Influence of quality of life, self-perception, and self-esteem on orthodontic treatment need

Impact of malocclusion and oral habits on oral health-related quality of life and sleep disturbance in young adults : A cross-sectional study

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of malocclusion and oral habits on oral health-related quality of life and sleep disturbance in young adults.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 213 young adults aged 18-30 years. Dental occlusion data were assessed through clinical examination. A questionnaire was used to collect data on oral habits. Outcomes were collected using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and Mini Sleep Questionnaire.

RESULTS

Anterior open bite (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-5.67, p = 0.044), swallowing disorders (adjusted OR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.13-5.05, p = 0.022), and sleeping on hands were associated with a negative impact on oral health-related quality of life. Females (adjusted OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.10-6.17, p = 0.029), teeth grinding (adjusted OR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.08-7.14, p = 0.034), biting lips or cheeks (adjusted OR = 4.28, 95% CI = 1.49-12.29, p = 0.007), and self-perception of need for orthodontic treatment (adjusted OR = 7.88, 95% CI = 2.12-29.30, p = 0.002) were associated as a risk for sleep disturbances.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that oral habits and some types of malocclusions can impact oral health-related quality of life. In addition, sleep disturbances were associated with a greater need for orthodontic treatment and a habit of grinding teeth in young adults.

Effect of weight satisfaction on adolescent facial and dental satisfaction

PURPOSE

To investigate if facial and dental satisfaction is related to body fat percentage and body weight satisfaction.

METHODS

A self-administered questionnaire was applied to adolescents from a Private School in Southern Brazil containing sociodemographic (sex and age) and self-perception variables. Adolescents were asked about their perceptions concerning dental problems. Body fat percentage was collected using bioelectrical impedance analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 372 adolescents were examined. Most adolescents were satisfied with their dental (81.7%) and facial appearance (87.6%), while 39% of adolescents were satisfied with their body weight. Poisson regression model showed that adolescents who expressed satisfaction with their body weight (PR = 1.12, 95%CI 1.06-1.19) and were satisfied with their dental appearance (PR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.41) exhibited a positive association with facial satisfaction. Adolescents dissatisfied with dental color (PR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.80-0.97), those reporting dental pain (PR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.80-0.97), and individuals with obesity (PR = 0.91, 95%CI 0.83-0.99) demonstrated a decrease in facial satisfaction. Adolescents aged 16 to 19 years (PR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.15) and those satisfied with their facial appearance (PR = 1.20, 95%CI 1.01-1.43) exhibited a higher prevalence of dental satisfaction. Conversely, adolescents dissatisfied with dental color (PR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.66-0.82) and those with misaligned teeth (PR = 0.63, 95%CI 0.55-0.73) reported lower levels of dental satisfaction. Parametric g-formula analysis found that the association between body fat and facial satisfaction was mediated by body weight satisfaction (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

While dental satisfaction was not influenced by corporeal characteristics, facial satisfaction was influenced by dental and body weight satisfaction. Obese adolescents had low facial satisfaction.

Genetic and environmental impact on mandibular growth in mono- and dizygotic twins during adolescence: A retrospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to discover the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the mandibular development of untreated monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The sample, taken from the Forsyth Moorrees Twin Study, included 52 untreated monozygotic twins (36 male, 16 female) and 46 untreated dizygotic twins (23 male, 23 female). At the ages of 12 and 17, lateral cephalograms were collected and traced to assess total mandibular length, mandibular ramus length, mandibular corpus length, gonial angle, SNB, and bony chin prominence. The genetic and environmental components of variation were assessed using multilevel mixed-effects structural equation modelling.

RESULTS

At 12 years of age, high additive genetic influences were observed for total mandibular length (74%), gonial angle (76%), SNB (41%), and bony chin prominence (64%), whereas strong dominant genetic components were observed for corpus length (72%), and mandibular ramus length was under unique environment influence (54%). At 17 years of age, only total mandibular length (45%), ramus length (53%), gonial angle (76%), and bony chin prominence (68%) were under strong additive genetic control, while the remainder were under strong dominant genetic control.

CONCLUSIONS

Although monozygotic and dizygotic twins share at least a portion of their DNA, additive, dominant, or environmental components were discovered during adolescence. Nonetheless, by the age of 17, the majority of the mandibular traits are under either additive or dominant genetic impact.

Three-dimensional microanalysis of tooth movement during the first 6 months of orthodontic double retention

INTRODUCTION

This study performed a 3-dimensional analysis of tooth movement during orthodontic retention to assess the effectiveness of double retention (fixed and removable) in preventing undesired tooth movement.

METHODS

One hundred randomly selected patients were included at the initiation of double orthodontic retention with fixed retainers and vacuum-formed splints (recommended to be worn 22 h/d) in both arches. Intraoral scans were performed directly (T0), 1 month (n = 88), 3 months (T2) (n = 78), and 6 months (T3) (n = 66) after retainer bonding. Nine reference points were marked on each tooth in every patient. Subsequent scans were superimposed, and point displacement was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using the R statistical software (version 4.2.2; R Core Team, Vienna, Austria).

RESULTS

Sample size calculation determined at least 55 patients were needed. The total dropout between T0 and T3 was 34 patients (did not show up for appointment). The median absolute displacement value of a single point between T0 and T3 was 0.015 mm. The most stable teeth were mandibular central incisors, whereas the least stable were mandibular molars. Most tooth displacements occurred between T0 and T2, then slowed down significantly.

CONCLUSIONS

Double orthodontic retention prevents major tooth displacements in most patients during the first 6 months of retention; however, larger, unpredictable single-tooth displacement may occur in individual patients.

