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Pinho T, Rocha D, Gonçalves S, Martins ML. Clear Aligners and Miniscrews in a Scissor Bite Adult Treatment. Case Rep Dent 2024; 2024:8841829. [PMID: 38434769 PMCID: PMC10907105 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8841829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Scissor bite does not correct spontaneously. It gradually worsens by overeruption, negatively affecting masticatory function. It is intended with this manuscript to evaluate the different treatment strategies to correct this malocclusion in adult patients, exploring treatment with clear aligners, bite ramps, and MS (miniscrews), especially in this case of a patient with unilateral right scissor bite, with high dental compensation in the three planes of space, asymmetrical sagittal dental position, overeruption on the scissor bite condition, and a high mandibular arch constriction and maxillary expansion. A comprehensive literature research was performed from 2002 until March 2023. PubMed and BVS databases were used, with the following keywords: "scissor bite OR brodie bite" AND "malocclusion" AND "treatment OR correction OR therapeutics". Since correcting skeletal asymmetries after the growth completion is challenging, adult patient cases often involve a combined orthodontic-surgical approach. In the present clinical case, the severe limitations to decompensating tooth positions for a surgical treatment, with the necessity to perform lower asymmetric extraction and a must longer orthodontic treatment, were the major reasons to avoid the surgical approach, after the scissor bite correction. In spite of this, the efficiency of the clear aligners and auxiliaries like bite ramps, MS, and elastics in successfully correcting a complex scissor bite in an adult patient was demonstrated, with significant esthetic and functional commitment, demonstrated by the case reliability PAR (peer assessment rating) index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pinho
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto Biologia Molecular e Celular, i3S-Inst. Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Duarte Rocha
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Sara Gonçalves
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Maria Luís Martins
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
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St Martin JG, Javed F, Rossouw PE, Michelogiannakis D. Influence of mini-screw implant-assisted intrusion on orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption: a systematic review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2021; 22:341-349. [PMID: 33423207 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-020-00588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
AIM To systematically review indexed literature related to the influence of mini-screw implant (MSI)-assisted intrusion on orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). METHODS Indexed databases were searched without time and language restrictions using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The inclusion criteria were: (a) original studies; (b) patients/subjects undergoing MSI-assisted intrusion; and (c) tomographic and/or histological assessment of OIIRR. Letters to the Editor, commentaries, case reports/series, reviews, and studies based on two-dimensional radiographic assessment of OIIRR were excluded. For experimental and clinical studies, the risk of bias assessment was performed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation risk of bias tool and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions guidelines, respectively. RESULTS The initial search yielded 453 studies, out of which 6 (3 clinical and 3 on animal-models) were included. The clinical studies were performed on males and females with a mean age ranging between 16.07 and 25.5 years. Duration of the clinical studies ranged from 3.8 to 9 months. The animal studies were performed on mini-pigs, rats, and dogs. The mean age in the studies on rats and mini-pigs was 2.76 and 18 months, respectively. In the study on canine models, mean age was not reported. In all studies, MSI-assisted intrusion was shown to cause OIIRR. Power analysis was performed in one study. All studies had a moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS MSI-assisted intrusion is a risk factor for OIIRR; however, from a clinical perspective, further well-designed and power-adjusted studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G St Martin
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA
| | - F Javed
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA
| | - P E Rossouw
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA
| | - D Michelogiannakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14620, USA.
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Chang CH, Lin LY, Roberts WE. Orthodontic bone screws: A quick update and its promising future. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24 Suppl 1:75-82. [PMID: 33225592 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic bone screws (OBSs) provide intraoral anchorage by penetrating oral mucosa and seating firmly in basilar bone (BB). Retromolar (prosthetic-type) implants introduced the extra-alveolar (E-A) concept for BB anchorage to move teeth throughout the alveolar process, but the clinical procedures were complex and expensive. Titanium alloy (Ti) miniscrews placed in inter-radicular (I-R) alveolar bone are more convenient and provide some tooth movement potential, but multiple screws are usually required and the devices often interfere with the path of tooth movement. The advantages of BB anchorage and the convenience of miniscrew are combined into the E-A OBS system. These miniscrews are relatively large in diameter (2 mm), and strong (stainless steel), which are placed intraorally in the BB of the infra-zygomatic crest (IZC) and mandibular buccal shelf (MBS). E-A OBSs provide osseous anchorage to retract the dentition and/or rotate either arch. Recovery of impactions is effectively managed with lever arm springs anchored with IZC or MBS bone screws. An emerging frontier is BB anchorage for correcting severe malocclusions with clear aligners. Since the osseous-anchored mechanics are complementary, fixed appliances and clear aligners can be used individually or in tandem to resolve a broad variety of malocclusions. This report summarizes current concepts for conservatively managing complex malocclusions such as severe crowding, skeletal discrepancies, asymmetries and impactions with the OBS system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lexie Y Lin
