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Handwashing stations in Nepal: Role of wealth status in establishing handwashing stations at home. WORLD MEDICAL & HEALTH POLICY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wmh3.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lin Q, Lim JYC, Xue K, Yew PYM, Owh C, Chee PL, Loh XJ. Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection. VIEW 2020; 1:e16. [PMID: 34766164 PMCID: PMC7267133 DOI: 10.1002/viw2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral epidemics develop from the emergence of new variants of infectious viruses. The lack of effective antiviral treatments for the new viral infections coupled with rapid community spread of the infection often result in major human and financial loss. Viral transmissions can occur via close human-to-human contact or via contacting a contaminated surface. Thus, careful disinfection or sanitization is essential to curtail viral spread. A myriad of disinfectants/sanitizing agents/biocidal agents are available that can inactivate viruses, but their effectiveness is dependent upon many factors such as concentration of agent, reaction time, temperature, and organic load. In this work, we review common commercially available disinfectants agents available on the market and evaluate their effectiveness under various application conditions. In addition, this work also seeks to debunk common myths about viral inactivation and highlight new exciting advances in the development of potential sanitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Lin
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Jason Y. C. Lim
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Kun Xue
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Pek Yin Michelle Yew
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Cally Owh
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Pei Lin Chee
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
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Torner N, Soldevila N, Garcia JJ, Launes C, Godoy P, Castilla J, Domínguez A. Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical measures in preventing pediatric influenza: a case-control study. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:543. [PMID: 26055522 PMCID: PMC4459072 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hygiene behavior plays a relevant role in infectious disease transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) in preventing pediatric influenza infections. METHODS Laboratory confirmed influenza cases occurred during 2009-10 and 2010-11 seasons matched by age and date of consultation. NPI (frequency of hand washing, alcohol-based hand sanitizer use and hand washing after touching contaminated surfaces) during seven days prior to onset of symptoms were obtained from parents of cases and controls. RESULTS Cases presented higher prevalence of underlying conditions such as pneumonia [OR = 3.23; 95% CI: 1.38-7.58 p = 0.007], asthma [OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.17-5.14 p = 0.02] and having more than 1 risk factor [OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 0.99-2.82 p = 0.05]. Hand washing more than 5 times per day [aOR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39-0.99 p = 0.04] was the only statistically significant protective factor. When considering two age groups (pre-school age 0-4 yrs and school age 5-17) yrs , only the school age group showed a negative association for influenza infection for both washing more than 5 times per day [aOR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.22-0.99 p = 0.04] and hand washing after touching contaminated surfaces [aOR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.04-0.86 p = 0.03]. CONCLUSION Frequent hand washing should be recommended to prevent influenza infection in the community setting and in special in the school age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Torner
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Cr Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, (CIBERESP), Cr de Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Public Health Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Cr Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Núria Soldevila
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Cr Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Garcia
- Pediatric Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Cr Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Cristian Launes
- Pediatric Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Cr Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pere Godoy
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Cr Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, (CIBERESP), Cr de Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Castilla
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, (CIBERESP), Cr de Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, C/Leyre,15, 31002, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angela Domínguez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, (CIBERESP), Cr de Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Public Health Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Cr Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
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Lee RLT, Lee PH. To evaluate the effects of a simplified hand washing improvement program in schoolchildren with mild intellectual disability: a pilot study. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:3014-3025. [PMID: 25124699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A quasi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group was used to evaluate the effects of a simplified 5-step multimedia visualization hand hygiene improvement program by schoolchildren with mild intellectual disability (MID). A total of twenty schoolchildren aged 6-12 years old with MID (12 males) were recruited and they were assigned into intervention (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. To evaluate the quality of their hand washing, Glow gel, which contains plastic simulated germs that are visible under an ultra-violet lamp, was applied to participants' hands to assess the quality of hand washing by comparing the amount of visible Glow gel before and after hand washing using a 4-point scale. Four raters used this 4-point scale to assess the quality of hand washing through digital photo images of the participants' hands. A total of eight digital photos per participant were taken. A fifteen-minute hand washing training session was conducted every school day for 4 weeks for the intervention group. Those in the control group received no training. A multimedia visual package on steps of hand washing was presented together with a reward system, whereby a number of stars were earned each week depending on the quality of hand washing. Results showed encouraging findings, as the schoolchildren in the intervention group showed significant improvement in hand washing (p<0.001) and the improvement was stronger than that of the control group (p=0.02). To conclude, a systematic instruction emphasizing multimedia visualization in a hand washing improvement program can be successfully implemented in a special school, and the effect of integrating multimedia visuals in the hand hygiene program could improve hand hygiene among schoolchildren with MID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L T Lee
