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Pilsova A, Pilsova Z, Klusackova B, Zelenkova N, Chmelikova E, Postlerova P, Sedmikova M. Hydrogen sulfide and its role in female reproduction. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1378435. [PMID: 38933705 PMCID: PMC11202402 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1378435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signaling molecule produced in the body by three enzymes: cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). H2S is crucial in various physiological processes associated with female mammalian reproduction. These include estrus cycle, oocyte maturation, oocyte aging, ovulation, embryo transport and early embryo development, the development of the placenta and fetal membranes, pregnancy, and the initiation of labor. Despite the confirmed presence of H2S-producing enzymes in all female reproductive tissues, as described in this review, the exact mechanisms of H2S action in these tissues remain in most cases unclear. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the knowledge about the presence and effects of H2S in these tissues and outline possible signaling pathways that mediate these effects. Understanding these pathways may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies in the field of women's health and perinatal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pilsova
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
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Yadav P, Chen DB, Kumar S. Region-Specific and Pregnancy-Enhanced Vasodilator Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide. OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY RESEARCH 2023; 6:309-316. [PMID: 38288009 PMCID: PMC10824528 DOI: 10.26502/ogr0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a cardiovascular signaling molecule that causes vasodilation in vascular smooth muscle cells, but its mechanism is unclear. We examined how H2S affects mesenteric and uterine arteries without endothelium in nonpregnant and pregnant rats and the underlying mechanisms. H2S donors GYY4137 and NaHS relaxed uterine arteries more than mesenteric arteries in both pregnant and nonpregnant rats. GYY4137 and NaHS caused greater relaxation in the uterine artery of pregnant versus nonpregnant rats. High extracellular K+ abolished NaHS relaxation in pregnant uterine arteries, indicating potassium channel involvement. NaHS relaxation was unaffected by voltage-gated potassium channel blockers, reduced by ATP-sensitive potassium channel blockers, and abolished by calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channel blockers. Thiol-reductant dithiothreitol also prevented NaHS relaxation. Thus, H2S has region-specific and pregnancy-enhanced vasodilator effects in the uterine arteries, mainly mediated by BKCa channels and sulfhydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Yadav
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dong-Bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Julian CG, Houck JA, Fallahi S, Lazo-Vega L, Matarazzo CJ, Diamond B, Miranda-Garrido V, Krause BJ, Moore LG, Shortt JA, Toledo-Jaldin L, Lorca RA. Altered placental ion channel gene expression in preeclamptic high-altitude pregnancies. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:357-367. [PMID: 37458464 PMCID: PMC10642922 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00013.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude (>2,500 m) residence increases the risk of pregnancy vascular disorders such as fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia, each characterized by impaired placental function. Genetic attributes of highland ancestry confer relative protection against vascular disorders of pregnancy at high altitudes. Although ion channels have been implicated in placental function regulation, neither their expression in high-altitude placentas nor their relationship to high-altitude preeclampsia has been determined. Here, we measured the expression of 26 ion-channel genes in placentas from preeclampsia cases and normotensive controls in La Paz, Bolivia (3,850 m). In addition, we correlated gene transcription to maternal and infant ancestry proportions. Gene expression was assessed by PCR, genetic ancestry evaluated by ADMIXTURE, and ion channel proteins localized by immunofluorescence. In preeclamptic placentas, 11 genes were downregulated (ABCC9, ATP2A2, CACNA1C, KCNE1, KCNJ8, KCNK3, KCNMA1, KCNQ1, KCNQ4, PKD2, and TRPV6) and two were upregulated (KCNQ3 and SCNN1G). KCNE1 expression was positively correlated with high-altitude Amerindian ancestry and negatively correlated with non-high altitude. SCNN1G was negatively correlated with African ancestry, despite minimal African admixture. Most ion channels were localized in syncytiotrophoblasts (Cav1.2, TRPP2, TRPV6, and Kv7.1), whereas expression of Kv7.4 was primarily in microvillous membranes, Kir6.1 in chorionic plate and fetal vessels, and MinK in stromal cells. Our findings suggest a role for differential placental ion channel expression in the development of preeclampsia. Functional studies are needed to determine processes affected by these ion channels in the placenta and whether therapies directed at modulating their activity could influence the onset or severity of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen G Julian
