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Fabian ID, Abdallah E, Abdullahi SU, Abdulqader RA, Adamou Boubacar S, Ademola-Popoola DS, Adio A, Afshar AR, Aggarwal P, Aghaji AE, Ahmad A, Akib MNR, Al Harby L, Al Ani MH, Alakbarova A, Portabella SA, Al-Badri SAF, Alcasabas APA, Al-Dahmash SA, Alejos A, Alemany-Rubio E, Alfa Bio AI, Alfonso Carreras Y, Al-Haddad C, Al-Hussaini HHY, Ali AM, Alia DB, Al-Jadiry MF, Al-Jumaily U, Alkatan HM, All-Eriksson C, Al-Mafrachi AARM, Almeida AA, Alsawidi KM, Al-Shaheen AASM, Al-Shammary EH, Amiruddin PO, Antonino R, Astbury NJ, Atalay HT, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Atsiaya R, Attaseth T, Aung TH, Ayala S, Baizakova B, Balaguer J, Balayeva R, Balwierz W, Barranco H, Bascaran C, Beck Popovic M, Benavides R, Benmiloud S, Bennani Guebessi N, Berete RC, Berry JL, Bhaduri A, Bhat S, Biddulph SJ, Biewald EM, Bobrova N, Boehme M, Boldt HC, Bonanomi MTBC, Bornfeld N, Bouda GC, Bouguila H, Boumedane A, Brennan RC, Brichard BG, Buaboonnam J, Calderón-Sotelo P, Calle Jara DA, Camuglia JE, Cano MR, Capra M, Cassoux N, Castela G, Castillo L, Català-Mora J, Chantada GL, Chaudhry S, Chaugule SS, Chauhan A, Chawla B, Chernodrinska VS, Chiwanga FS, Chuluunbat T, Cieslik K, Cockcroft RL, Comsa C, Correa ZM, Correa Llano MG, Corson TW, Cowan-Lyn KE, Csóka M, Cui X, Da Gama IV, Dangboon W, Das A, Das S, Davanzo JM, Davidson A, De Potter P, Delgado KQ, Demirci H, Desjardins L, Diaz Coronado RY, Dimaras H, Dodgshun AJ, Donaldson C, Donato Macedo CR, Dragomir MD, Du Y, Du Bruyn M, Edison KS, Eka Sutyawan IW, El Kettani A, Elbahi AM, Elder JE, Elgalaly D, Elhaddad AM, Elhassan MMA, Elzembely MM, Essuman VA, Evina TGA, Fadoo Z, Fandiño AC, Faranoush M, Fasina O, Fernández DDPG, Fernández-Teijeiro A, Foster A, Frenkel S, Fu LD, Fuentes-Alabi SL, Gallie BL, Gandiwa M, Garcia JL, García Aldana D, Gassant PY, Geel JA, Ghassemi F, Girón AV, Gizachew Z, Goenz MA, Gold AS, Goldberg-Lavid M, Gole GA, Gomel N, Gonzalez E, Gonzalez Perez G, González-Rodríguez L, Garcia Pacheco HN, Graells J, Green L, Gregersen PA, Grigorovski NDAK, Guedenon KM, Gunasekera DS, Gündüz AK, Gupta H, Gupta S, Hadjistilianou T, Hamel P, Hamid SA, Hamzah N, Hansen ED, Harbour JW, Hartnett ME, Hasanreisoglu M, Hassan S, Hassan S, Hederova S, Hernandez J, Hernandez LMC, Hessissen L, Hordofa DF, Huang LC, Hubbard GB, Hummlen M, Husakova K, Hussein Al-Janabi AN, Ida R, Ilic VR, Jairaj V, Jeeva I, Jenkinson H, Ji X, Jo DH, Johnson KP, Johnson WJ, Jones MM, Kabesha TBA, Kabore RL, Kaliki S, Kalinaki A, Kantar M, Kao LY, Kardava T, Kebudi R, Kepak T, Keren-Froim N, Khan ZJ, Khaqan HA, Khauv P, Kheir WJ, Khetan V, Khodabande A, Khotenashvili Z, Kim JW, Kim JH, Kiratli H, Kivelä TT, Klett A, Komba Palet JEK, Krivaitiene D, Kruger M, Kulvichit K, Kuntorini MW, Kyara A, Lachmann ES, Lam CPS, Lam GC, Larson SA, Latinovic S, Laurenti KD, Le BHA, Lecuona K, Leverant AA, Li C, Limbu B, Long QB, López JP, Lukamba RM, Lumbroso L, Luna-Fineman S, Lutfi D, Lysytsia L, Magrath GN, Mahajan A, Majeed AR, Maka E, Makan M, Makimbetov EK, Manda C, Martín Begue N, Mason L, Mason JO, Matende IO, Materin M, Mattosinho CCDS, Matua M, Mayet I, Mbumba FB, McKenzie JD, Medina-Sanson A, Mehrvar A, Mengesha AA, Menon V, Mercado GJVD, Mets MB, Midena E, Mishra DKC, Mndeme FG, Mohamedani AA, Mohammad MT, Moll AC, Montero MM, Morales RA, Moreira C, Mruthyunjaya P, Msina MS, Msukwa G, Mudaliar SS, Muma KI, Munier FL, Murgoi G, Murray TG, Musa KO, Mushtaq A, Mustak H, Muyen OM, Naidu G, Nair AG, Naumenko L, Ndoye Roth PA, Nency YM, Neroev V, Ngo H, Nieves RM, Nikitovic M, Nkanga ED, Nkumbe H, Nuruddin M, Nyaywa M, Obono-Obiang G, Oguego NC, Olechowski A, Oliver SCN, Osei-Bonsu P, Ossandon D, Paez-Escamilla MA, Pagarra H, Painter SL, Paintsil V, Paiva L, Pal BP, Palanivelu MS, Papyan R, Parrozzani R, Parulekar M, Pascual Morales CR, Paton KE, Pawinska-Wasikowska K, Pe'er J, Peña A, Peric S, Pham CTM, Philbert R, Plager DA, Pochop P, Polania RA, Polyakov VG, Pompe MT, Pons JJ, Prat D, Prom V, Purwanto I, Qadir AO, Qayyum S, Qian J, Rahman A, Rahman S, Rahmat J, Rajkarnikar P, Ramanjulu R, Ramasubramanian A, Ramirez-Ortiz MA, Raobela L, Rashid R, Reddy MA, Reich E, Renner LA, Reynders D, Ribadu D, Riheia MM, Ritter-Sovinz P, Rojanaporn D, Romero L, Roy SR, Saab RH, Saakyan S, Sabhan AH, Sagoo MS, Said AMA, Saiju R, Salas B, San Román Pacheco S, Sánchez GL, Sayalith P, Scanlan TA, Schefler AC, Schoeman J, Sedaghat A, Seregard S, Seth R, Shah AS, Shakoor SA, Sharma MK, Sherief ST, Shetye NG, Shields CL, Siddiqui SN, Sidi Cheikh S, Silva S, Singh AD, Singh N, Singh U, Singha P, Sitorus RS, Skalet AH, Soebagjo HD, Sorochynska T, Ssali G, Stacey AW, Staffieri SE, Stahl ED, Stathopoulos C, Stirn Kranjc B, Stones DK, Strahlendorf C, Suarez MEC, Sultana S, Sun X, Sundy M, Superstein R, Supriyadi E, Surukrattanaskul S, Suzuki S, Svojgr K, Sylla F, Tamamyan G, Tan D, Tandili A, Tarrillo Leiva FF, Tashvighi M, Tateshi B, Tehuteru ES, Teixeira LF, Teh KH, Theophile T, Toledano H, Trang DL, Traoré F, Trichaiyaporn S, Tuncer S, Tyau-Tyau H, Umar AB, Unal E, Uner OE, Urbak SF, Ushakova TL, Usmanov RH, Valeina S, van Hoefen Wijsard M, Varadisai A, Vasquez L, Vaughan LO, Veleva-Krasteva NV, Verma N, Victor AA, Viksnins M, Villacís Chafla EG, Vishnevskia-Dai V, Vora T, Wachtel AE, Wackernagel W, Waddell K, Wade PD, Wali AH, Wang YZ, Weiss A, Wilson MW, Wime ADC, Wiwatwongwana A, Wiwatwongwana D, Wolley Dod C, Wongwai P, Xiang D, Xiao Y, Yam JC, Yang H, Yanga JM, Yaqub MA, Yarovaya VA, Yarovoy AA, Ye H, Yousef YA, Yuliawati P, Zapata López AM, Zein E, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zheng X, Zhilyaeva K, Zia N, Ziko OAO, Zondervan M, Bowman R. Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level. JAMA Oncol 2020; 6:685-695. [PMID: 32105305 PMCID: PMC7047856 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ido Didi Fabian
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Elhassan Abdallah
- Ophthalmology Department of Rabat, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | | | | | | | - Adedayo Adio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Ada E Aghaji
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Alia Ahmad
- The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Lamis Al Harby
