, the pathogenic area of koilonychia was identified on chromosome 3 with multipoint Log of Odds scores >2. A novel pathogenic mutation c.1384G>A (p.E462K) was identified in the PLCD1 gene in all the patients in the family, which confirmed the diagnosis of hereditary leukonychia. A novel mutation c.770G>A (p.R257H) was also detected in one sporadic case of leukonychia. On the basis of these findings and of previous studies, it is suggested that hereditary leukonychia may initially present as koilonychia, whereas hereditary koilonychia does not progress to leukonychia. Moreover, the present study identified two pathogenic variants of the PLCD1 associated with hereditary leukonychia, and highlights the significance of genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhan Shen
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, P.R. China
| | - Minhua Shao
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Uma Keyal
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, P.R. China
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7
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Katan M, Cockcroft S. Phospholipase C families: Common themes and versatility in physiology and pathology. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101065. [PMID: 32966869 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cs (PLCs) are expressed in all mammalian cells and play critical roles in signal transduction. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of these enzymes in physiology and pathology, a detailed structural, biochemical, cell biological and genetic information is required. In this review, we cover all these aspects to summarize current knowledge of the entire superfamily. The families of PLCs have expanded from 13 enzymes to 16 with the identification of the atypical PLCs in the human genome. Recent structural insights highlight the common themes that cover not only the substrate catalysis but also the mechanisms of activation. This involves the release of autoinhibitory interactions that, in the absence of stimulation, maintain classical PLC enzymes in their inactive forms. Studies of individual PLCs provide a rich repertoire of PLC function in different physiologies. Furthermore, the genetic studies discovered numerous mutated and rare variants of PLC enzymes and their link to human disease development, greatly expanding our understanding of their roles in diverse pathologies. Notably, substantial evidence now supports involvement of different PLC isoforms in the development of specific cancer types, immune disorders and neurodegeneration. These advances will stimulate the generation of new drugs that target PLC enzymes, and will therefore open new possibilities for treatment of a number of diseases where current therapies remain ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilda Katan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shamshad Cockcroft
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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8
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Liu K, Luo J, Ma T, Fang M, Xu Z, Wang L, Zhang XY, Wen J, Liu C, Cao Y, Li X, Zhang L, Guo A, Wang N, Yi P, Liu JY. Germline Mutation of PLCD1 Contributes to Human Multiple Pilomatricomas through Protein Kinase D/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase1/2 Cascade and TRPV6. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:533-544. [PMID: 32795530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pilomatricoma, a benign skin appendage tumor, also known as calcifying epithelioma, consists of islands of epithelial cells histologically that contain anucleated cells in the center surrounded by basophilic cells and partial calcification. Sporadic pilomatricomas commonly have somatic mutations in the gene CTNNB1, but causative genes from germline and the underlying pathophysiology are unclear. In this study, we identified a germline missense variant of PLCD1 encoding PLCδ1, c.1186G>A (p.Glu396Lys), in a large Chinese family with autosomal dominant multiple pilomatricomas. Phospholipase C, a key enzyme playing critical roles in intracellular signal transduction, is essential for epidermal barrier integrity. The p.Glu396Lys variant increased the enzymatic activity of PLCδ1, leading to protein kinase C/protein kinase D/extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 pathway activation and TPRV6 channel closure, which not only resulted in excessive proliferation of keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo but also induced local accumulation of calcium in the pilomatricoma-like tumor that developed spontaneously in the skin of Plcd1E396K/E396K mice. Our results implicate this p.Glu396Lys variant of PLCD1 from germline leading to gain-of-function of PLCδ1 as a causative genetic defect in familial multiple pilomatricomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Cellular Biomechanics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Tingbin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Muping Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiaogan Hospital Affiliated of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Xiaogan, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Shunyi Maternal and Children's Hospital of Beijing Children's Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jingmin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Chunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiunan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Luoying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Anyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, The Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yu Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Shimomura Y, O'Shaughnessy R, Rajan N. PLCD1 and Pilar Cysts. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 139:2075-2077. [PMID: 31543210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Trichilemmal or "pilar" cysts are commonly found on the scalp and are derived from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. Multiple trichilemmal cysts present in an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, yet the genetic mechanism has remained elusive. In this issue, Hörer et al. (2019) highlight predisposing variants in PLCD1 in such families and propose a monoallelic mutational mechanism that drives cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shimomura
- Department of Dermatology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ryan O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Rajan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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10
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Acquired Leukonychia of the Distal Nail Plate: A Morphologic and Proteomic Analysis. Am J Dermatopathol 2019; 42:261-264. [PMID: 31415249 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leukonychia, or whitening of the nail plate, is a common disease that was first described in 1919. Leukonychia is classified as acquired or congenital and may be due to abnormality of the nail bed (pseudoleukonychia) or nail plate (true leukonychia). The distal whitened area of the nail plate was clipped from a 31-year-old woman with striated leukonychia and a 32-year-old man and 34-year-old woman with punctate leukonychia. Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining of all clipped samples was performed. A piece of nail with leukonychia and a normal nail from case 2 were sent to the Mayo Clinic for mass spectrometric analysis. On hematoxylin and eosin examination, all leukonychia samples showed odd-appearing eosinophilic linear parakeratinization in the mid-segment of the nail plate. Mass spectrometric analysis of case 2 revealed serum proteins (albumin, serotransferrin IgG, gamma chain, IgG lambda chain, and haptoglobulin) and hair proteins that were not found in the keratin content of the normal nail (keratin type Ha1 and cuticular keratin Ha4). This is the first description of odd-appearing linear parakeratosis and the first proteomic analysis showing abnormal protein content in acquired leukonychia.
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11
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A Monoallelic Two-Hit Mechanism in PLCD1 Explains the Genetic Pathogenesis of Hereditary Trichilemmal Cyst Formation. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2154-2163.e5. [PMID: 31082376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Trichilemmal cysts are common hair follicle-derived intradermal cysts. The trait shows an autosomal dominant mode of transmission with incomplete penetrance. Here, we describe the pathogenetic mechanism for the development of hereditary trichilemmal cysts. By whole-exome sequencing of DNA from the blood samples of 5 affected individuals and subsequent Sanger sequencing of a family cohort including 35 affected individuals, this study identified a combination of the Phospholipase C Delta 1 germline variants c.903A>G, p.(Pro301Pro) and c.1379C>T, p.(Ser460Leu) as a high-risk factor for trichilemmal cyst development. Allele-specific PCRs and cloning experiments showed that these two variants are present on the same allele. The analysis of tissue from several cysts revealed that an additional somatic Phospholipase C Delta 1 mutation on the same allele is required for cyst formation. In two different functional in vitro assays, this study showed that the protein function of the cyst-specific 1-phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 protein variant is modified. This pathologic mechanism defines a monoallelic model of the two-hit mechanism proposed for tumor development and other hereditary cyst diseases.