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Julie A Houck
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Sahand Fallahi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Litzi Lazo-Vega
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Materno-Infantil, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Christopher J Matarazzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Breea Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | | | - Bernardo J Krause
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Lorna G Moore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Jonathan A Shortt
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Lilian Toledo-Jaldin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Materno-Infantil, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Ramón A Lorca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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Bai J, Jiao F, Salmeron AG, Xu S, Xian M, Huang L, Chen DB. Mapping Pregnancy-dependent Sulfhydrome Unfolds Diverse Functions of Protein Sulfhydration in Human Uterine Artery. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad107. [PMID: 37439247 PMCID: PMC10413431 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Uterine artery (UA) hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production is augmented in pregnancy and, on stimulation by systemic/local vasodilators, contributes to pregnancy-dependent uterine vasodilation; however, how H2S exploits this role is largely unknown. S-sulfhydration converts free thiols to persulfides at reactive cysteine(s) on targeted proteins to affect the entire proteome posttranslationally, representing the main route for H2S to elicit its function. Here, we used Tag-Switch to quantify changes in sulfhydrated (SSH-) proteins (ie, sulfhydrome) in H2S-treated nonpregnant and pregnant human UA. We further used the low-pH quantitative thiol reactivity profiling platform by which paired sulfhydromes were subjected to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based peptide sequencing to generate site (cysteine)-specific pregnancy-dependent H2S-responsive human UA sulfhydrome. Total levels of sulfhydrated proteins were significantly greater in pregnant vs nonpregnant human UA and further stimulated by treatment with sodium hydrosulfide. We identified a total of 360 and 1671 SSH-peptides from 480 and 1186 SSH-proteins in untreated and sodium hydrosulfide-treated human UA, respectively. Bioinformatics analyses identified pregnancy-dependent H2S-responsive human UA SSH peptides/proteins, which were categorized to various molecular functions, pathways, and biological processes, especially vascular smooth muscle contraction/relaxation. Pregnancy-dependent changes in these proteins were rectified by immunoblotting of the Tag-Switch labeled SSH proteins. Low-pH quantitative thiol reactivity profiling failed to identify low abundance SSH proteins such as KATP channels in human UA; however, immunoblotting of Tag-Switch-labeled SSH proteins identified pregnancy-dependent upregulation of SSH-KATP channels without altering their total proteins. Thus, comprehensive analyses of human UA sulfhydromes influenced by endogenous and exogenous H2S inform novel roles of protein sulfhydration in uterine hemodynamics regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Fenglong Jiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Shi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dong-bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Fallahi S, Houck JA, Euser AG, Julian CG, Moore LG, Lorca RA. High altitude differentially modulates potassium channel-evoked vasodilatation in pregnant human myometrial arteries. J Physiol 2022; 600:5353-5364. [PMID: 36286320 PMCID: PMC9772154 DOI: 10.1113/jp283741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-altitude (>2500 m or 8200 ft) residence reduces uterine artery blood flow during pregnancy, contributing to an increased incidence of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. However, not all pregnancies are affected by the chronic hypoxic conditions of high-altitude residence. K+ channels play important roles in the uterine vascular adaptation to pregnancy, promoting a reduction in myogenic tone and an increase in blood flow. We hypothesized that, in pregnancies with normal fetal growth at high altitude, K+ channel-dependent vasodilatation of myometrial arteries is increased compared to those from healthy pregnant women at a lower altitude (∼1700 m). Using pharmacological modulation of two K+ channels, ATP-sensitive (KATP ) and large-conductance Ca2+ -activated (BKCa ) K+ channels, we assessed the vasodilatation of myometrial arteries from appropriate for gestational age (AGA) pregnancies in women living at high or low altitudes. In