- Beethoven Orthodontic Center, HsinChu, Taiwan
| | - Wilbur Eugene Roberts
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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4
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Ho CLJ, Chiang CP, Hu KY, Wang HFC. Correction of facial asymmetry and posterior bite collapse by orthodontic treatment combined with temporary anchorage devices and orthognathic surgery: Case report. J Dent Sci 2020; 15:104-106. [PMID: 32257007 PMCID: PMC7109488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Liang Julian Ho
- Department of Orthodontics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Orthodontics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Orthodontics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Orthodontics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pin Chiang
- Department of Dentistry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Orthodontics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Orthodontics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Orthodontics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Orthodontics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Fang Cathy Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Orthodontics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Oh MB, Mo SS, Hwang CJ, Chung C, Kang JM, Lee KJ. The 3-dimensional zone of the center of resistance of the mandibular posterior teeth segment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 156:365-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Baik UB, Kim Y, Sugawara J, Hong C, Park JH. Correcting severe scissor bite in an adult. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019; 156:113-124. [PMID: 31256824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scissor bite often remains unnoticed by patients although it can adversely affect facial symmetry, jaw growth, and mastication. This case report illustrates the efficacy of temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TSADs) and a modified lingual arch in correcting severe scissor bite. A 28-year-old woman presented with severe scissor bite in the mandibular right posterior segment. To treat this condition, TSADs were used for maxillary posterior intrusion and a modified lingual arch for buccally uprighting mandibular posterior teeth. Long-term retention records demonstrate stable treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunji Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junji Sugawara
- SAS Orthodontic Center, Ichiban-Cho Dental Office, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christine Hong
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Jae Hyun Park
- Postgraduate Orthodontic Program, Arizona School of Dentistry and Oral Health, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Ariz, and International Scholar, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
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Severe unilateral scissors-bite with a constricted mandibular arch: Bite turbos and extra-alveolar bone screws in the infrazygomatic crests and mandibular buccal shelf. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2018; 154:554-569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Deffrennes G, Deffrennes D. La prise en charge des occlusions de Brodie : notice thérapeutique chirurgicale. Int Orthod 2017; 15:640-676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Described and illustrated by Allan G. Brodie in 1946, Brodie's syndrome corresponds to an abnormal transverse occlusal relationship in which the palatal cusps of the upper molars lie outside the vestibular cusps of their mandibular antagonists. This article covers the diagnosis, clinical presentation, etiology (and, particularly, etiopathogenesis) and evolution of this syndrome, and also its management, which is often difficult. The main limitations and difficulties of orthodontics and surgery are presented, along with the surgical techniques used. These points are illustrated by some clinical cases highlighting the importance of three-dimensional analyses and 3D planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzague Deffrennes
- Service universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 92110 Paris, France; Chirurgie plastique et maxillofaciale, clinique Turin, 75009 Paris, France.
| | - Dominique Deffrennes
- Service universitaire de chirurgie cervico-faciale et otorhinolaryngologie, hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 75010 Paris, France; Chirurgie plastique et maxillofaciale, clinique Turin, 75009 Paris, France; Chirurgie plastique et maxillofaciale, hôpital américain, 92200 Neuilly-sur-seine, France
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Morelon JB, Meyer C, Parmentier J, Prost G, Weber E, Louvrier A. [Treatment of a unilateral Brodie's syndrome by surgical contraction of the maxillae]. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2017; 118:57-62. [PMID: 29595476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brodie's syndrome consists in a transverse occlusal discrepancy in relation with an excessive width of the maxilla, a narrow mandible or a combination of both, leading to lateral scissors bite. This kind of infrequent malocclusion is usually treated by orthodontics alone in children. In adults, additional orthognathic surgery id often required. We present a case of unilateral Brodie's syndrome treated by surgical contraction of the maxillae. OBSERVATION A 22-year-old patient presented with a left scissors bite and severe unilateral molar overbite. After failure of an attempt to ingress the left molars by help of a sub-apical corticotomy and anchorage mini-screws, the patient was referred for surgery. The mandible being considered as normal, a segmented Le Fort I osteotomy was planned, combining a contraction (4mm) and an impaction (4mm) of the left maxilla. This allowed for an immediate correction of the skeletal discrepancy and for the achievement of orthodontics in less than 6 months. DISCUSSION Le Fort I osteotomy provides a good access to the sagittal suture. Maxillary contraction is an uncommon procedure that enables a quick management of scissors bite and doesn't need any patient cooperation. Treatment time is reduced and the need for intraoral devices is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Morelon
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et de stomatologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Besançon, boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon cedex, France.