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12
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Ramot Y, Zlotogorski A, Molho-Pessach V. Spontaneous Quick Resolution of Uncombable Hair Syndrome-Like Disease. Skin Appendage Disord 2019; 5:162-164. [PMID: 31049339 DOI: 10.1159/000493649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncombable hair syndrome (UHS) is a unique hair shaft disease characterized by frizzy, straw-colored hair, which is resistant to combing and brushing. Familial cases have been described, and recently mutations in genes related to trichohyalin production have been reported as the cause for this condition. UHS usually manifests during early childhood, and gradually resolves at puberty. Herein, we report on a 2-year-old boy whose hair changed to a UHS-like phenotype "overnight" with no apparent trigger. The condition resolved abruptly after 9 months. Genetic analysis revealed a heterozygous variant in the PLCD1 gene, which has been connected to hair development. This case raises the possibility that a genetic cause can lead to a temporary change in hair shaft appearance, possibly after exposure to a yet unknown external trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham Zlotogorski
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vered Molho-Pessach
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah Medical Center, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Mutation in Phospholipase C, δ1 ( PLCD1) Gene Underlies Hereditary Leukonychia in a Pashtun Family and Review of the Literature. Balkan J Med Genet 2018; 21:69-72. [PMID: 30425913 PMCID: PMC6231310 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hereditary leukonychia is a rare nail disorder characterized by nail plates whitening on all finger and toe nails. Inheritance pattern is both autosomal dominant and recessive. To date, the only gene, phospholipase C, δ1 (PLCD1), on chromosome 3p22.2 has been reported to be involved in hereditary leukonychia. In the present study, a family of Pakhtun ethnicity, carrying leukonychia phenotype was investigated. The family inherited the phenotype in an autosomal dominant fashion. Affected individuals exhibited characteristic features of hereditary leukonychia with involvement of nails on both the hands and feet. Sequence analysis of DNA detected a p.Cys209Arg mutation, reported for the first time in a Pakistani Pashtun family.
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14
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Khan T, Khan M, Yousaf A, Khan S, Naeem M, Shah A, Murtaza G, Ali A, Jabeen N, Hussain HMJ, Ma H, Zhang Y, Zubair M, Jiang X, Zhang H. Whole exome sequencing identifies a novel dominant missense mutation underlying leukonychia in a Pakistani family. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:1071-1076. [PMID: 30033443 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary leukonychia (also known as porcelain nails or white nails) is a genetic disorder. It may exist as an isolated feature or associated with other cutaneous or systemic disorders. Although a number of genes have been described to cause leukonychia, still the underlying genetic etiologies of many cases remain unknown. Here, we report a Pakistani family presenting leukonychia and koilonychia nails in mother and five of her kids. All the affected individuals had white to pale nails in appearance exhibiting complete and partial leukonychia, respectively. Similarly, nails of finger and toe appeared brittle and concave, showing the characteristics features of koilonychia. Whole exome sequencing and subsequent Sanger sequencing identified a pathogenic novel missense mutation (c.1390G>A, p.Glu464Lys) in PLCD1, co-segregating with the disorder in an autosomal dominant pattern. In silico prediction tools supported the pathogenicity of the identified mutation. Literature review determined that mutations in PLCD1 only cause leukonychia. Therefore, our findings add another pathogenic variant to the PLCD1 mutation pool causing leukonychia that would help to understand the underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teka Khan
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Manan Khan
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Ayesha Yousaf
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Saadullah Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Medical Genetics Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Akram Shah
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Asim Ali
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Nazish Jabeen
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Jafar Hussain
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Ma
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Hefei, 230027, Anhui, China.