addition, we evaluated the localization of these channels in the myometrial arteries using immunofluorescence. Our results showed an endothelium-dependent increase in KATP -dependent vasodilatation in myometrial arteries from high versus low altitude, whereas vasodilatation induced by BKCa activation was reduced in these vessels. Additionally, KATP channel co-localization with endothelial markers was reduced in the high-altitude myometrial arteries, which suggested that the functional increase in KATP activity may be by mechanisms other than regulation of channel localization. These observations highlight an important contribution of K+ channels to the human uterine vascular adaptation to pregnancy at high altitude serving to maintain normal fetal growth under conditions of chronic hypoxia. KEY POINTS: High-altitude (>2500 m or 8200 ft) residence reduces uterine blood flow during pregnancy and fetal growth. Animal models of high altitude/chronic hypoxia suggest that these reductions are partially due to reduced vascular K+. channel responses, such as those elicited by large conductance Ca2+ -activated (BKCa ) and ATP-sensitive (KATP ) K+ channel activation. We found that women residing at high versus low altitude during pregnancy showed diminished myometrial artery vasodilatory responses to endothelium-independent BKCa channel activation but greater responses to endothelium-dependent KATP channel activation. Our observations indicate that KATP channels play an adaptive role in maintaining myometrial artery vasodilator sensitivity under chronic hypoxic conditions during pregnancy. Thus, KATP channels represent potential therapeutic targets for augmenting uteroplacental blood flow and, in turn, preserving fetal growth in cases of uteroplacental hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand Fallahi
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Julie A. Houck
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Anna G. Euser
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Colleen G. Julian
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Lorna G. Moore
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Ramón A. Lorca
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Potassium Channels in the Uterine Vasculature: Role in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169446. [PMID: 36012712 PMCID: PMC9409294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A progressive increase in maternal uterine and placental blood flow must occur during pregnancy to sustain the development of the fetus. Changes in maternal vasculature enable an increased uterine blood flow, placental nutrient and oxygen exchange, and subsequent fetal development. K+ channels are important modulators of vascular function, promoting vasodilation, inducing cell proliferation, and regulating cell signaling. Different types of K+ channels, such as Ca2+-activated, ATP-sensitive, and voltage-gated, have been implicated in the adaptation of maternal vasculature during pregnancy. Conversely, K+ channel dysfunction has been associated with vascular-related complications of pregnancy, including intrauterine growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. In this article, we provide an updated and comprehensive literature review that highlights the relevance of K+ channels as regulators of uterine vascular reactivity and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Hydrogen Sulfide Relaxes Human Uterine Artery via Activating Smooth Muscle BK Ca Channels. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111127. [PMID: 33202933 PMCID: PMC7697977 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Opening of large conductance calcium-activated and voltage-dependent potassium (BKCa) channels hyperpolarizes plasma membranes of smooth muscle (SM) to cause vasodilation, underling a key mechanism for mediating uterine artery (UA) dilation in pregnancy. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recently identified as a new UA vasodilator, yet the mechanism underlying H2S-induced UA dilation is unknown. Here, we tested whether H2S activated BKCa channels in human UA smooth muscle cells (hUASMC) to mediate UA relaxation. Multiple BKCa subunits were found in human UA in vitro and hUASMC in vitro, and high β1 and γ1 proteins were localized in SM cells in human UA. Baseline outward currents, recorded by whole-cell and single-channel patch clamps, were significantly inhibited by specific BKCa blockers iberiotoxin (IBTX) or tetraethylammonium, showing specific BKCa activity in hUASMC. H2S dose (NaHS, 1–1000 µM)-dependently potentiated BKCa currents and open probability. Co-incubation with a Ca2+ blocker nifedipine (5 µM) or a chelator (ethylene glycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 5 mM) did not alter H2S-potentiated BKCa currents and open probability. NaHS also dose-dependently relaxed phenylephrine pre-constricted freshly prepared human UA rings, which was inhibited by IBTX. Thus, H2S stimulated human UA relaxation at least partially via activating SM BKCa channels independent of extracellular Ca2+.
