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Xu X, Wang J, Xia Y, Yin Y, Zhu T, Chen F, Hai C. Autophagy, a double-edged sword for oral tissue regeneration. J Adv Res 2024; 59:141-159. [PMID: 37356803 PMCID: PMC11081970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral health is of fundamental importance to maintain systemic health in humans. Stem cell-based oral tissue regeneration is a promising strategy to achieve the recovery of impaired oral tissue. As a highly conserved process of lysosomal degradation, autophagy induction regulates stem cell function physiologically and pathologically. Autophagy activation can serve as a cytoprotective mechanism in stressful environments, while insufficient or over-activation may also lead to cell function dysregulation and cell death. AIM OF REVIEW This review focuses on the effects of autophagy on stem cell function and oral tissue regeneration, with particular emphasis on diverse roles of autophagy in different oral tissues, including periodontal tissue, bone tissue, dentin pulp tissue, oral mucosa, salivary gland, maxillofacial muscle, temporomandibular joint, etc. Additionally, this review introduces the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy during the regeneration of different parts of oral tissue, and how autophagy can be regulated by small molecule drugs, biomaterials, exosomes/RNAs or other specific treatments. Finally, this review discusses new perspectives for autophagy manipulation and oral tissue regeneration. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Overall, this review emphasizes the contribution of autophagy to oral tissue regeneration and highlights the possible approaches for regulating autophagy to promote the regeneration of human oral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yunlong Xia
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Tianxiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China; Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Faming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Chunxu Hai
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, PR China.
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2
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Liu Y, Zhong Y, Zheng B, Liu Y. Extracellular vesicles derived from M1 macrophages enhance rat midpalatal suture expansion by promoting initial bone turnover and inflammation. Prog Orthod 2023; 24:34. [PMID: 37661233 PMCID: PMC10475451 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-023-00477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Midpalatal suture (MPS) expansion can be affected by many factors, and researchers have attempted to regulate the initial inflammatory stage of expansion to optimize clinical outcomes and their underlying mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects and mechanisms of M1 macrophage small extracellular vesicles during rat MPS expansion. MATERIALS AND METHODS RAW264.7 cells were induced to M1 or M2 polarization and, small extracellular vesicles were isolated from the polarized macrophages. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (6-7 weeks) were administered 70 ± 5 g expansion force devices for 7 days. Rats with expanders without force served as controls. M1/M2 small extracellular vesicles were injected into the MPS region (50 µg/day) in the M1 and M2 small extracellular vesicle-assisted groups, while 0.9% saline was injected into the expansion-only group. Suture width, bone mass, and morphological changes in the region of interest (ROI) were examined. RESULTS The M1 small extracellular vesicle-assisted group showed a significantly increased MPS suture width in vivo (P < 0.001), and less bone mass was observed in the ROI (P < 0.05). Histological examination showed that the M1 small extracellular vesicle-assisted group exhibited a wider palatal area and obvious fibrous tissue rearrangement. The expression of RANKL and the number of osteoclasts were increased (P < 0.01) in the bony edges, and the p65 protein expression was significantly higher (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS M1 macrophage-derived small extracellular vesicles have a positive effect in MPS expansion and increase p65 protein content and RANKL expression, thus promoting bone turnover. This study may contribute to the clinical application of small extracellular vesicles in the expansion of the palatal suture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110002, China.