- World Health Organization for Collaborating Center, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Paul H Lee
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic Universtiy, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Motta SPOD, Flint S, Perry P, Noble A. Consumer contribution to food contamination in Brazil: modelling the food safety risk in the home. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/bjft.2014.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are among the most widespread public health issues, killing about 2.2 million people annually, and costing hundreds of billions of US dollars for governments, companies, families and consumers (WHO, 2007). In Brazil, foodborne diseases acquired in the home account for 55% of notified outbreaks (BRASIL, 2012). Several studies have investigated aspects of consumer behaviour concerning food poisoning, mapping practices in the home, but it remains a challenge to obtain a full picture of the consumer contribution to food contamination (REDMOND and GRIFFITH, 2003). This study aimed to assess the risks of food contamination in the home. A questionnaire containing 140 questions concerning food safety knowledge, handling practices, personal hygiene and basic health care, covering the stages when the food is under the control of the consumer, was developed and used to gather data for analysis. Appropriate scores were attributed to the questions (consequences to food safety) and answers (likelihood of food contamination). A risk estimate algorithm and an appropriate risk ranking scale were used to assess the results. From August 2011 to March 2012, survey questionnaires were collected from 2,775 consumers in Brazil across 19 out of 27 state capitals. The study found risky practices with the potential to lead to food poisoning occurrences in the domestic environment in the following handling steps: food transportation, food preparation, cooking and the handling of leftovers. The personal hygiene, age, formal education, family income and basic health care habits represented the factors most related to the risky practices of consumers, which could orientate food safety educational campaigns for the Brazilian population.
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Saffari M, Koenig HG, Pakpour AH, Sanaeinasab H, Jahan HR, Sehlo MG. Personal hygiene among military personnel: developing and testing a self-administered scale. Environ Health Prev Med 2014; 19:135-42. [PMID: 24194117 PMCID: PMC3944032 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Good personal hygiene (PH) behavior is recommended to prevent contagious diseases, and members of military forces may be at high risk for contracting contagious diseases. The aim of this study was to develop and test a new questionnaire on PH for soldiers. METHODS Participants were all male and from different military settings throughout Iran. Using a five-stage guideline, a panel of experts in the Persian language (Farsi) developed a 21-item self-administered questionnaire. Face and content validity of the first-draft items were assessed. The questionnaire was then translated and subsequently back-translated into English, and both the Farsi and English versions were tested in pilot studies. The consistency and stability of the questionnaire were tested using Cronbach's alpha and the test-retest strategy. The final scale was administered to a sample of 502 military personnel. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses evaluated the structure of the scale. Both the convergent and discriminative validity of the scale were also determined. RESULTS Cronbach's alpha coefficients were >0.85. Principal component analysis demonstrated a uni-dimensional structure that explained 59 % of the variance in PH behaviors. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit (goodness-of-fit index = 0.902; comparative fitness index = 0.923; root mean square error of approximation = 0.0085). CONCLUSIONS The results show that this new PH scale has solid psychometric properties for testing PH behaviors among an Iranian sample of military personnel. We conclude that this scale can be a useful tool for assessing PH behaviors in military personnel. Further research is needed to determine the scale's value in other countries and cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Saffari
- />Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, 1435814783 Tehran, Iran
- />Department of Health Education, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, 1435814783 Tehran, Iran
| | - Harold G. Koenig
- />Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
- />King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir H. Pakpour
- />Department of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Hormoz Sanaeinasab
- />Department of Health Education, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, 1435814783 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojat Rshidi Jahan
- />Department of Health Education, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, 1435814783 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Gamal Sehlo
- />Department of Psychiatry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- />Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Campylobacteriosis in New Zealand: A new twist to the tale? Part two (the consumer and the regulator). Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A risk assessment approach to use of antimicrobials in the home to prevent spread of infection. Am J Infect Control 2013; 41:S87-93. [PMID: 23622757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Home and everyday life hygiene is a key part of the public health strategy to reduce infectious disease, but an effective code of practice is required. This short review summarizes the basic scientific principles of a risk-based approach to home hygiene where hygiene procedures are applied at critical points at appropriate times. It suggests that, although detergent-based cleaning can be used to break the chain of infection, in some cases an antimicrobial agent is required.