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Guerra DD, Hurt KJ. Gasotransmitters in pregnancy: from conception to uterine involution. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:4-25. [PMID: 30848786 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasotransmitters are endogenous small gaseous messengers exemplified by nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S or sulfide). Gasotransmitters are implicated in myriad physiologic functions including many aspects of reproduction. Our objective was to comprehensively review basic mechanisms and functions of gasotransmitters during pregnancy from conception to uterine involution and highlight future research opportunities. We searched PubMed and Web of Science databases using combinations of keywords nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, sulfide, placenta, uterus, labor, and pregnancy. We included English language publications on human and animal studies from any date through August 2018 and retained basic and translational articles with relevant original findings. All gasotransmitters activate cGMP signaling. NO and sulfide also covalently modify target protein cysteines. Protein kinases and ion channels transduce gasotransmitter signals, and co-expressed gasotransmitters can be synergistic or antagonistic depending on cell type. Gasotransmitters influence tubal transit, placentation, cervical remodeling, and myometrial contractility. NO, CO, and sulfide dilate resistance vessels, suppress inflammation, and relax myometrium to promote uterine quiescence and normal placentation. Cervical remodeling and rupture of fetal membranes coincide with enhanced oxidation and altered gasotransmitter metabolism. Mechanisms mediating cellular and organismal changes in pregnancy due to gasotransmitters are largely unknown. Altered gasotransmitter signaling has been reported for preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, premature rupture of membranes, and preterm labor. However, in most cases specific molecular changes are not yet characterized. Nonclassical signaling pathways and the crosstalk among gasotransmitters are emerging investigation topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian D Guerra
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - K Joseph Hurt
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Estrogen Receptors and Estrogen-Induced Uterine Vasodilation in Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124349. [PMID: 32570961 PMCID: PMC7352873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is associated with dramatic increases in uterine blood flow to facilitate the bidirectional maternal–fetal exchanges of respiratory gases and to provide sole nutrient support for fetal growth and survival. The mechanism(s) underlying pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation remain incompletely understood, but this is associated with elevated estrogens, which stimulate specific estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent vasodilator production in the uterine artery (UA). The classical ERs (ERα and ERβ) and the plasma-bound G protein-coupled ER (GPR30/GPER) are expressed in UA endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, mediating the vasodilatory effects of estrogens through genomic and/or nongenomic pathways that are likely epigenetically modified. The activation of these three ERs by estrogens enhances the endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO), which has been shown to play a key role in uterine vasodilation during pregnancy. However, the local blockade of NO biosynthesis only partially attenuates estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation, suggesting that mechanisms other than NO exist to mediate uterine vasodilation. In this review, we summarize the literature on the role of NO in ER-mediated mechanisms controlling estrogen-induced and pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation and our recent work on a “new” UA vasodilator hydrogen sulfide (H2S) that has dramatically changed our view of how estrogens regulate uterine vasodilation in pregnancy.