- The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aygun Alakbarova
- Zarifa Aliyeva National Center of Ophthalmology, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Safaa A F Al-Badri
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | - Amanda Alejos
- Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | | | - Christiane Al-Haddad
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Amany M Ali
- Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Donjeta B Alia
- University Hospital Center Mother Theresa, Tirana, Albania
| | - Mazin F Al-Jadiry
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Hind M Alkatan
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas J Astbury
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hatice T Atalay
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Rose Atsiaya
- Lighthouse For Christ Eye Centre, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Taweevat Attaseth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Than H Aung
- Yangon Eye Hospital, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | - Baglan Baizakova
- Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Julia Balaguer
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Walentyna Balwierz
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Children's University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Honorio Barranco
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Covadonga Bascaran
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maja Beck Popovic
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raquel Benavides
- Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr Carlos Sáenz Herrera, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Sarra Benmiloud
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hassan II Fès, Fez, Morocco
| | | | - Rokia C Berete
- Ophthalmologic Department of the Teaching Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jesse L Berry
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Sunil Bhat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Eva M Biewald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nadia Bobrova
- The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Marianna Boehme
- Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - H C Boldt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | | | - Norbert Bornfeld
- Department of Ophthalmology, Essen University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gabrielle C Bouda
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hédi Bouguila
- Institut Hédi Raïs d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amaria Boumedane
- Etablissement Hospitalière Spécialise Emir Abdelkader CEA Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique, Oran, Algeria
| | - Rachel C Brennan
- Solid Tumor Division, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | | | | | | | - Jayne E Camuglia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Miriam R Cano
- Salud Ocular, Ministerio de Salud Publica, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | | | - Nathalie Cassoux
- Institut Curie, Université de Paris Medicine Paris V Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Guilherme Castela
- Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | | - Guillermo L Chantada
- Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- NationalScientific and Technical Research Council, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shabana Chaudhry
- Paediatric Ophthalmology Department, Mayo Hospital and College of Allied Visual Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sonal S Chaugule
- Department of Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, PBMA's H. V. Desai Eye Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Bhavna Chawla
- Ocular Oncology Service, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Violeta S Chernodrinska
- Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University, Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Cieslik
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Codruta Comsa
- Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Zelia M Correa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuehao Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wantanee Dangboon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Anirban Das
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Sima Das
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Alan Davidson
- Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Hakan Demirci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | | | - Helen Dimaras
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew J Dodgshun
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, Children's Haematology and Oncology Center, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Craig Donaldson
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Monica D Dragomir
- Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | | | - Kemala S Edison
- Ophthalmology Department, Dr M. Djamil General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Eka Sutyawan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Sanglah Eye Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Asmaa El Kettani
- Center Hospitalier et Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Amal M Elbahi
- Tripoli Eye Hospital, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - James E Elder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dina Elgalaly
- Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Moawia M Ali Elhassan
- Department of Oncology, National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Wadi Madani, Sudan
| | - Mahmoud M Elzembely
- Pediatric Oncology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Vera A Essuman
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Mohammad Faranoush
- Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oluyemi Fasina
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Allen Foster
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shahar Frenkel
- Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Soad L Fuentes-Alabi
- Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | | | - Moira Gandiwa
- Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer A Geel
- Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fariba Ghassemi
- Retina and Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ana V Girón
- Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Zelalem Gizachew
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Marco A Goenz
- Pediatric Oncology Department, Benjamin Bloom National Children's Hospital, San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Aaron S Gold
- Murray Ocular Oncology and Retina, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Glen A Gole
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nir Gomel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sourasky Medical Center Tel Aviv, School of Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efren Gonzalez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Henry N Garcia Pacheco
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Instituto Regional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas del Sur, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Jaime Graells
- Unidad de Oncologia Ocular Hospital Oncologico Luis Razzetti, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Liz Green
- IAM NOOR Eye Care Programme, Afghanistan
| | - Pernille A Gregersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Center for Rare Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Koffi M Guedenon
- Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | | | - Ahmet K Gündüz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Himika Gupta
- Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanjiv Gupta
- King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Patrick Hamel
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Eric D Hansen
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - J William Harbour
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Murat Hasanreisoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sadiq Hassan
- Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Shadab Hassan
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Jose Hernandez
- Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Laila Hessissen
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Center, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Diriba F Hordofa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Jimma University Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Laura C Huang
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Marlies Hummlen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Russo Ida
- Bambino Gesù IRCCS Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Vesna R Ilic
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Helen Jenkinson
- Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xunda Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - William J Johnson
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Michael M Jones
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Rolande L Kabore
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo de Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Abubakar Kalinaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences Kamplala, Uganda
| | - Mehmet Kantar
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Tamar Kardava
- Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Rejin Kebudi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine and Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tomas Kepak
- St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Masaryk University, and International Clinical Research Center/St Anna University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Hussain A Khaqan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Phara Khauv
- Angkor Hospital for Children, Krong Siem Reap, Cambodia
| | - Wajiha J Kheir
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Alireza Khodabande
- Retina and Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zaza Khotenashvili
- Ophthalmology Department, Central Children's Hospital of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Jonathan W Kim
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayyam Kiratli
- Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tero T Kivelä
- Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Artur Klett
- East Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Dalia Krivaitiene
- Children's Ophthalmology Department, Children's Hospital of Vilnius, University Hospital Santaros Clinic, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mariana Kruger
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kittisak Kulvichit
- Vitreo-Retina Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Alice Kyara
- Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eva S Lachmann
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carol P S Lam
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Geoffrey C Lam
- Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Scott A Larson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Slobodanka Latinovic
- Clinical Center of Vojvodina, University Eye Clinic, Eye Research Foundation Vidar-Latinović, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Kelly D Laurenti
- Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bao Han A Le
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, and University of Southern California Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles
| | - Karin Lecuona
- Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Cairui Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali City, China
| | - Ben Limbu
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Juan P López
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Robert M Lukamba
- University Clinics of Lubumbashi, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Rrepublic of Congo
| | | | - Sandra Luna-Fineman
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Center for Global Health, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora
| | - Delfitri Lutfi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - George N Magrath
- Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - Amita Mahajan
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Apollo Center for Advanced Pediatrics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Erika Maka
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mayuri Makan