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15
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Xue K, Zheng Y, Shen C, Cui Y. Identification of a novel PLCD1 mutation in Chinese Han pedigree with hereditary leukonychia and koilonychia. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 18:912-915. [PMID: 30003652 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary leukonychia is a rare nail dystrophy characterized by distinctive whitening of the nail plate. Mutations in the PLCD1 gene have been identified as a major causative factor in hereditary leukonychia (HL). However, few reports have analyzed the relationship between genotype and phenotype, especially in Chinese HL patients. Our study aims to explore the typical clinical features of hereditary leukonychia cases in Chinese Han pedigree and the correlations with PLCD1 gene mutation. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this study, two Chinese patients presented with leukonychia and koilonychia. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to screen for the mutations in PLCD1 gene and other candidate genes for hereditary leukonychia. Parents with PLCD1 mutation were selected for Sanger sequencing. RESULTS A novel heterozygote missense mutation in exon 9 of PLCD1 gene was identified in the proband and his mother. Whole-exome sequencing revealed both, the proband (III.5) and his mother (II.4) carrying c.1451A>G mutation, while other family members had a normal sequence of the PLCD1 gene. CONCLUSION For the first time, a hereditary leukonychia case with PLCD1 mutation has been described in Chinese Han pedigree. This finding suggests the PLCD1 mutation maybe involved in hereditary leukonychia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xue
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Changbing Shen
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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16
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Liu YM, Liu W, Jia JS, Chen BZ, Chen HW, Liu Y, Bie YN, Gu P, Sun Y, Xiao D, Gu WW. Abnormalities of hair structure and skin histology derived from CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout of phospholipase C-delta 1 in mice. J Transl Med 2018; 16:141. [PMID: 29793503 PMCID: PMC5968471 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hairless mice have been widely applied in skin-related researches, while hairless pigs will be an ideal model for skin-related study and other biomedical researches because of the similarity of skin structure with humans. The previous study revealed that hairlessness phenotype in nude mice is caused by insufficient expression of phospholipase C-delta 1 (PLCD1), an essential molecule downstream of Foxn1, which encouraged us to generate PLCD1-deficient pigs. In this study, we plan to firstly produce PLCD1 knockout (KO) mice by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, which will lay a solid foundation for the generation of hairless PLCD1 KO pigs. METHODS Generation of PLCD1 sgRNAs and Cas 9 mRNA was performed as described (Shao in Nat Protoc 9:2493-2512, 2014). PLCD1-modified mice (F0) were generated via co-microinjection of PLCD1-sgRNA and Cas9 mRNA into the cytoplasm of C57BL/6J zygotes. Homozygous PLCD1-deficient mice (F1) were obtained by intercrossing of F0 mice with the similar mutation. RESULTS PLCD1-modified mice (F0) showed progressive hair loss after birth and the genotype of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations in exon 2 of PLCD1 locus, suggesting the sgRNA is effective to cause mutations that lead to hair growth defect. Homozygous PLCD1-deficient mice (F1) displayed baldness in abdomen and hair sparse in dorsa. Histological abnormalities of the reduced number of hair follicles, irregularly arranged and curved hair follicles, epidermal hyperplasia and disturbed differentiation of epidermis were observed in the PLCD1-deficient mice. Moreover, the expression level of PLCD1 was significantly decreased, while the expression levels of other genes (i.e., Krt1, Krt5, Krt13, loricrin and involucrin) involved in the differentiation of hair follicle were remarkerably increased in skin tissues of PLCD1-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we achieve PLCD1 KO mice by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, which provide a new animal model for hair development research, although homozygotes don't display completely hairless phenotype as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
- Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
- Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523808 China
- Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Daye, 435100 Hubei China
| | - Jun-Shuang Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Bang-Zhu Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
- Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Heng-Wei Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Ya-Nan Bie
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Peng Gu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
- Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523808 China
| | - Yan Sun
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Dong Xiao
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy Research and Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Cancer Research Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Wei-Wang Gu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine & Laboratory Animal Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
- Songshan Lake Pearl Laboratory Animal Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Dongguan, 523808 China
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17
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Pakornphadungsit K, Suchonwanit P, Sriphojanart T, Chayavichitsilp P. Hereditary Leukonychia Totalis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Dermatol 2018; 10:82-88. [PMID: 29805369 PMCID: PMC5968238 DOI: 10.1159/000488522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukonychia is defined as white discoloration of the nails caused by an abnormal keratinization of the nail matrix. Congenital leukonychia totalis is a rare nail disorder, which is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This condition can be presented as an isolated condition or in association with systemic diseases. We report a case of a 7-year-old Thai boy who developed asymptomatic white discoloration of all the nails since birth, with an absence of any predisposing factors or associated conditions.