Malocclusion: Prevalence and Determinants among Adolescents of Karachi, Pakistan

OBJECTIVES

 The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and its associated demographic and clinical factors in young adolescents (13-15 years) of Karachi, Pakistan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 An epidemiological survey included 500 young adolescents of registered schools, madrassas (Islamic education system), and shop workers of Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town. It was a cross-sectional analytical study design. Multistage random sampling technique was used to enroll participants. The pattern of occlusion was recorded with other related features using Angle's classification. Health status was recorded through World Health Organization-guided indices (decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth [DMFT], community periodontal index of treatment needs [CPITN], and body mass index [BMI]). The information, thus, obtained was analyzed through SPSS using the chi-squared test and regression models.

RESULTS

 Forty four percent of the participants were female, while overall estimated prevalence of malocclusion in young adolescents of Karachi was 57.4%. After adjustments, participants going to any kind of education system had less malocclusion in comparison to those who were not going to any education system (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.305, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12-0.73); mother's education especially higher level (aOR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.08-3.75) and presence of periodontal disease (aOR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.06-2.33) were significantly associated with malocclusion.

CONCLUSION

 This study showed that the class I malocclusion is prevalent in the local community. Demographic factors like gender, age, self-reported ethnicity, and BMI did not show any significant role. Education or knowledge of parents and young adolescents does play an influential role in decreasing malocclusion. Young adolescents, who are more prone to oral health problems at an early age, would have more chances to develop occlusal discrepancies.

Evaluation of the Impact of Orthodontic Treatment on Patients' Self-Esteem: A Systematic Review

Malocclusion may affect interpersonal relationships, self-esteem (SE), and psychological well-being, weakening patients' psychological and social activities. Several studies investigated the effect of orthodontic treatment on these social and psychological aspects, such as SE. However, the direct relationship between SE and orthodontic treatment has not yet been confirmed. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the existing evidence in the literature concerning the influences of orthodontic treatment on patients' SE systematically and critically. An electronic search in the following databases was done in September 2022: PubMed®, Web of Science™, Scopus®, Embase®, GoogleTM Scholar, Cochrane Library databases, Trip, and OpenGrey. Then, the reference list of each candidate study was checked for any potentially linked papers that the electronic search might not have turned up. Inclusion criteria were set according to the population/intervention/comparison/outcome/study design (PICOS) framework. For the data collection and analysis, two reviewers extracted data separately. The risk of bias 2 (RoB-2) and the risk of bias in non-randomized studies (ROBINS-I) tools were used to assess the risk of bias for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs, respectively. The grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) approach was employed to evaluate the quality of the evidence for each finding. Sixteen studies (five RCTs, seven cohorts, and four cross-sectional) were included in this review. Unfortunately, the results could not be pooled into a meta-analysis. Only six studies have reported an increase in SE after orthodontic treatment (P<0.05 in these studies). No agreement between the included studies was observed regarding the influence of fixed orthodontic treatment, gender, or age on SE. The quality of evidence supporting these findings ranged from very low to low. There is low evidence indicating that fixed orthodontic treatment can improve patients' SE. In addition, unclear data are available about the influence of patients' gender and age on SE after orthodontic treatment. Therefore, high-quality RCTs are required to develop stronger evidence about this issue.

The Effect of 10% Carbamide Peroxide Dental Bleaching on the Physical Properties of Invisalign Aligners: An In Vitro Study

The high aesthetic demands of patients have increased their requests to align their teeth using clear aligners, including Invisalign. Patients also want to have their teeth whitened for the same purpose; the use of Invisalign as a bleaching tray at night has been reported in few studies. However, whether 10% carbamide peroxide affects the physical properties of Invisalign is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 10% carbamide peroxide on the physical properties of Invisalign when used as a bleaching tray at night. Twenty-two unused Invisalign aligners (Santa Clara, CA, USA) were used to prepare 144 specimens to test their tensile strength, hardness, surface roughness, and translucency. The specimens were divided into four groups: a testing group at baseline (TG1), a testing group after application of bleaching material at 37 °C for 2 weeks (TG2), a control group at baseline (CG1), and a control group after immersion in distilled water at 37 °C for 2 weeks (CG2). Statistical analysis was conducted using a paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, independent samples t-test, and Mann-Whitney test to compare samples in CG2 to CG1, TG2 to TG1, and TG2 to CG2. Statistical analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the groups for all physical properties, except for hardness (p-value < 0.001) and surface roughness (p-value = 0.007 and p-value < 0.001 for the internal and external surface roughness, respectively), which revealed a reduction in hardness values (from 4.43 ± 0.86 N/mm² to 2.2 ± 0.29 N/mm²) and an increase in surface roughness (from 1.6 ± 0.32 Ra to 1.93 ± 0.28 Ra and from 0.58 ± 0.12 Ra to 0.68 ± 0.13 Ra for the internal and external surface roughness, respectively) after 2 weeks of dental bleaching. Results showed that Invisalign can be used for dental bleaching without excessive distortion or degradation of the aligner material. However, future clinical trials are required to further assess the feasibility of using Invisalign for dental bleaching.

Relationship between aesthetic concern and self-esteem in adolescents with severe malocclusion

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between aesthetic concern and self-esteem in adolescents with severe malocclusion.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study developed with 543 adolescents from 11 to 13 years of age and severe malocclusion was selected. Dental aesthetic index (DAI) diagnosed the malocclusion and selected the groups with greater severity (DAI 3 and 4). Aesthetic concern was assessed using the oral aesthetic subjective impact scale (OASIS) and considered an outcome variable. The global negative self-evaluation (GSE) evaluated self-esteem. The variables were analysed using Poisson multiple regression and the model adjustment determined by the Akaike information criterion (AICC). The effect of each variable on OASIS was expressed as a prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence intervals. The analyses were performed using the R program with a significance level of 5%.