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Al-Sakkaf A. Evaluation of food handling practice among New Zealanders and other developed countries as a main risk factor for campylobacteriosis rate. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Talaat M, Afifi S, Dueger E, El-Ashry N, Marfin A, Kandeel A, Mohareb E, El-Sayed N. Effects of hand hygiene campaigns on incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza and absenteeism in schoolchildren, Cairo, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:619-25. [PMID: 21470450 PMCID: PMC3377412 DOI: 10.3201/eid1704.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive hand hygiene campaign on reducing
absenteeism caused by influenza-like illness (ILI), diarrhea, conjunctivitis,
and laboratory-confirmed influenza, we conducted a randomized control trial in
60 elementary schools in Cairo, Egypt. Children in the intervention schools were
required to wash hands twice each day, and health messages were provided through
entertainment activities. Data were collected on student absenteeism and reasons
for illness. School nurses collected nasal swabs from students with ILI, which
were tested by using a qualitative diagnostic test for influenza A and B.
Compared with results for the control group, in the intervention group, overall
absences caused by ILI, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and laboratory-confirmed
influenza were reduced by 40%, 30%, 67%, and 50%, respectively (p<0.0001 for
each illness). An intensive hand hygiene campaign was effective in reducing
absenteeism caused by these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Talaat
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), Cairo, Egypt.
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Bishai D, Liu L, Shiau S, Wang H, Tsai C, Liao M, Prakash S, Howard T. Quantifying school officials' exposure to bacterial pathogens at graduation ceremonies using repeated observational measures. J Sch Nurs 2011; 27:219-24. [PMID: 21562098 DOI: 10.1177/1059840511407186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate the risk of acquiring pathogenic bacteria as a result of shaking hands at graduation ceremonies. School officials participating in graduation ceremonies at elementary, secondary, and postsecondary schools were recruited. Specimens were collected before and immediately following graduation. Cultures identified any pathogenic bacteria in each specimen. Subjects shook a total of 5,209 hands. Staphylococcus aureus was separately detected on one pregraduation right hand, one postgraduation right hand, and one postgraduation left hand. Nonpathogenic bacteria were collected in 93% of specimens. Pregraduation and postgraduation specimens were of different strains. We measured a risk of one new bacterial acquisition in a sample exposed to 5,209 handshakes yielding an overall estimate of 0.019 pathogens acquired per handshake. We conclude that a single handshake at a graduation offers only a small risk of bacterial pathogen acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bishai
- Department of Population Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Coulborn RM, Clayton ER, Aiello AE. Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Environment and Potential Risks of Emerging Antibiotic Resistance. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1048.ch018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Coulborn
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, 1415 Washington Heights, SPH Tower, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Erin Rees Clayton
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, 1415 Washington Heights, SPH Tower, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Allison E. Aiello
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, 1415 Washington Heights, SPH Tower, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Nandrup-Bus I. Mandatory handwashing in elementary schools reduces absenteeism due to infectious illness among pupils: a pilot intervention study. Am J Infect Control 2009; 37:820-6. [PMID: 19850374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mandatory, scheduled handwashing on actual absenteeism due to infectious illness in elementary school pupils in Denmark. METHODS A 3-month pilot intervention study, randomized between 2 schools, was performed on 652 pupils age 5 to 15 years. The pupils at the intervention school (IS; n=290) were required to wash their hands before the first lesson, before lunch, and before going home. Those at the control school (CS; n=362) continued their usual handwashing practices. All absences due to illness were recorded, and data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significantly reduced rate of absenteeism for the IS compared with the CS (P=.002). For girls, the rate was 1.05 periods (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.90 to 1.22) for the IS versus 1.35 (95% CI=1.26 to 1.44) for the CS. For boys, these rates were 0.87 (95% CI=0.72 to 1.05) and 1.12 (95% CI=0.92 to 1.36). An alternative approach demonstrated that the odds ratio for absence was 0.69 (95% CI=0.52 to 0.92) for the IS compared with the CS. CONCLUSION This study suggests that handwashing could be an effective tool to reduce absences due to infectious illness in elementary school pupils. A school policy regarding hand hygiene and teaching of hand hygiene is warranted.
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