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18
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Mohammadi-Asl J, Pourreza MR, Mohammadi A, Eskandari A, Mozafar-Jalali S, Tabatabaiefar MA. A novel pathogenic variant in the FZD6 gene causes recessive nail dysplasia in a large Iranian kindred. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88:134-138. [PMID: 28545862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nail disorder nonsyndromic congenital (NDNC) is a very rare clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease inherited both in recessive or dominant modes. FZD6 is a component of Wnt-FZD signaling pathway in which recessive loss-of-function variants in the corresponding genes could lead to nail anomalies. OBJECTIVE A large multiplex family with NDNC was referred for genetic counselling. Thorough genetic evaluation was performed. METHODS PCR-Sanger sequencing was carried out for the coding exons and exon-intron boundaries of the FZD6 gene. Co-segregation analysis, in silico evaluation and computational protein modeling was accomplished. RESULTS A homozygous 1bp deletion variant, c.1859delC (p.Ser620Cysfs*75), leading to a truncating protein was found in the patient. Parents were heterozygous for the variant. The variant was found to be co-segreagting with the phenotype in the family. Computational analysis and protein modeling revealed its pathogenic consequence by disturbing the cytoplasmic domain structure and signaling through loss of phosphorylation residues. The variant met the criteria of being pathogenic according to the ACMG guideline. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the genetic diagnosis of NDNC in Iran. We also report a novel pathogenic variant. The study of the FZD6 gene is recommended as the first step in the diagnostic routing of the autosomal recessive NDNC patients with enlarged nails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Mohammadi-Asl
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Pourreza
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aliasgar Mohammadi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ameneh Eskandari
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sima Mozafar-Jalali
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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19
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Nomikos M, Thanassoulas A, Beck K, Theodoridou M, Kew J, Kashir J, Calver BL, Matthews E, Rizkallah P, Sideratou Z, Nounesis G, Lai FA. Mutations in PLCδ1 associated with hereditary leukonychia display divergent PIP2 hydrolytic function. FEBS J 2016; 283:4502-4514. [PMID: 27783455 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary leukonychia is a rare genetic nail disorder characterized by distinctive whitening of the nail plate of all 20 nails. Hereditary leukonychia may exist as an isolated feature, or in simultaneous occurrence with other cutaneous or systemic pathologies. Associations between hereditary leukonychia and mutations in the gene encoding phospholipase C delta-1 (PLCδ1) have previously been identified. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PLCδ1 mutations and hereditary leukonychia remain uncharacterized. In the present study, we introduced hereditary leukonychia-linked human PLCδ1 mutations (C209R, A574T and S740R) into equivalent residues of rat PLCδ1 (C188R, A553T and S719R), and investigated their effect on the biophysical and biochemical properties of the PLCδ1 protein. Our data suggest that these PLCδ1 mutations associated with hereditary leukonychia do not uniformly alter the enzymatic ability of this protein leading to loss/gain of function, but result in significantly divergent enzymatic properties. We demonstrate here for the first time the importance of PLC-mediated calcium (Ca2+ ) signalling within the manifestation of hereditary leukonychia. PLCδ1 is almost ubiquitous in mammalian cells, which may explain why hereditary leukonychia manifests in association with other systemic pathologies relating to keratin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Nomikos
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | - Konrad Beck
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Maria Theodoridou
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jasmine Kew
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Junaid Kashir
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian L Calver
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Emily Matthews
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Pierre Rizkallah
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Zili Sideratou
- National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - George Nounesis
- National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece
| | - F Anthony Lai
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, UK
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20