RESULTS

A significant association was observed between aesthetic concern scores and self-esteem (p<.05). Individuals with low self-esteem had OASIS scores 14% higher (PR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.08-1.21). There was no significant association between OASIS and gender and age (p>.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Self-esteem modulates how the individual perceives malocclusion. Adolescents with severe and very malocclusion and low self-esteem have greater aesthetic concerns.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire

The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the psychosocial impact of dental esthetics questionnaire (PIDAQ) to the Portuguese language. The PIDAQ was culturally translated and adapted according to international guidelines. In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 501 subjects in a population-based epidemiological survey conducted at the Egas Moniz Dental Clinic (Almada, Portugal) in June 2022. The participants answered the Portuguese version of the PIDAQ (PIDAQ-PT), which was a 23-item scale with four conceptual domains (self-confidence, social impact, psychological impact and esthetic concern factor). Psychometric properties were estimated using content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and test−retest reliability. The PIDAQ-PT presented an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.84, and a 95% confidence interval (0.73−0.90, p < 0.001), with values for the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the subconstructs ranging from 0.93 to 0.98. In the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the final models presented a good fit, with the comparative fit indices (CFIs) ranging from 0.905 to 0.921 and the root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) ranging between 0.088 and 0.090. The PIDAQ-PT was shown to be a valid and reliable tool to assess oral health values in a Portuguese population. Further studies should evaluate the psychometric properties of the oral personal representation on dental specialties and its impact on dental appointments and procedures.

Impact of severity of malocclusion and self-perceived smile and dental aesthetics on self-esteem among adolescents

BACKGROUND

The psychological impact of malocclusion, social acceptance, self-esteem, and the development of personality traits are considerations that can affect the demand for orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of malocclusion severity and self-perceived smile and dental aesthetics on self-esteem among adolescents in Lagos, Nigeria.

METHODS

This analytical cross-sectional study was performed among 393 adolescents (210 females and 183 males) at a university teaching hospital in Nigeria. The need for orthodontic treatment was assessed using the Dental Aesthetic Index, whereas self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Smile analysis was performed on photographs of posed smiles, whereas photographs of posed smiles and intraoral frontal view with teeth in centric occlusion were rated with the Visual Analog Scale for self-perception of smile and dental aesthetics. A comparison of variables among self-esteem groups was made using the ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests, whereas an association among all variables was examined using the correlation coefficient. Stepwise regression analysis examined the effects of independent variables on self-esteem.

RESULTS

A significant correlation was found between self-esteem and self-perceived smile (r = 0.294; P < 0.001) and dental aesthetics (r = 0.212; P < 0.001). Adolescents with high self-perceived smile (mean ± standard deviation, 7.66 ± 2.20) and dental aesthetics (6.68 ± 2.58) had higher self-esteem than participants with low self-perceived smile (4.75 ± 2.73) and dental aesthetics (4.36 ± 2.29). Self-perceived smile aesthetics had the most predictive impact on self-esteem.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that self-perception of smile and dental aesthetics is a significant factor that influences self-esteem among adolescents.

Parental perception of malocclusion, its severity and aesthetic concerns in children with mixed dentition: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to associate the parents' perception of the need for treatment and the children's aesthetic concern, considering the influence of malocclusion severity levels.

METHODS

A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 770 children aged 8 to 10 years in the mixed dentition stage. A closed question sent to parents assessed the subjective orthodontic treatment need (outcome). Orthodontic Aesthetic Subjective Impact Score (OASIS) evaluated children's aesthetic concerns, and the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) diagnosed the anterior characteristics and malocclusion severity levels. Individual analyses were performed relating the outcome as independent variables. The variables with P<0.20 in the individual analyses were tested in multiple logistic regression models, and those with P<0.10 remained in the model. The adjusted odds ratio was estimated with a 95% confidence interval.

RESULTS

Parents of children with higher aesthetic concerns are 1.82 times more likely to believe that their child needs orthodontic treatment (P<0.05). Parents of children with very severe malocclusion are 1.91 times more likely to perceive their child's need for orthodontic treatment (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Parents of children with greater aesthetic concerns are more likely to perceive the need for orthodontic treatment, and very severe malocclusion also influences parents' perception of the need for orthodontic treatment.

Impact of facial profile on young adults' oral health-related quality-of-life item levels: A hierarchical analysis

Objective:

To assess the impact of facial profile on young adults’ oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) item levels.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was carried out with a population-based sample of 205 young adults, with a mean age of 23.1 years. The individuals answered questions about OHRQoL (OHIP-14) and self-esteem (Global Negative Self-Evaluation). The Dental Health Component (DHC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to evaluate normative orthodontic treatment needs and define dental malocclusion clinically. Facial profile was analyzed using photographs and dichotomized into two levels: normal (straight) and altered facial profile (convex or concave). A calibrated researcher performed the clinical examination. Association between the independent variables and the outcome (OHRQoL) was established by hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis for each item level. Considering the variable of interest (facial profile), the psychological incapacity domain was the most affected item.

Results:

Individuals with changed facial profile had 2.47 (1.04-5.85) times higher chances of reporting impacts on psychological incapacity than those with a normal profile (p> 0.05). The association was modulated by dental malocclusion and self-esteem.

Conclusions:

The convex and concave facial profile showed a negative impact on the psychological aspects of young adults’ quality of life.

Orthodontic treatment need and perception: A comparative study between different socio-economic groups of patients

Objectives:

The aim of the present study was to compare parents’ perceptions of their children’s malocclusion and clinician-measured normative orthodontic treatment need with the socioeconomic status of the parents as a means of assessing whether demand for treatment is uniform across socioeconomic groups.