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Lorca RA, Lane SL, Bales ES, Nsier H, Yi H, Donnelly MA, Euser AG, Julian CG, Moore LG. High Altitude Reduces NO-Dependent Myometrial Artery Vasodilator Response During Pregnancy. Hypertension 2019; 73:1319-1326. [PMID: 31006328 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chronic hypoxia of high-altitude (HA) residence reduces uterine artery blood flow during pregnancy, likely contributing to an increased frequency of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. We hypothesized that this lesser pregnancy blood flow rise was due, in part, to reduced vasodilation of myometrial arteries (MAs). Here, we assessed MA vasoreactivity in healthy residents of high (2902±39 m) or low altitude (LA; 1669±10 m). MA contractile responses to potassium chloride, phenylephrine, or the thromboxane A2 agonist U46619 did not differ between LA and HA women. Acetylcholine vasodilated phenylephrine or U466119 preconstricted MAs at LA, yet had no effect on HA MAs. In contrast, another vasodilator, bradykinin, relaxed MAs from both altitudes similarly. At LA, the NO synthase inhibitor L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester decreased both acetylcholine and bradykinin vasodilation by 56% and 33%, respectively. L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester plus the COX (cyclooxygenase) inhibitor indomethacin had similar effects on acetylcholine and bradykinin vasodilation (68% and 42% reduction, respectively) as did removing the endothelium (78% and 50% decrease, respectively), suggesting a predominantly NO-dependent vasodilation at LA. However, at HA, L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester did not change bradykinin vasodilation, whereas indomethacin or endothelium removal decreased it by 28% and 72%, respectively, indicating impaired NO signaling at HA. Suggesting that the impairment was downstream of eNOS (endothelial NO synthase), HA attenuated the vasodilation elicited by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside. We concluded that reduced NO-dependent MA vasodilation likely contributes to diminished uteroplacental perfusion in HA pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Lorca
- From the Division of Reproductive Sciences (R.A.L., S.L.L., E.S.B., L.G.M.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Sydney L Lane
- From the Division of Reproductive Sciences (R.A.L., S.L.L., E.S.B., L.G.M.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Elise S Bales
- From the Division of Reproductive Sciences (R.A.L., S.L.L., E.S.B., L.G.M.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Hisham Nsier
- BA/BS-MD Program, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (H.N., H.Y.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - HeaMi Yi
- BA/BS-MD Program, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (H.N., H.Y.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Meghan A Donnelly
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.A.D., A.G.E.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Anna G Euser
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.A.D., A.G.E.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Colleen G Julian
- Division of Bioinformatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine (C.G.J.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Lorna G Moore
- From the Division of Reproductive Sciences (R.A.L., S.L.L., E.S.B., L.G.M.), University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
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Djokic V, Jankovic-Raznatovic S, Novakovic R, Kostic M, Rajkovic J, Labudovic-Borovic M, Rakocevic J, Stanisic J, Djuric M, Gojkovic-Bukarica L. Effect of gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-induced hypertension on human umbilical vein smooth muscle K ATP channels. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 111:104323. [PMID: 31669131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) can jeopardize mother and/or fetus. Vascular ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels most likely participate in the processes of diabetes and hypertension. The aim of this research was to examine whether GDM and PIH cause changes in the expression and function of KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle of human umbilical vein (HUV). Western blot and immunohistochemistry detected significantly decreased expression of Kir6.1 subunit of KATP channels in GDM and PIH, while the expression of SUR2B was unchanged. In GDM, a K+ channel opener, pinacidil caused reduced relaxation of the endothelium-denuded HUVs compared to normal pregnancy. However, its effects in HUVs from PIH subjects were similar to normal pregnancy. In all groups KATP channel blocker glibenclamide antagonized the relaxation of HUV induced by pinacidil without change in the maximal relaxations indicating additional KATP channel-independent mechanisms of pinacidil action. Iberiotoxin, a selective antagonist of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, inhibited the relaxant effect of pinacidil in PIH, but not in normal pregnancy and GDM. Experiments performed in K+-rich solution confirmed the existence of K+-independent effects of pinacidil, which also appear to be impaired in GDM and PIH. Thus, the expression of KATP channels is decreased in GDM and PIH. In GDM, vasorelaxant response of HUV to pinacidil is reduced, while in PIH it remains unchanged. It is very likely that KATP channels modulation and more detailed insight in KATP channel-independent actions of pinacidil may be precious in the therapy of pathological pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Djokic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Svetlana Jankovic-Raznatovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology "Narodni front", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila Novakovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Kostic