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Bergqvist C, Ramia P, Abbas O, Kurban M. Genetics of syndromic and non-syndromic hereditary nail disorders. Clin Genet 2016; 91:813-823. [PMID: 27613389 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The nail is a unique epithelial skin appendage made up of a fully keratinized nail plate. The nail can be affected in several systemic illnesses, dermatological diseases, and inherited nail disorders. Nail dystrophies can present as isolated disorders or as a part of syndromes. Substantial progress has been achieved in the management and diagnosis of nail diseases; however, not much is known about the underlying molecular controls of nail growth. The homeostasis and development of the nail appendage depend on the intricate interactions between the epidermis and underlying mesenchyme, and comprise different signaling pathways such as the WNT signaling pathway. Digit-tip regeneration in mice and humans has been a known fact for the past six decades; however, only recently the underlying biological mechanisms by which the nail organ achieves digit regeneration have been elucidated. Moreover, significant progress has been made in identifying nail stem cells and localizing stem cell niches in the nail unit. More fascinating, however, is the role they play in orchestrating the processes that lead to the regeneration of the digit. Further elucidating the role of nail stem cells and the signaling pathways driving epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the nail unit might contribute to the development of novel therapeutic tools for amputees.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bergqvist
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - P Ramia
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - O Abbas
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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21
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[Leukonychia totalis]. Hautarzt 2015; 67:308-10. [PMID: 26676417 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-015-3736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our patient presented with leukonychia totalis at the age of 15 years. Other malformations such as syndromes or underlying internal diseases did not exist. The patient's family history was unremarkable. In the classification of leukonychias, the real, usually hereditary leukonychia can be distinguished from the acquired form. The white color of the nails can be isolated, depending on its present form, appear as part of a syndrome, or as a result of internal disease. An effective treatment of hereditary leukonychia is not known.
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22
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Khan S, Basit S, Habib R, Kamal A, Muhammad N, Ahmad W. Genetics of human isolated hereditary nail disorders. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:922-9. [PMID: 26149975 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human hereditary nail disorders constitute a rare and heterogeneous group of ectodermal dysplasias. They occur as isolated and/or syndromic ectodermal conditions where other ectodermal appendages are also involved, and can occur associated with skeletal dysplasia. 'Nail disorder, nonsyndromic congenital' (OMIM; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) is subclassified into 10 different types. The underlying genes identified thus far are expressed in the nail bed and play important roles in nail development and morphogenesis. Here, we review the current literature on nail disorders and present a coherent review on the genetics of nail disorders. This review will pave the way to identifying putative genes and pathways involved in nail development and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.,Genomic Core Facility, interim Translational Research Institute (iTRI), Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar
| | - S Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawarah, 30001 Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Habib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad, 45600, Pakistan
| | - A Kamal
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - N Muhammad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - W Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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23
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Finno CJ, Stevens C, Young A, Affolter V, Joshi NA, Ramsay S, Bannasch DL. SERPINB11 frameshift variant associated with novel hoof specific phenotype in Connemara ponies. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005122. [PMID: 25875171 PMCID: PMC4395385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Horses belong to the order Perissodactyla and bear the majority of their weight on their third toe; therefore, tremendous force is applied to each hoof. An inherited disease characterized by a phenotype restricted to the dorsal hoof wall was identified in the Connemara pony. Hoof wall separation disease (HWSD) manifests clinically as separation of the dorsal hoof wall along the weight-bearing surface of the hoof during the first year of life. Parents of affected ponies appeared clinically normal, suggesting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. A case-control allelic genome wide association analysis was performed (ncases = 15, ncontrols = 24). Population stratification (λ = 1.48) was successfully improved by removing outliers (ncontrols = 7) identified on a multidimensional scaling plot. A genome-wide significant association was detected on chromosome 8 (praw = 1.37x10-10, pgenome = 1.92x10-5). A homozygous region identified in affected ponies spanned from 79,936,024-81,676,900 bp and contained a family of 13 annotated SERPINB genes. Whole genome next-generation sequencing at 6x coverage of two cases and two controls revealed 9,758 SNVs and 1,230 indels within the ~1.7-Mb haplotype, of which 17 and 5, respectively, segregated with the disease and were located within or adjacent to genes. Additional genotyping of these 22 putative functional variants in 369 Connemara ponies (ncases = 23, ncontrols = 346) and 169 horses of other breeds revealed segregation of three putative variants adjacent or within four SERPIN genes. Two of the variants were non-coding and one was an insertion within SERPINB11 that introduced a frameshift resulting in a premature stop codon. Evaluation of mRNA levels at the proximal hoof capsule (ncases = 4, ncontrols = 4) revealed that SERPINB11 expression was significantly reduced in affected ponies (p<0.001). Carrier frequency was estimated at 14.8%. This study describes the first genetic variant associated with a hoof wall specific phenotype and suggests a role of SERPINB11 in maintaining hoof wall structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J. Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Carlynn Stevens