Materials and Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, 212 (125 girls and 87 boys) subjects between the ages of 8 and 25 years (mean age 17.03 ± 3.9) were assessed. The parents were asked to score the dental attractiveness of their children and their socioeconomic status (SES) based on the aesthetic component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and the modified Kuppuswamy scale (2018), respectively. The subjects recorded their self-perception using the OASIS scale. These scores were then compared within themselves and with those of the clinician who also scored the Dental Health Component (DHC) and AC of the IOTN. The AC grade of the IOTN and parents’ SES was tested with the Chi-square test. The association between the AC scores of the IOTN, DHC, and the characteristics of the subjects was tested with Spearman’s correlation coefficient (rho).

Results:

Treatment uptake was uniform throughout the different socioeconomic groups. Association between the SES group and DHC group and clinician-measured AC were statistically not significant (P = 0.3958), (P = 0.3447). Parents, in this study population, irrespective of their socioeconomic status rated their children’s orthodontic treatment need less severely than the clinician (P = 0.0001). Severity of malocclusion as measured by DHC was much higher in male subjects than in females (P = 0.0348).

Conclusion:

Socioeconomic status of the parents did not seem to affect their perception of dental appearance. Self-perception of appearance and perceived treatment need was uniform throughout the different socioeconomic groups.

Impact of malocclusion severity on the quality of life of non-white adolescents

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of malocclusion severity on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of non-white adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 585 non-white Brazilian adolescents (12-15 years). The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) was used for the clinical assessment of malocclusion and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) on OHRQoL. Deep bite and transverse occlusal relationships were assessed in association with the DAI. The adolescents with DAI 3 and 4 were distributed into 4 groups: G1 - individuals without transverse occlusal relationships or deep bite; G2 - individuals with only posterior crossbite; G3 - individuals with only deep bite; and G4 - individuals with Brodie bite. The backward stepwise procedure was used to select variables on each level, eliminating variables with a p≤0.20. From the logistic regression analyses, the adjusted odds ratios were estimated with the respective 95% confidence intervals. The adolescents with severe malocclusion divided into the G2, G3 and G4 showed p-value of 0.0501, 0.1475, and 0.5407, respectively, but did not remain in the final model. Malocclusion severity had no impact on the OHRQoL of non-white adolescents.

Validation of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire in the Australian population

INTRODUCTION

The Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) is an instrument to assess the subjective perception need for orthodontic treatment. The study aimed to determine the psychometric validity and reliability of PIDAQ in Australian adults.

METHODS

Data were collected from the National Dental Telephone Interview Survey in 2013. The PIDAQ was used, comprising 4 conceptual domains: self-confidence, social impact, psychological impact, and esthetic concern. Psychometric sensitivity was estimated for each item. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to determine factorial validity in which the ratio of chi-square by degrees of freedom, comparative fit, and root mean square error of approximation were used as indexes of the goodness of fit. Convergent validity was estimated from the average variance extracted and composite reliability, whereas internal consistency was estimated by Cronbach standardized alpha.

RESULTS

The dataset comprised 2936 Australian adults aged ≥18 years and separated randomly into 2 subdata sets. The kurtosis and skewness values indicate an approximation to a normal distribution for each item, with acceptable thresholds for the goodness of fit and convergent validity (average variance extracted ≥0.50 and composite reliability ≥0.70), and discriminant validity was also demonstrated. Internal consistency was adequate in the 4 conceptual domains for PIDAQ for both subdata sets, with Cronbach standardized alpha being ≥0.70.

CONCLUSIONS

The psychometric sensitivity, validity, and reliability of the PIDAQ instrument in a sample of the Australian adult population were found to be adequate. Both subdata sets drawn from the sample demonstrated acceptable goodness of fit and internal consistency.

Smile Attractiveness Evaluation of Patients Selected for a U.S.-Based Board Certification Examination

Objectives The aims of this study were to assess smile attractiveness of a collection of 68 smiling photographs of successfully treated cases submitted to the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) clinical examination and identify variables that influence the assessment.

Materials and Methods A panel of 81 non-Caucasian assessors from various clinical disciplines were instructed to score the smile attractiveness on a visual analog scale from 1 (least attractive) to 10 (most attractive) and to select which components contributed to a lesser attractive smile. The mean, standard deviations (SDs), and quartiles of the smile attractiveness were obtained with descriptive statistics. Multilinear regression analysis was performed to investigate the scores of the perceived quality of smile attractiveness when the clinical disciplines and gender of the assessors were the factors taken into consideration. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to establish the relationship between smile attractiveness and the achievement of a perfect smile.

Results The mean (SD) rating of each clinical photograph of the anterior occlusion on smiling ranged from 3.11 (1.47) as the least attractive smile to 7.59 (1.45) as the most attractive smile. The overall mean (SD) score for smile attractiveness was 5.30 (1.10). Problems associated with teeth, gingiva, and lips corresponded with a reduction of the smile attractiveness score by 1.56, 1.82, and 1.47, respectively. Gender was not associated with smile attractiveness ratings. Orthodontists, periodontists, and prosthodontists demonstrated no difference in the ratings, while plastic surgeons were more critical than orthodontists regarding smile attractiveness.

Conclusions This study suggested that only 2 out of 68 AOB validated treatment finishes had a perfect and attractive smile.

The effect of N-acetylcysteine on the antibacterial capability and biocompatibility of nano silver-containing orthodontic cement

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether the incorporation of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) improves the antibacterial ability and biocompatibility of nano silver (NAg)-containing orthodontic cement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

NAg was synthesized using a sodium citrate reduction method. NAg particles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra. NAg and NAC were incorporated into a resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Enamel shear bond strength (SBS), antibacterial capability, and cytotoxicity were evaluated.