| | - C Meyer
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et de stomatologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Besançon, boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon cedex, France; EA 4662, UFR sciences et techniques, Nanomedicine Lab, Imagery and Therapeutics, université de Franche-Comté, 16, route de Gray, 25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - J Parmentier
- Cabinet de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, 2, rue de Mirande, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - G Prost
- Cabinet d'orthopédie dento-faciale, 14, bis rue de Mulhouse, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - E Weber
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et de stomatologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Besançon, boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon cedex, France
| | - A Louvrier
- Service de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et de stomatologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Besançon, boulevard Fleming, 25030 Besançon cedex, France
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Wang XD, Zhang JN, Liu DW, Lei FF, Zhou YH. Nonsurgical correction of a severe anterior deep overbite accompanied by a gummy smile and posterior scissor bite using a miniscrew-assisted straight-wire technique in an adult high-angle case. Korean J Orthod 2016; 46:253-65. [PMID: 27478802 PMCID: PMC4965596 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2016.46.4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present report, we describe the successful use of miniscrews to achieve vertical control in combination with the conventional sliding MBT™ straight-wire technique for the treatment of a 26-year-old Chinese woman with a very high mandibular plane angle, deep overbite, retrognathic mandible with backward rotation, prognathic maxilla, and gummy smile. The patient exhibited skeletal Class II malocclusion. Orthodontic miniscrews were placed in the maxillary anterior and posterior segments to provide rigid anchorage and vertical control through intrusion of the incisors and molars. Intrusion and torque control of the maxillary incisors relieved the deep overbite and corrected the gummy smile, while intrusion of the maxillary molars aided in counterclockwise rotation of the mandibular plane, which consequently resulted in an improved facial profile. After 3.5 years of retention, we observed a stable, well-aligned dentition with ideal intercuspation and more harmonious facial contours. Thus, we were able to achieve a satisfactory occlusion, a significantly improved facial profile, and an attractive smile for this patient. The findings from this case suggest that nonsurgical correction using miniscrew anchorage is an effective approach for camouflage treatment of high-angle cases with skeletal Class II malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dong Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Ni Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Wei Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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12
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Krishnaswamy NR, Varghese BT, Ahmed KS, Bharadwaj R, Devi VRS. Treatment of a unilateral complete lingual crossbite in an adult with skeletal anchorage assisted orthodontics. J Orthod 2016; 43:228-36. [PMID: 26777996 DOI: 10.1179/1465313315y.0000000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetry caused by a complete lingual crossbite can compromise aesthetics and impair occlusal function. The following case report describes the correction of a complete lingual crossbite using orthodontic mini implants and mini-plates to achieve absolute anchorage. A comprehensive correction of the crossbite and re-establishment of the buccal occlusion was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biju Tom Varghese
- a Ragas Dental College and Hospital , Uthandi, Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | | | - Rekha Bharadwaj
- a Ragas Dental College and Hospital , Uthandi, Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - V R Shobbana Devi
- a Ragas Dental College and Hospital , Uthandi, Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India
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14
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Li W, Chen F, Zhang F, Ding W, Ye Q, Shi J, Fu B. Volumetric measurement of root resorption following molar mini-screw implant intrusion using cone beam computed tomography. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60962. [PMID: 23585866 PMCID: PMC3621661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Molar intrusion by mini-screw implantation can cause different degrees of root resorption. However, most methods (2-D and 3-D) used for evaluating root resorption have focused on the root length without considering 3-D resorption. The purpose of this study was to volumetrically evaluate root resorption using cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) after mini-screw implant intrusion. Materials and Methods 1. The volumes of 32 teeth were measured using CBCT and laser scanning to verify the accuracy of CBCT. 2. Twelve overerupted molars from adult patients were investigated in this study. After mini-screw implants were inserted into the buccal and palatal alveolar bones, 150 g of force was applied to the mini-screw implants on each side to intrude the molars. CBCT images of all patients were taken immediately prior to intrusion and after intrusion. The volumes of the roots were calculated using the Mimics software program. The differences between the pre-intrusion and post-intrusion root volumes were statistically evaluated with a paired-samples t-test. In addition, the losses of the roots were statistically compared with each other using one-way analysis of variance at the P<0.05 level. Results No statistically significant volume differences were observed between the physical (laser scanning) and CBCT measurements (P>0.05). The overerupted molars were significantly intruded (P<0.05), and the average intrusion was 3.30±1.60 mm. The differences between the pre-intrusion and post-intrusion root volumes were statistically significant for all of the roots investigated (P<0.05). The roots were sorted by volume loss in descending order as follows: mesiobuccal, palatal, and distobuccal. Statistical significance was achieved among the three roots. The average total resorption for each tooth was 58.39±1.54 mm3. Conclusion Volume measurement using CBCT was able to effectively evaluate root resorption caused by mini-screw intrusion. The highest volume loss was observed in the mesiobuccal root among the three roots of the investigated first molar teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology affiliated to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology affiliated to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology affiliated to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wanghui Ding
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology affiliated to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jiejun Shi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology affiliated to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Baiping Fu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology affiliated to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
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