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Stoustrup P, Herlin T, Spiegel L, Rahimi H, Koos B, Pedersen TK, Twilt M. Standardizing the Clinical Orofacial Examination in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: An Interdisciplinary, Consensus-based, Short Screening Protocol. J Rheumatol 2019; 47:1397-1404. [PMID: 31787607 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.190661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a consensus-based, standardized, short (< 3 min) clinical examination protocol to assess the multidimensional, orofacial manifestations of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS The study was conducted by a multidisciplinary task force from the Temporomandibular Joint Juvenile Arthritis Working Group (TMJaw). The study used an acknowledged sequential approach involving (1) a global multidisciplinary online questionnaire study, (2) a systematic literature review and consensus meetings to identify items for inclusion, (3) pilot testing of included items, (4) test of reliability in 22 subjects with JIA by 4 examiners, (5) test of construct validity in a case-control study involving 167 subjects, and (6) establishment of final recommendations. RESULTS Six items were recommended for the final examination protocol: (1) clinician-assessed pain location, (2) temporomandibular (TMJ) joint pain on palpation (open and closed mouth), (3) mandibular deviation at maximal mouth opening (≥ 3 mm), (4) maximal unassisted mouth opening capacity, (5) frontal facial symmetry, and (6) facial profile. All recommended items showed acceptable reliability and construct validity. The average mean examination time was 2 min and 42 s (SD ± 38.5 s). CONCLUSION A consensus-based, short clinical examination protocol was developed. The protocol takes less than 3 min to complete and provides information about orofacial symptoms, TMJ dysfunction, and dentofacial deformity. The standardized examination protocol is applicable to routine clinical care, as well as future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stoustrup
- From the Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Associate Professor of Orthodontics, Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University; T. Herlin, Professor, MD, DMSci, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; H. Rahimi, MD, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; B. Koos, DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen; T.K. Pedersen, PhD, Consultant Orthodontist, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, MSCE, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital.
| | - Troels Herlin
- From the Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Associate Professor of Orthodontics, Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University; T. Herlin, Professor, MD, DMSci, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; H. Rahimi, MD, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; B. Koos, DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen; T.K. Pedersen, PhD, Consultant Orthodontist, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, MSCE, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital
| | - Lynn Spiegel
- From the Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Associate Professor of Orthodontics, Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University; T. Herlin, Professor, MD, DMSci, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; H. Rahimi, MD, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; B. Koos, DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen; T.K. Pedersen, PhD, Consultant Orthodontist, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, MSCE, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital
| | - Hanna Rahimi
- From the Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Associate Professor of Orthodontics, Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University; T. Herlin, Professor, MD, DMSci, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; H. Rahimi, MD, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; B. Koos, DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen; T.K. Pedersen, PhD, Consultant Orthodontist, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, MSCE, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital
| | - Bernd Koos
- From the Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Associate Professor of Orthodontics, Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University; T. Herlin, Professor, MD, DMSci, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; H. Rahimi, MD, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; B. Koos, DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen; T.K. Pedersen, PhD, Consultant Orthodontist, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, MSCE, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital
| | - Thomas Klit Pedersen
- From the Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus; Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,P. Stoustrup, DDS, PhD, Associate Professor of Orthodontics, Section of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University; T. Herlin, Professor, MD, DMSci, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; L. Spiegel, MD, FRCPC, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto; H. Rahimi, MD, Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic, Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital; B. Koos, DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Tübingen; T.K. Pedersen, PhD, Consultant Orthodontist, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Section of Orthodontics, Aarhus University; M. Twilt, MD, MSCE, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital
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