RESULTS

Incorporating 0.15% NAg and 20% NAC had no adverse effect on the SBS of orthodontic cement (P > .1). Adding NAC into NAg-containing cement greatly reduced the biofilm metabolic activity and lactic acid production (P < .05) and lowered the colony unit-forming counts by approximately 1 log (P < .05). The cell viability against NAg-containing cement was improved by NAC (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

The incorporation of NAC into NAg-containing cement achieved stronger antibacterial capability and better biocompatibility, without compromising the enamel SBS. The combined use of NAC and NAg is promising to combat caries in orthodontic practice.

Is the adolescent's esthetic concern associated with anterior occlusal conditions or the malocclusion severity level?

OBJECTIVES

To assess the esthetic impact of anterior occlusal conditions and malocclusion severity levels.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A population-based cross-sectional study of 700 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years was conducted. The Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Scale (OASIS) was used to evaluate the subjective esthetic impact of malocclusion. The Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) criteria were used to diagnose the anterior occlusal characteristics in isolation and the severity levels of malocclusion. The variables with P < .20 in the individual analyses were tested in multiple logistic regression models, and those with P < .10 remained in the model. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was estimated with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

Of the adolescents, 42% showed negative self-perception of malocclusion. In addition, 15.4% of adolescents had severe malocclusion (DAI 3) and 18.9% very severe malocclusion (DAI 4). Crowding and spacing were shown to be 2.90 (CI: 2.06-4.09) and 2.53 (CI: 1.65-3.86) times, respectively, more likely to cause a negative esthetic impact in adolescents (P < .05). In addition, adolescents with orthodontic treatment need (DAI 2, 3, and 4) were more likely to report a negative esthetic impact (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Anterior crowding and spacing are the conditions that most influence the esthetic concern of adolescents. Adolescents with very severe malocclusion and higher orthodontic treatment need are more likely to report a negative esthetic impact.

Quantitating the art and science of esthetic clinical success

BACKGROUND

Beginning with the biobehavioral bases of esthetic experiences, this article presents a quantitative analytic review of the motives and methods of providers and consumers of orthodontic treatment.

METHOD

A primary focus is determining the anthropometric bases of self and others' perceived preference and satisfaction with changes in facial appearance. These quantitative analyses have been based on determining the frequency and magnitude of reliability and validity measures of diagnosis, treatment, and satisfaction outcome. Socioeconomic considerations are also quantitated regarding the discrepancy between objective need for treatment as determined for example by the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and the subjective demand for treatment.

RESULTS

The major contribution of this article is the quantitation of the components of esthetic experience from sensation of perception using psycho physical methods, such as Perceptometrics, for determining the morphological basis of perceived facial attractiveness adjusted for ethnocultural differences updated by 3-dimensional and artificial intelligence technology. Recent quantitation of smile components has also added to the measures of esthetically successful treatment. Further contribution of orthodontists to mental and physical health is demonstrated by the differences between perceived personality attributes in profile and full-frontal views of symmetric and asymmetric faces. Such information can facilitate the clinician's ability to determine the ideational representation of the patients' perceived pre- and post-treatment outcome.

CONCLUSION

The quantitative analysis of the motives and methods involved in the orthodontic treatment process has been combined with the neurophysiological correlates of producing and observing/evaluation of the esthetic experiences of both patients and orthodontists/dentists.

The relationship between malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life among adolescents: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Malocclusion is a deviation from an anatomical norm that occurs in various populations. Evidence shows that it has physical and psychological implications as well as an influence on the patient's oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Self-perception of oral health plays an important role in the understanding of malocclusion's influence on the quality of life. Malocclusion has been reported to impair a patient's function, appearance, interpersonal relationships and psychological well-being.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to investigate whether adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years with malocclusion are at increased risk for having a high level of OHRQoL compared with those without malocclusion.

SEARCH METHODS

The Ovid Medline, Embase and Scopus databases were used to identify studies measuring the association between malocclusion and HRQoL.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Only cross-sectional studies were included, and the following inclusion criteria were used: subjects were systemically healthy; data were available for untreated malocclusion and OHRQoL; malocclusion was measured by Dental Aesthetic Index and Index of Orthodontic Treatment Needs; OHRQoL was assessed by Child Perception Questionnaire, Child Oral Health Impact Profile and Child Oral Health Impact Profile; and the paper was published in English.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. The Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) was used to establish the risk of bias, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) evidence quality assessment tool was used to assess the impact of malocclusion on adolescents across studies.

RESULTS

The initial search yielded 530 papers. Eleven cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analyses, and all data describing the relationship between malocclusion and OHRQoL were gathered via a structured questionnaire. Our results showed that malocclusion is linked to decreased OHRQoL in children and adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years in continuously analysed studies. However, in dichotomously analysed studies, it was shown that young people without malocclusion are linked to decreased OHRQoL.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescents with severe levels of malocclusion might have among the worst levels of OHRQoL. The effects of malocclusion on OHRQoL were influenced by the age of the adolescents as well as by their culture and environment.

REGISTRATION

PROSPERO (CRD42020178657).

Orthodontic retreatment: positive effects on the patient’s self-esteem and quality of life

Introduction:

An increasing percentage of the world’s population has had access to orthodontic treatment within the last few decades. Consequently, a larger number of patients seeking for correction of their malocclusions, nowadays, present with a history of previous orthodontic therapy. Orthodontists performing retreatments in their practice may have to face additional difficulties, and one of them is treating individuals that may be even more demanding for excellent results and efficient treatments.

Objectives:

This manuscript discusses the challenges faced when performing orthodontic retreatments. It illustrates a two-phase retreatment of a pre-adolescent and the ortho-surgical retreatment of a young adult with high demands for fast and exceptional results. Finally, this paper elaborates on the positive impacts that these retreatments had on the patients’ self-esteem and quality of life.