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Rajkovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Labudovic-Borovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology "Aleksandar Dj. Kostic", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Rakocevic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology "Aleksandar Dj. Kostic", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Milos Djuric
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Gojkovic-Bukarica
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Transcriptome profiles revealed the mechanisms underlying the adaptation of yak to high-altitude environments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7558. [PMID: 31101838 PMCID: PMC6525198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The yak is a valuable species in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying its adaptation to high-altitude environments remain largely unknown. In the present study, comparative transcriptome sequencing was performed for lung and gluteus tissues from two species of low-altitude cattle (Sanjiang and Holstein cattle), Tibetan cattle (living at a moderate altitude), and yak (living at a high altitude) and the differentially expressed genes were validated using real-time quantitative PCR. The results showed that CD36 antigen was up-regulated and CD59 antigen was down-regulated in yak in comparison to the other animals, which might promote the development of red blood cells and inhibit the development of lymphocytes in yak. In addition, thrombospondin type 1, coagulation factor 5/8, and fibronectin were all down-regulated, but serpin and alpha 2-macroglobulin (A2M) were up-regulated. These differences would inhibit blood coagulation, thus reducing the risk of pulmonary edema. The expression levels of the calcium-release, potassium, and transient receptor potential channels decreased in yak, minimizing membrane depolarization and the harmful effects of pulmonary edema. Eleven KEGG pathways associated with innate immunity were more activated in yak and Tibetan cattle than in other cattle strains, which should reduce their risk of infection and disease. These changes together might facilitate the adaptation of yak and Tibetan cattle to live in high-altitude habitats.
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Sheibani L, Lechuga TJ, Zhang H, Hameed A, Wing DA, Kumar S, Rosenfeld CR, Chen DB. Augmented H2S production via cystathionine-beta-synthase upregulation plays a role in pregnancy-associated uterine vasodilation. Biol Reprod 2017; 96:664-672. [PMID: 28339573 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.143834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesized via metabolizing L-cysteine by cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) is a potent vasodilator and angiogenic factor. The objectives of this study were to determine if human uterine artery (UA) H2S production increases with augmented expression and/or activity of CBS and/or CSE during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy and whether exogenous H2S dilates UA. Uterine arteries from nonpregnant (NP) premenopausal proliferative (pPRM) and secretory (sPRM) phases of the menstrual cycle and pregnant (P) women were studied. H2S production was measured by the methylene blue assay. CBS and CSE mRNAs were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, and proteins were assessed by immunoblotting and semiquantitative immunofluorescence microscopy. Effects of H2S on rat UA relaxation were determined by wire myography ex vivo. H2S production was greater in NP pPRM and P than NP sPRM UAs and inhibited by the specific CBS but not CSE inhibitor. CBS but not CSE mRNA and protein were greater in NP pPRM and P than NP sPRM UAs. CBS protein was localized to endothelium and smooth muscle and its levels were in a quantitative order of P >NP UAs of pPRM>sPRM. CSE protein was localized in UA endothelium and smooth muscle with no difference among groups. A H2S donor relaxed P > NP UAs but not mesentery artery. Thus, human UA H2S production is augmented with endothelium and smooth muscle CBS upregulation, contributing to UA vasodilation in the estrogen-dominant physiological states in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Sheibani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Thomas J Lechuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Honghai Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Afshan Hameed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Deborah A Wing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles R Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Dong-Bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Carreiro JN, Magnani M, Jobling P, van Helden DF, Nalivaiko E, Braga VA. Resveratrol restores uterine contractions during hypoxia by blockade of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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15