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Xie Q, Peilun L, Zhitao Z, Guo B, Ke S, Xinxin L, Hu TT, Heng Y, Duohong Z, Chi Y. Fabrication of three-dimensional orthodontic force detecting brackets and preliminary clinical test for tooth movement simulation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19852. [PMID: 37809553 PMCID: PMC10559236 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop an ultraminiature pressure sensor array to measure the force exerted on teeth. Orthodontic force plays an important role in effective, rapid, and safe tooth movement. However, owing to the lack of an adequate tool to measure the orthodontic force in vivo, it remains challenging to determine the best orthodontic loading in clinical and basic research. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) orthodontic force detection system based on piezoresistive absolute pressure sensors was designed. The 3D force sensing array was constructed using five pressure sensors on a single chip. The size of the sensor array was only 4.1 × 2.6 mm, which can be placed within the bracket base area. Based on the barometric calibration, conversion formulas for the output voltage and pressure of the five channels were constructed. Subsequently, a 3D linear mechanical simulation model of the voltage and stress distribution was established using 312 tests of the applied force in 13 operating modes. Finally, the output voltage was first converted to pressure and then to the resultant force. The 3D force-detection chip was then tested to verify the accuracy of force measurement on the teeth. Based on the test results, the average output force error was only 0.0025 N (0.7169%) (p = 0.958), and the average spatial positioning error was only 0.058 mm (p = 0.872) on the X-axis and 0.050 mm (p = 0.837) on the Y-axis. The simulation results were highly consistent with the actual force applied (intraclass correlation efficient (ICC): 0.997-1.000; p < 0.001). Furthermore, through in vivo measurements and a finite element analysis, the movement trends generated when the measured orthodontic forces that acted on the teeth were simulated. The results revealed that the device can accurately measure the orthodontic force, representing the first clinical test of an orthodontic-force monitoring system. Our study provides a hardware basis for clinical research on efficient, safe, and optimal orthodontic forces, and has considerable potential for application in monitoring the biomechanics of tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyang Xie
- Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd., Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Li Peilun
- Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd., Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhou Zhitao
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 865, Changning Rd., Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Bai Guo
- Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd., Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Sun Ke
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 865, Changning Rd., Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Li Xinxin
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 865, Changning Rd., Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Tao Tiger Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 865, Changning Rd., Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yang Heng
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology (SIMIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 865, Changning Rd., Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zou Duohong
- Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd., Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yang Chi
- Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology and Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, No. 639, Zhizaoju Rd., Shanghai, 200011, China
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Strontium Ranelate Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis through NF-κB-Pathway-Dependent Autophagy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030365. [PMID: 36978756 PMCID: PMC10045081 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Strontium ranelate (SR) is a pharmaceutical agent used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and fragility fracture. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of SR on alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement and its underlying mechanism. Here, we investigated the influence of SR on orthodontic tooth movement and tooth resorption in Sprague–Dawley rats and the relationship between the nuclear factor–kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, autophagy, and osteoclastogenesis after the administration of SR in vitro and in vivo. In this study, it was found that SR reduced the expression of autophagy-related proteins at the pressure side of the first molars during orthodontic tooth movement. Similarly, the expression of these autophagy-related proteins and the size and number of autophagosomes were downregulated by SR in vitro. The results also showed that SR reduced the number of osteoclasts and suppressed orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption in rats, which could be partially restored using rapamycin, an autophagy inducer. Autophagy was attenuated after pre-osteoclasts were treated with Bay 11-7082, an NF-κB pathway inhibitor, while SR reduced the expression of the proteins central to the NF-κB pathway. Collectively, this study revealed that SR might suppress osteoclastogenesis through NF-κB-pathway-dependent autophagy, resulting in the inhibition of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption in rats, which might offer a new insight into the treatment of malocclusion and bone metabolic diseases.