Translation and validation of the Arabic version of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ)

OBJECTIVES:

To develop and test the validity and reliability of an Arabic version of the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics questionnaire (PIDAQ).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The original English version was translated into Arabic, back-translated, pre-tested, and cross-culturally adapted before being administered to 205 individuals aged between 18–30 years from Medina, Saudi Arabia. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to test internal consistency, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess test–retest reliability. Construct validity was assessed using factor analysis, and convergent validity was tested by comparing PIDAQ scores to the aesthetic components of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN-AC), while discriminant validity was assessed by comparing PIDAQ scores to participants' self-evaluation of orthodontic treatment need. Gender and age differences in the PIDAQ score were assessed.

RESULTS:

Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.940, corrected item-total correlation coefficients were between 0.509 and 0.719, and the ICC was 0.937. Principal component factor analysis extracted three domains, and factor loading ranged from 0.563 to 0.843. Total PIDAQ score and subscale scores had significant correlations with the DAI and IOTN-AC. The questionnaire discriminated well between participants who had a perceived need for orthodontic treatment and those with no perceived need. There were no significant age or gender differences in participants' PIDAQ scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

The Arabic version of the PIDAQ had excellent psychometric properties with sufficient reliability and validity to be used for the assessment of the orthodontic-related quality of life in young Arab adults.

Esthetic impact of malocclusions in the anterior segment on children in the mixed dentition

INTRODUCTION

To assess the esthetic subjective effect of malocclusions in the anterior segment on children in the mixed dentition.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was carried out with a population-based sample of 787 children aged 8-10 years in the late mixed dentition (n = 787). Orthodontic Aesthetic Subjective Impact Score determined the esthetic subjective effect. For assessing the malocclusions in the anterior segment (anterior crowding, anterior spacing, diastema, anterior open bite, and anterior maxillary overjet), the following Dental Aesthetic Index criteria were used. Sex, family income, and education level were used as control variables. The variables were analyzed using a simple logistic regression model, estimating crude odds ratios. The variables with P <0.20 in the simple analyses were tested in multiple regression models, estimating adjusted odds ratios with the respective 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

Increased overjet was 1.54 (95% CI: 1.08-2.17) times more likely to cause greater esthetic concern (P <0.05), especially in girls (P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Increased overjet negatively affected children's esthetic self-perception in the mixed dentition.

DOES DENTAL TRAUMA IN EARLY CHILDHOOD HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO AFFECT THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF CHILDREN AND FAMILIES?

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the influence of dental trauma on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children and their families.

METHODS

A total of 571 children aged five years were randomly selected at public schools. Trauma was clinically evaluated in accordance with the Andreasen classification. Caries experience in the anterior region and increased overjet were determined according to the World Health Organization criteria. The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was answered by the parents and used to evaluate OHRQoL. In addition, this questionnaire has aspects related to socioeconomic status. Simple logistic regression was performed, and the raw Odds Ratios with the respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. The variables with p<0.20 were tested in multiple logistic regression models, and those with p≤0.05 remained in the model and the adjusted odds ratio with respective 95%CI was estimated.

RESULTS

Income showed a magnitude of association of 1.56 and 2.70 with the OHRQoL of children and families, respectively. The avulsion variable showed 9.65- and 8.25-times greater chance of influencing the OHRQoL of children and families, respectively. The experience of caries showed 3.80- and 2.42-times greater chance of influencing the OHRQoL of children and families, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Dental trauma did not influence OHRQoL of children and their families negatively. However, avulsion and caries experience in low-income families was associated with a negative perception of OHRQoL.

How is orthodontic treatment need associated with perceived esthetic impact of malocclusion in adolescents?

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the esthetic impact of orthodontic treatment need in adolescents.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was performed with 1172 adolescents aged 12 (n = 638) years and 15 (n = 534) years from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The esthetic impact was the following outcome variables: Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and the Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Scale. The normative orthodontic treatment need was assessed by the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN-DHC) and by the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Logistic regression models were adjusted, estimating crude odds ratio with the respective 95% confidence intervals. The variables with P ≤0.20 in the individual analyses were tested in multiple logistic regression models, remaining the variables with P ≤0.05.

RESULTS

The results showed a statistically significant association for the esthetic impact (Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and the Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Scale) when assessing the normative orthodontic treatment need by the DAI (P <0.05). However, there was no significant association between subjective esthetic impact and normative needs when using the IOTN-DHC (P >0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

DAI was more associated with the adolescents' esthetic concern than IOTN-DHC and should be the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need to be selected to complement the patient's self-perception.

Do malocclusion and orthodontic treatment impact oral health? A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Currently, there is limited evidence on the effects of malocclusion on oral health and whether the correction of malocclusion results in an improvement in oral health. In this review, we examined the evidence from randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies to provide information on any association between malocclusion and oral health and the effects of orthodontic treatment.

METHODS

We conducted this review in 2 parts: (1) we looked at the impact of malocclusion on oral health, and (2) we reviewed the evidence on the effect of orthodontic treatment on oral health. We searched for randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. The searches were completed for articles published between January 1, 1990 and October 8, 2018 and covered Medline via Ovid, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. References of included articles and previous systematic reviews were hand-searched. No language restrictions were applied. Two members of the study team assessed the quality of the studies using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies to appraise the quality of studies in part 1. The assessment was performed at the study level. Two authors assessed each study independently, with a third author consulted when a disagreement occurred. For studies in part 2, we used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale to assess the risk of bias. When studies were included in a Cochrane review, we incorporated the risk of bias assessment. We developed data extraction forms for each area of oral health under investigation (trauma, quality of life, caries, and periodontal disease). Each author piloted the form, and we held discussions to inform any necessary refinements. We extracted data from studies into 2 × 2 tables, which provided a binary analysis of malocclusion vs the outcome of interest. If these data were not available from the published paper, then studies were not included in the meta-analysis. The authors were contacted when possible to request data in this format.