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Yang T, Xu Z, Liu W, Xu B, Deng Y. Protective effects of Alpha-lipoic acid on MeHg-induced oxidative damage and intracellular Ca2+dyshomeostasis in primary cultured neurons. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:542-56. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2016.1152362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Skeffington KL, Higgins JS, Mahmoud AD, Evans AM, Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Fowden AL, Yung HW, Burton GJ, Giussani DA, Moore LG. Hypoxia, AMPK activation and uterine artery vasoreactivity. J Physiol 2015; 594:1357-69. [PMID: 26110512 DOI: 10.1113/jp270995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes near adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-α1 (PRKAA1) have been implicated in the greater uterine artery (UtA) blood flow and relative protection from fetal growth restriction seen in altitude-adapted Andean populations. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation vasodilates multiple vessels but whether AMPK is present in UtA or placental tissue and influences UtA vasoreactivity during normal or hypoxic pregnancy remains unknown. We studied isolated UtA and placenta from near-term C57BL/6J mice housed in normoxia (n = 8) or hypoxia (10% oxygen, n = 7-9) from day 14 to day 19, and placentas from non-labouring sea level (n = 3) or 3100 m (n = 3) women. Hypoxia increased AMPK immunostaining in near-term murine UtA and placental tissue. RT-PCR products for AMPK-α1 and -α2 isoforms and liver kinase B1 (LKB1; the upstream kinase activating AMPK) were present in murine and human placenta, and hypoxia increased LKB1 and AMPK-α1 and -α2 expression in the high- compared with low-altitude human placentas. Pharmacological AMPK activation by A769662 caused phenylephrine pre-constricted UtA from normoxic or hypoxic pregnant mice to dilate and this dilatation was partially reversed by the NOS inhibitor l-NAME. Hypoxic pregnancy sufficient to restrict fetal growth markedly augmented the UtA vasodilator effect of AMPK activation in opposition to PE constriction as the result of both NO-dependent and NO-independent mechanisms. We conclude that AMPK is activated during hypoxic pregnancy and that AMPK activation vasodilates the UtA, especially in hypoxic pregnancy. AMPK activation may be playing an adaptive role by limiting cellular energy depletion and helping to maintain utero-placental blood flow in hypoxic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Skeffington
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J S Higgins
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A D Mahmoud
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M Evans
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A N Sferruzzi-Perri
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A L Fowden
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H W Yung
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G J Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D A Giussani
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L G Moore
- Division of Basic Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Protić D, Beleslin-Čokić B, Spremović-Rađenović S, Radunović N, Heinle H, Šćepanović R, Gojković Bukarica L. The Different Effects of Resveratrol and Naringenin on Isolated Human Umbilical Vein: The Role of ATP-Sensitive K+
Channels. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1412-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Protić
- Department of Pharmacology; Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Bojana Beleslin-Čokić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia; Dr. Subotica 13 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Svetlana Spremović-Rađenović
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade, Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia; 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Nebojša Radunović
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade, Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Center of Serbia; 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Helmut Heinle
- Institute of Physiology; University of Tüebingen; Germany
| | - Radisav Šćepanović
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade, Clinical Center Dr. Dragisa Misovic; 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Gojković Bukarica
- Department of Pharmacology; Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; 11000 Belgrade Serbia
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Senadheera S, Bertrand PP, Grayson TH, Leader L, Tare M, Murphy TV, Sandow SL. Enhanced contractility in pregnancy is associated with augmented TRPC3, L-type, and T-type voltage-dependent calcium channel function in rat uterine radial artery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R917-26. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00225.