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Young
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Verena Affolter
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nikhil A. Joshi
- Genome Center Bioinformatics Core, University of California Davis, Davis, California United States of America
| | - Sheila Ramsay
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences (IVABS) Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Danika L. Bannasch
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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24
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Canavan T, Tosti A, Mallory H, McKay K, Cantrell W, Elewski B. An Idiopathic Leukonychia Totalis and Leukonychia Partialis Case Report and Review of the Literature. Skin Appendage Disord 2015; 1:38-42. [PMID: 27172289 DOI: 10.1159/000380956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukonychia totalis and leukonychia partialis are rare nail findings characterized by complete or partial whitening of the nail plate. Leukonychia totalis and leukonychia partialis are usually inherited or associated with systemic disease. Here, we report the case of a 25-year-old man with idiopathic acquired leukonychia totalis and leukonychia partialis and review the literature on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Canavan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Antonella Tosti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Hurst Mallory
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Kristopher McKay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Wendy Cantrell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Boni Elewski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
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25
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Staats KA, Van Helleputte L, Jones AR, Bento-Abreu A, Van Hoecke A, Shatunov A, Simpson CL, Lemmens R, Jaspers T, Fukami K, Nakamura Y, Brown RH, Van Damme P, Liston A, Robberecht W, Al-Chalabi A, Van Den Bosch L. Genetic ablation of phospholipase C delta 1 increases survival in SOD1G93A mice. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 60:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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26
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Nakamura Y, Kanemarum K, Fukami K. Physiological functions of phospholipase Cδ1 and phospholipase Cδ3. Adv Biol Regul 2013; 53:356-362. [PMID: 23948486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) is a key enzyme in phosphoinositide turnover, and in the regulation of various cellular events. Among the 13 PLC isozymes, PLCδ1 and PLCδ3 share a high sequence homology, and similar tissue distribution. Recent studies with genetically manipulated mice have clarified the importance of these PLC isozymes in a number of tissues. PLCδ1 is required for maintenance of homeostasis in skin and metabolic tissues, while PLCδ3 regulates microvilli formation in enterocytes and the radial migration of neurons in the cerebral cortex of the developing brain. Furthermore, simultaneous loss of PLCδ1 and PLCδ3 in mice causes placental vascular defects, leading to embryonic lethality. Taken together, PLCδ1 and PLCδ3 have unique and redundant roles in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genome and Biosignals, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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27
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28
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Shah KN, Rubin AI. Nail disorders as signs of pediatric systemic disease. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2012; 42:204-11. [PMID: 22884027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe some of the more common changes in the nail unit that can be seen in systemic diseases in children. Changes that can be seen are not limited to those discussed in the following pages. The presence of changes on multiple nails is suggestive of a systemic cause in an ill child. However, multiple nails can also be affected in primary inflammatory disorders and infections of the nail unit. When evaluating a pediatric patient with a nail disorder, it is important to perform a complete physical examination of the skin and oral mucosa, as other clues to the diagnosis of the nail problem may be found. A comprehensive family history is also important to uncover possible syndromic associations with nail disease or diseases that can manifest with nail changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara N Shah
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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29
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Farooq M, Kurban M, Abbas O, Obeidat O, Fujikawa H, Kibbi AG, Fujimoto A, Shimomura Y. A novel mutation in thePLCD1gene, which leads to an aberrant splicing event, underlies autosomal recessive leuconychia. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:946-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Dereure O. Des gènes et des ongles. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011; 138:788-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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