RESULTS

For part 1 of the study, we identified 87 studies. The overall quality was low. We could not include any of the data into an analysis because of a large variation in the nature of the studies, data collected, and outcome measures that were selected. For part 2 of the study, we found 7 studies; however, there were similar deficiencies in the data as in part 1, and thus, we could not reach any strong conclusions.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, there is an absence of published evidence regarding the effects of malocclusion on oral health and the impact of orthodontic treatment on oral health.

Influence of social capital on self-perception related to orthodontic treatment need

Aim: To evaluate the influence of social capital on self-perception related to orthodontic treatment need. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 578 11-16 years-old adolescents from a city in southern Brazil. Social capital was evaluated using the Social Capital Questionnaire for Adolescent Students (SCQ-AS). Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) assessed malocclusion and self-perception related to orthodontic treatment need. Sociodemographic aspects of adolescents were also evaluated. Individual analyses were performed, relating the study variables to the outcome, estimating the odds ratio with the respective confidence intervals of 95%. The variables with p<0.20 in the individual analyses were tested in the multiple logistic regression models, and those with p<0.10 remained in the model. Results: Social capital did not influence the self-perception related to orthodontic treatment need. Adolescents with high orthodontic needs were 5.35 (CI 95%: 2.68 to 10.65) times more likely to perceived orthodontic treatment need (p <0.05). Crowding and dental absence were associated with self-perception related to orthodontic treatment need (p <0.05). Conclusions: Social capital did not influence the self-perception related to orthodontic treatment need.

Can the chlorhexidine gluconate solution potentiate the staining of polycrystalline ceramic brackets?

Aim: The present study aimed to assess, in vitro, the effect of chlorhexidine on the potentiation of polycrystalline ceramic bracket staining. Methods: Seventy-two polycrystalline ceramic brackets of upper right central incisors were divided into six groups (n=12) according to immersion solution. The groups were G1 - distilled water (control); G2 - chlorhexidine; G3 - coffee; G4 - red wine; G5 - chlorhexidine associated with coffee; and G6 - chlorhexidine associated with red wine. The samples were analyzed by means of a spectrophotometer according to the CIEL*a*b* system, and color change (ΔE*) was calculated. The readings were performed at the following times: T0 - After package removal and T1 - After staining. The data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis and t tests (p<0.05) at 5% significance level. Results: The total color variation (ΔE*) was greater in the group that received chlorhexidine associated with red wine (p<0.05) and lower in the groups that received distilled water. All other groups showed greater value variations when compared to G1 and G2. Group G6 showed a greater color change due to the potentiation of chlorhexidine with the dye substance. Conclusion: It is concluded that chlorhexidine potentiates the staining caused by red wine in polycrystalline ceramic brackets.

Distinguishing between global and dental self-esteem in evaluating malocclusions

Objective: When dealing with the impact of malocclusion on self-esteem, the terms global and dental self-esteem are sometimes used. Although these terms are related to one another, they do not depict the same concept. The aims of this paper were to explore if the two forms of self-esteem are distinguishable, to find out if they represent different factors, and to investigate how they are related to malocclusion. Materials and methods: A sample consisting of 150 adolescents, aged 13 years, completed self-assessed measures of Dental and Global Self-Esteem. Orthodontic treatment need for each individual was assessed by the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN-DHC). Data were analysed by factor analyses and a 5 (IOTN-DHC grades) by 2 (global vs. dental self-esteem) ANOVA, with the IOTN-DHC grades as the independent and self-esteem (repeated measure) as the dependent variables. Results: The factor analyses showed that the two forms of self-esteem, based on the measures, are distinguishable. More importantly, the results of the ANOVA revealed that Dental and Global Self-Esteem are differentially related to IOTN-DHC. Specifically, Dental Self-Esteem varied across IOTN-DHC scale while Global Self-Esteem did not. There was no effect of gender. Conclusions: Dental self-esteem is related to malocclusion while global self-esteem is not. These findings have implications in areas where the predictive power of dental self-esteem needs to be considered.

Reported changes in oral health-related quality of life in children and adolescents before, during, and after orthodontic treatment: a longitudinal study

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the changes in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) before, during, and after orthodontic treatment, determine the relationship with the original treatment need and evaluate the influence of self-esteem (SE).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

OHRQoL questionnaires were used in an ongoing observational prospective cohort study at baseline (T0), 1 year after start (T1), and 1 month after the end of active orthodontic treatment (T2). Participants were 11-16-year-old at baseline and 215 complete cases were obtained from a total of 498. OHRQoL was scored by using the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ11-14), SE was assessed by the Dutch adaptation of the Harter's Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents and treatment need was defined by the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The Oral Aesthetic Subjective Impact Scale (OASIS) was included to score perceived treatment need. Data were analyzed with Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U-test and linear models for longitudinal data.

RESULTS

A significant decrease in IOTN and in OASIS was noted from T0-T1-T2 (P < 0.0001). CPQ results show a decrease from T0 to T2, from T1 to T2 and an increase from T0 to T1 (P < 0.0001). This was valid for the overall CPQ scores and its subdomains except for emotional well-being (EW), which decreases from T0-T1-T2. A correlation was found between baseline SE and the change of total CPQ scores between T0 and T2, also for EW (r = 0.325 and r = 0.354).

CONCLUSIONS

OHRQoL ameliorates after orthodontic treatment. High baseline SE works as a protective factor for OHRQoL.

Golden proportion evaluation in maxillary anterior teeth amongst Saudi population in Riyadh

Introduction

In achieving pleasing dental aesthetics, the maxillary anterior teeth are essential. Numerous methods are used to measure their dimensions, including the golden proportion between their perceived widths and the width-to-height ratios, referred to as the golden proportion and is considered as a gold standard for esthetic evaluation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the existence of the golden proportion between the width of the maxillary anterior teeth of Saudi males and females.