- Sekuru Kaguvi Eye Unit, Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Chatonda Manda
- Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Nieves Martín Begue
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Materin
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Marchelo Matua
- Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharo Mission Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ismail Mayet
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - John D McKenzie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ocular Oncology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aurora Medina-Sanson
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Azim Mehrvar
- MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center, Mahak Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Marilyn B Mets
- Division of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edoardo Midena
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Ahmed A Mohamedani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | | | - Annette C Moll
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rosa A Morales
- Hospital Infantil Manuel de Jesús Rivera, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Claude Moreira
- Service d'Oncologie Pédiatrique de l'Hôpital Aristide le Dantec, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Gerald Msukwa
- Lions Sight First Eye Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - Francis L Munier
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Murgoi
- Institute of Oncology, Prof. Dr Al. Trestioreanu, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Kareem O Musa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Asma Mushtaq
- The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamzah Mustak
- Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Gita Naidu
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Akshay Gopinathan Nair
- Aditya Jyot Eye Hospital, Mumbai, India
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital and Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | - Larisa Naumenko
- N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Yetty M Nency
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Vladimir Neroev
- Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hang Ngo
- Ho Chi Minh Eye Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Rosa M Nieves
- Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Marina Nikitovic
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elizabeth D Nkanga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Calabar Children's Eye Center, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar Nigeria
| | - Henry Nkumbe
- Magrabi ICO Cameroon Eye Institute, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Murtuza Nuruddin
- Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Ngozi C Oguego
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Andrzej Olechowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Scott C N Oliver
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
| | | | - Diego Ossandon
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Sally L Painter
- Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luisa Paiva
- National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola
| | - Bikramjit P Pal
- H M Diwan Eye Foundation, and Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Ruzanna Papyan
- Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, and Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Hematology Center after R. H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Manoj Parulekar
- Eye Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Pawinska-Wasikowska
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Children's University Hospital of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacob Pe'er
- Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Sanja Peric
- University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Chau T M Pham
- Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Remezo Philbert
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kamenge, Bujumbura, Burundi
| | | | - Pavel Pochop
- Department of Ophthalmology for Children and Adults, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vladimir G Polyakov
- Head and Neck Tumors Department, SRI of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Manca T Pompe
- University Eye Hospital Ljubljana, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Daphna Prat
- The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ignatius Purwanto
- Sardjito Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Seema Qayyum
- The Children's Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ardizal Rahman
- Ophthalmology Department, Dr M. Djamil General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatra, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco A Ramirez-Ortiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Léa Raobela
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Riffat Rashid
- Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Ashwin Reddy
- The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, and Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ehud Reich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Davidoff Center for Oncology, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Lorna A Renner
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | | | - Petra Ritter-Sovinz
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Duangnate Rojanaporn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Livia Romero
- Unidad de Oncologia Ocular Hospital Oncologico Luis Razzetti, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Soma R Roy
- Chittagong Eye Infirmary and Training Complex, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Raya H Saab
- Children's Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Svetlana Saakyan
- Moscow Helmholtz Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ahmed H Sabhan
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mandeep S Sagoo
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and London Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Azza M A Said
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rohit Saiju
- Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Beatriz Salas
- Hospital Dr Manuel Ascencio Villarroel, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ahad Sedaghat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rachna Seth
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankoor S Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Sadik T Sherief
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Carol L Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sorath Noorani Siddiqui
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sidi Sidi Cheikh
- Ophthalmology Department, Nouakchott Medical University, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Sónia Silva
- Centro Hospital Universitário de Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arun D Singh
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Usha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Penny Singha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Songklanagarind Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla, Thailand
| | - Rita S Sitorus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, and Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alison H Skalet
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Hendrian D Soebagjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Grace Ssali
- Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andrew W Stacey
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Sandra E Staffieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erin D Stahl
- Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Christina Stathopoulos
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile de Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Branka Stirn Kranjc
- University Eye Hospital Ljubljana, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David K Stones
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | | | - Sadia Sultana
- Department of Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Ispahani Islamia Eye Institute and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Xiantao Sun
- Henan Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meryl Sundy
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Rosanne Superstein
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eddy Supriyadi
- Sardjito Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Shigenobu Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karel Svojgr
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Gevorg Tamamyan
- Department of Oncology, Yerevan State Medical University, and Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of Armenia, Hematology Center after R. H. Yeolyan, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Deborah Tan
- Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alketa Tandili
- University Hospital Center Mother Theresa, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Maryam Tashvighi
- MAHAK Hematology Oncology Research Center, Mahak Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Edi S Tehuteru
- National Cancer Center, Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Luiz F Teixeira
- Pediatric Oncology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ophthalmology Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kok Hoi Teh
- Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Helen Toledano
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Doan L Trang
- Vietnam National Institute of Ophthalmology, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Fousseyni Traoré
- Pediatric Oncology Service, Gabriel Toure Hospital, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Samuray Tuncer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ocular Oncology Service, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ali B Umar
- Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Emel Unal
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Steen F Urbak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tatiana L Ushakova
- Head and Neck Tumors Department, SRI of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Adisai Varadisai
- Vitreo-Retina Research Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nevyana V Veleva-Krasteva
- Eye Clinic, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Medical University, Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Andi A Victor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, and Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai
- The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Keith Waddell
- Ruharo Eye Centre, Ruharo Mission Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | | | - Yi-Zhuo Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Avery Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Matthew W Wilson
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Amelia D C Wime
- National Ophthalmological Institute of Angola, Luanda, Angola
| | | | | | | | - Phanthipha Wongwai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Daoman Xiang
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Children's Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Jason C Yam
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jenny M Yanga
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Vera A Yarovaya
- S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Yarovoy
- S.Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Moscow, Russia
| | - Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Putu Yuliawati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Sanglah Eye Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
| | | | - Ekhtelbenina Zein
- Assistante Hospitalo Universitaire, Faculte de Medecine de Nouakchott Medecin Oncopediatre, Center National d'Oncologie, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| | - Chengyue Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Nida Zia
- The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Othman A O Ziko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marcia Zondervan
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bowman
- International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Ophthalmology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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