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Han Y, Yang Q, Huang Y, Gao P, Jia L, Zheng Y, Li W. Compressive force regulates orthodontic tooth movement via activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22627. [PMID: 36314562 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200447rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress regulates various cellular functions like cell inflammation, immune responses, proliferation, and differentiation to maintain tissue homeostasis. However, the impact of mechanical signals on macrophages and the underlying mechanisms by which mechanical force regulates bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement remain unclear. NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been reported to promote osteoclastic differentiation to regulate alveolar bone resorption. But the relationship between the compressive force and NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages remains unknown. In this study, immunohistochemical staining results showed elevated expression of NLRP3 and interleukin-1β, as well as an increased number of macrophages expressing NLRP3, on the compression side of the periodontal tissues, after force application for 7 days. Furthermore, the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of osteoclast-related genes in the periodontal tissue decreased in the Nlrp3-/- mice compared to the WT mice group after orthodontic movement. In vitro mechanical force activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibits autophagy. Intraperitoneal injection of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine in Nlrp3-/- mice promoted orthodontic tooth movement. This result indicates that the absence of NLRP3 inflammasome activation can be partially compensated for by autophagy inhibitors. Mechanistically, force-induced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages via the cGAS/P2X7R axis. In conclusion, compressive force regulates orthodontic tooth movement via activating the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yineng Han
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaolin Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Jia
- National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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6
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Yu W, Gu Q, Wu D, Zhang W, Li G, Lin L, Lowe JM, Hu S, Li TW, Zhou Z, Miao MZ, Gong Y, Zhao Y, Lu E. Identification of potentially functional circRNAs and prediction of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in periodontitis: Bridging the gap between bioinformatics and clinical needs. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:594-614. [PMID: 35388494 PMCID: PMC9325354 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to the irreversible destruction of dental support tissues. As an epigenetic factor, the expression of circRNA is tissue‐dependent and disease‐dependent. This study aimed to identify novel periodontitis‐associated circRNAs and predict relevant circRNA‐periodontitis regulatory network by using recently developed bioinformatic tools and integrating sequencing profiling with clinical information for getting a better and more thorough image of periodontitis pathogenesis, from gene to clinic. Material and Methods High‐throughput sequencing and RT‐qPCR were conducted to identify differentially expressed circRNAs in gingival tissues from periodontitis patients. The relationship between upregulated circRNAs expression and probing depth (PD) was performed using Spearman's correlation analysis. Bioinformatic analyses including GO analysis, circRNA‐disease association prediction, and circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA network prediction were performed to clarify potential regulatory functions of identified circRNAs in periodontitis. A receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve was established to assess the diagnostic significance of identified circRNAs. Results High‐throughput sequencing identified 70 differentially expressed circRNAs (68 upregulated and 2 downregulated circRNAs) in human periodontitis (fold change >2.0 and p < .05). The top five upregulated circRNAs were validated by RT‐qPCR that had strong associations with multiple human diseases, including periodontitis. The upregulation of circRNAs were positively correlated with PD (R = .40–.69, p < .05, moderate). A circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA network with the top five upregulated circRNAs, differentially expressed mRNAs, and overlapped predicted miRNAs indicated potential roles of circRNAs in immune response, cell apoptosis, migration, adhesion, and reaction to oxidative stress. The ROC curve showed that circRNAs had potential value in periodontitis diagnosis (AUC = 0.7321–0.8667, p < .05). Conclusion CircRNA‐disease associations were predicted by online bioinformatic tools. Positive correlation between upregulated circRNAs, circPTP4A2, chr22:23101560‐23135351+, circARHGEF28, circBARD1 and circRASA2, and PD suggested function of circRNAs in periodontitis. Network prediction further focused on downstream targets regulated by circRNAs during periodontitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qisheng Gu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology, Bio Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Di Wu
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jared M Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shucheng Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tia Wenjun Li
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Z Miao
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuhua Gong
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eryi Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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The effect of orthodontic extrusion on alveolar bone - a prospective clinical study. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/sarh211219017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction/Objective. Orthodontic extrusion is the procedure for moving
the teeth in a vertical, coronal direction. This movement induces changes in
the periodontal ligament and the production of new alveolar bone. The
objective of the study was to determine the changes on buccal, palatal and
interdental alveolar bone as a result of orthodontic extrusion. Methods.
Experimental group included 6 patients who received orthodontic treatment
with the fixed appliances; the control group included 4 patients without
orthodontic treatment. Two cone-beam computed tomography scans (initial and
final) were obtained for each patient in both groups. Length of a tooth,
shortest distance from tooth?s center of resistance to the referent plane,
distance from buccal or palatal plate tip to the enamel-cement junction, the
height of interdental septum, buccal and palatal plate vertical gain, buccal
and palatal plate thicknesses were measured on initial and final scan in the
experimental and control group. Results. The reduced length of the extruded
tooth was observed in the experimental group. The distance from buccal and
palatal plate tip to the enamel-cement junction, mesial interproximal bone
septum and buccal plate gain significantly increased in the experimental
group. No significant difference was found in the distal interproximal bone
septum, palatal plate gain and buccal/palatal plate thickness between
groups. Conclusion. Orthodontic extrusion affects alveolar bone level by
gaining the hard tissue buccal and mesial of extruded teeth, while buccal
and palatal plate thickness insignificantly changed.
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