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In pregnancy, α-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction is augmented in uterine radial arteries and is accompanied by underlying changes in smooth muscle (SM) Ca2+ activity. This study aims to determine the Ca2+ entry channels associated with altered vasoconstriction in pregnancy, with the hypothesis that augmented vasoconstriction involves transient receptor potential canonical type-3 (TRPC3) and L- and T-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Immunohistochemistry showed TRPC3, L-type Cav1.2 (as the α1C subunit), T-type Cav3.1 (α1G), and Cav3.2 (α1H) localization to the uterine radial artery SM. Fluorescence intensity of TRPC3, Cav1.2, and Cav3.2 was increased, and Cav3.1 decreased in radial artery SM from pregnant rats. Western blot analysis confirmed increased TRPC3 protein expression in the radial artery from pregnant rats. Pressure myography incorporating pharmacological intervention to examine the role of these channels in uterine radial arteries showed an attenuation of phenylephrine (PE)-induced constriction with Pyr3 {1-[4-[(2,3,3-trichloro-1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl)amino]phenyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid}-mediated TRPC3 inhibition or with nifedipine-mediated L-type channel block alone in vessels from pregnant rats; both effects of which were diminished in radial arteries from nonpregnant rats. Combined TRPC3 and L-type inhibition attenuated PE-induced constriction in radial arteries, and the residual vasoconstriction was reduced and abolished with T-type channel block with NNC 55-0396 in arteries from nonpregnant and pregnant rats, respectively. With SM Ca2+ stores depleted and in the presence of PE, nifedipine, and NNC 55-0396, blockade of TRPC3 reversed PE-induced constriction. These data suggest that TRPC3 channels act synergistically with L- and T-type channels to modulate radial artery vasoconstriction, with the mechanism being augmented in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevvandi Senadheera
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul P. Bertrand
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - T. Hilton Grayson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leo Leader
- Leo Leader, School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marianne Tare
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Timothy V. Murphy
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shaun L. Sandow
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydoore, Australia
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19
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Shi WW, Yang Y, Shi Y, Jiang C. K(ATP) channel action in vascular tone regulation: from genetics to diseases. SHENG LI XUE BAO : [ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SINICA] 2012; 64:1-13. [PMID: 22348955 PMCID: PMC4132831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels are widely distributed in vasculatures, and play an important role in the vascular tone regulation. The K(ATP) channels consist of 4 pore-forming inward rectifier K(+) channel (Kir) subunits and 4 regulatory sulfonylurea receptors (SUR). The major vascular isoform of K(ATP) channels is composed of Kir6.1/SUR2B, although low levels of other subunits are also present in vascular beds. The observation from transgenic mice and humans carrying Kir6.1/SUR2B channel mutations strongly supports that normal activity of the Kir6.1/SUR2B channel is critical for cardiovascular function. The Kir6.1/SUR2B channel is regulated by intracellular ATP and ADP. The channel is a common target of several vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. Endogenous vasopressors such as arginine vasopressin and α-adrenoceptor agonists stimulate protein kinase C (PKC) and inhibit the K(ATP) channels, while vasodilators such as β-adrenoceptor agonists and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide increase K(ATP) channel activity by activating the adenylate cyclase-cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. PKC phosphorylates a cluster of 4 serine residues at C-terminus of Kir6.1, whereas PKA acts on Ser1387 in the nucleotide binding domain 2 of SUR2B. The Kir6.1/SUR2B channel is also inhibited by oxidants including reactive oxygen species allowing vascular regulation in oxidative stress. The molecular basis underlying such a channel inhibition is likely to be mediated by S-glutathionylation at a few cysteine residues, especially Cys176, in Kir6.1. Furthermore, the channel activity is augmented in endotoxemia or septic shock, as a result of the upregulation of Kir6.1/SUR2B expression. Activation of the nuclear factor-κB dependent transcriptional mechanism contributes to the Kir6.1/SUR2B channel upregulation by lipopolysaccharides and perhaps other toll-like receptor ligands as well. In this review, we summarize the vascular K(ATP) channel regulation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and discuss the importance of K(ATP) channel as a potentially useful target in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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MESH Headings
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/physiology
- Animals
- Endotoxemia/metabolism
- Endotoxemia/physiopathology
- Humans
- KATP Channels/genetics
- KATP Channels/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/genetics
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/physiology
- Receptors, Drug/genetics
- Receptors, Drug/physiology
- Shock, Septic/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/physiopathology
- Sulfonylurea Receptors
- Vasoconstriction/physiology
- Vasodilation/physiology
- Vasomotor System/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Shi
- Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA.
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