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Wiśniewska A, Kijak A, Nowak K, Lulek M, Skwarek A, Małecka-Giełdowska M, Śmiarowski M, Wąsik S, Ciepiela O. Organ-Dysfunction Markers in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Convalescents. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2241. [PMID: 38673514 PMCID: PMC11050795 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: A coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak led to a worldwide pandemic. COVID-19 not only caused acute symptoms during the severe phase of the disease, but also induced long-term side effects on the functioning of many organs and systems. Symptoms that were associated with the disease and present at least 3 months after recovery were named long COVID. The aim of this study was to assess if mild-to-moderate COVID-19 may lead to the dysfunction of respiratory, cardiovascular, neural, and renal systems in healthy blood donors who recovered from the disease at least 6 months earlier. Methods: Here, we examined 294 adults among volunteer blood donors divided into convalescents (n = 215) and healthy controls (n = 79). Concentrations of soluble CD163, TGF beta, Lp-PLA2, NCAM-1, S100, NGAL, and creatinine were measured either by ELISA or automated methods. The probability value p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: We found significant differences in Lp-PLA2, S100, and NCAM-1 between convalescents and never-infected subjects. Lp-PLA2 and NCAM-1 were lower, and S100 higher, in convalescents than in the control group. Conclusion: Mild-to-moderate COVID-19 convalescents are at a low risk of developing lung fibrosis or chronic kidney disease. However, they should regularly carry out their prophylaxis examinations for early detection of possible negative outcomes of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wiśniewska
- Students Scientific Group of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); (A.S.); (M.Ś.); (S.W.)
| | - Aleksandra Kijak
- Students Scientific Group of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); (A.S.); (M.Ś.); (S.W.)
| | - Karolina Nowak
- Students Scientific Group of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); (A.S.); (M.Ś.); (S.W.)
| | - Michalina Lulek
- Students Scientific Group of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); (A.S.); (M.Ś.); (S.W.)
- Clinical Laboratory of Central Teaching Hospital, University Clinical Center of Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agata Skwarek
- Students Scientific Group of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); (A.S.); (M.Ś.); (S.W.)
| | - Milena Małecka-Giełdowska
- Clinical Laboratory of Central Teaching Hospital, University Clinical Center of Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Śmiarowski
- Students Scientific Group of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); (A.S.); (M.Ś.); (S.W.)
| | - Szczepan Wąsik
- Students Scientific Group of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland (M.L.); (A.S.); (M.Ś.); (S.W.)
| | - Olga Ciepiela
- Clinical Laboratory of Central Teaching Hospital, University Clinical Center of Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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