Methods

This clinical observational study included a total of 61 participants that met the inclusion criteria having 36 females and 25 males, all Saudi nationals, presented to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), College of dentistry, clinics. Dental casts of the maxillary arches for each participant were made after taking digital impressions in addition to taking photographs. The dimensions and the perceived width of the anterior teeth viewed from the front were measured using a digital caliper. SPSS was used to analyze the data.

Results

There were significant differences between the subject’s width-to-height ratios and the golden proportion of 0.80 where (p-value < 0.05). Thus, indicating that no golden ratio was observed except in case of tooth number 12 in male subjects where mean value was (0.83) with a standard deviation of (0.09) and the p-value of (p = 0.144) > 0.05.

Conclusions

From the perceived widths of maxillary anterior teeth, the golden proportion was not found to exist. No gold standard was detected for the width-to-height proportions of maxillary incisors. Therefore, in addition to anterior teeth measurements, specific population characteristics and perception of an agreeable smile should be considered for evaluating esthetics.

Difference and Commonness Among CLP, NON-CLP Patients and Their Parents Seeking for Orthodontic Treatment: A Questionnaire Applying Q Methodology to Investigate Motives

PURPOSE

Based on Q methodology, this study investigated the motivation of orthodontic treatment for patients and their parents. Through investigation, this paper attempts to explore the motivational factors of CLP and NON-CLP children and their parents, which are different or general.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Q methodology involves 4 phases. (1) Interviews of CLP (N=5), NON-CLP (N=5) patients generated 30 statements (Q-set 1) and CLP (N=5), NON-CLP (N=5) patients' parents produced 36 statements (Q-set 2) about different reasons to pursue orthodontic care. (2) P-set: recruitment participants. The sample comprised 40 CLP patients (G1) and 40 NON-CLP patients (G2) aged 9-16 years, 40 CLP patients' parents (G3) and 40 NON-CLP patients' parents (G4) wanting their children to have orthodontic treatment. (3) Q-sort: 4 groups ranked statements in order of comparative significance using enforced distribution grids (G1, G2 ranked Q-set 1; G3, G4 ranked Q-set 2). (4) Analysis: using the PQMehtod 2.35 vision to analyze data.

RESULTS

Three factors in each group were identified as representing the most widespread views of the majority of the participants, described as G1: (1) aesthetics, (2) preparation for other oral treatments, (3) timely. G2: (1) admiration of others, aesthetics, (2) oral function, (3) oral hygiene and improvement of smile. G3: (1) worrying about the future of children, parents' responsibilities, children's feelings; (2) mental health, timely; (3) parents' responsibilities, ready for treatment. G4: (1) aesthetics, children's will; (2) future problems, timely; (3) timely, parents' responsibility and no need to worry about physical problems.

CONCLUSION

CLP and NON-CLP patients and parents have different orthodontic treatment motives, yet, they still shared 3 global motivation themes, respectively. Consideration of these motives may help clinicians develop their treatment discussions with patients and parents, which could consequently improve their cooperation and may achieve a more satisfactory outcome.

Association between normative and perceived esthetic results after treatment of mandibular retrognathism

Abstract Introduction This cross-sectional study aimed to associate the normative cephalometric results of mandibular retrognathism treatment with patient perception on the esthetic improvement of facial profile. Objective this cross-sectional study aimed to associate the normative cephalometric results of mandibular retrognathism treatment with patient perception on the esthetic improvement of facial profile. Material and method The normative cephalometric results were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiographs of a sample of 24 Class II malocclusion patients in the pubertal growth spurt. Such patients were treated with a mandibular advancement device and evaluated by comparing pre- and post-treatment variables. The same radiographs were used to produce standardized black silhouettes that were randomly arranged. Patients were instructed to choose their preferred profile and indicate the changes perceived using a 7-point Likert scale. The data were compared with cephalometric results using a mixed-model methodology for time-repeated measures, Student’s t-test, and t-test for heterogeneous variances, at 5% significance level. Result A rate of 75% of patients preferred post-treatment silhouettes and changes were perceived regardless of the choice of either pre- or post-treatment profile. There was no significant difference between the cephalometric variables of the tracings that produced the silhouettes considered better or worse after the evaluation. Conclusion There was no association between the cephalometric results after treatment and the perception of esthetic improvement by patients treated for mandibular retrognathia.

Probiotic consumption decreases the number of osteoclasts during orthodontic movement in mice

AIMS

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of probiotic (Bacillus Subtilis) supplementation on bone remodelling induced by mechanical loading.

METHODS

C57BL/6 mice were divided in two groups: (1) Probiotic and (2) Vehicle (water). The probiotic (1.5×10⁸CFU/mL) was administered orally for 14 days, starting two days before the induction of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). OTM was determined by histomorphometric analysis by comparing the right to the left side of the maxilla. The number of osteoclasts was determined by counting TRAP-positive cells. Osteoblasts were counted on Masson's trichrome-stained slides.

RESULTS

OTM was similar between groups (with and without probiotic supplementation) (p=0.46). The number of TRAP-positive cells increased (p<0.01) on the experimental side (where the spring coil was installed) in comparison to the control side in both groups. However, the number of osteoclasts decreased (p˂0.01) in the probiotic group, in comparison to the vehicle group. There was an increase in the number of osteoblasts (p˂0.05) in both the Vehicle and Probiotic groups on the side under OTM, independent of probiotic supplementation.

CONCLUSION

Oral Supplementation with a probiotic influenced the number of osteoclasts adjacent to the tooth root during orthodontic movement in mice.