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Bağci Uzun G, İnceoğlu F. Association of 2D:4D finger length ratio of People Working in different professions with personality traits. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32332. [PMID: 38947474 PMCID: PMC11214355 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The ratio of the index finger (2nd finger) to the ring finger (4th finger) (2D:4D) can give information about harmony between personality and career of individuals. The developing technology makes it difficult to choose a profession. Aim This study aims to contribute to the career choice of individuals by analyzing the relationship between the 2D:4D finger digit ratio and personality traits of individuals working in different professions (Educator, Worker, Housewife, Civil servant, Healthcare professional/EWHCH). Method The participants were three hundred twenty-five individuals living in the province of Malatya. The SPSS 26.0 software was utilized in the data analysis. The p value of 0.05 was accepted as significance level in comparison tests. Results A statistically significant difference was determined between the participants, who had the 2D shorter than the 4D in right hand, in terms of professional groups (p < 0.05). In healthcare workers, a low level (r = 0.305) positive correlation was found between right hand 2D4D and both control (r = 0.264) and curiosity and left hand 2D:4D, and a low level (r = 0.255) negative correlation was found between Conscientiousness and right hand 2D:4D in housewives. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups (educator, worker, housewife, civil servant, healthcare professional) in terms of total score of the Five-Factor Personality Inventory (FFPI) and scores of extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience subscales (p < 0.05). A weak positive statistically significant correlation was detected between the healthcare professionals' score of Career Adapt-abilities Scale (CAAS) control subscale and the right-hand 2D:4D ratio. Conclusions: It is suggested to investigate the 2D:4D ratio over different professional groups. The present study is important since it gives information about personality and associates such information with the 2D:4D ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Bağci Uzun
- Malatya Turgut Özal University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Feyza İnceoğlu
- Department of Biostatistics, Malatya Turgut Özal University, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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Wang X, Ni X, Wei Y, Xu L, Tang X, Liu H, Wang Z, Chen T, Wang J, Zhang Q, Zhang T. Sex Differences in Personality Disorder and Childhood Maltreatment of Patients with Schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:989-999. [PMID: 38741581 PMCID: PMC11090116 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s462346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite numerous studies investigating personality disorder (PD) and childhood maltreatment (CM) characteristics in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ), there remains a scarcity of research focusing on sex differences in PD and CM within large samples of SZ patients. Methods A total of 592 participants (257 males, 335 females) were consecutively sampled from patients diagnosed with SZ at the psychiatric and psycho-counseling clinics at Shanghai Mental Health Center. PDs were assessed using a self-reported personality diagnostic questionnaire and a structured clinical interview, while CMs were evaluated using the Chinese version of the Child Trauma Questionnaire Short Form. Results Male patients exhibited a prominent self-reported trait of antisocial PD (t=1.972, p=0.049), while female patients demonstrated a notable emphasis on histrionic PD traits (t=-2.057, p=0.040). Structured interviews for PD diagnoses further indicated a higher comorbidity of schizotypal (χ2=4.805, p=0.028) and schizoid (χ2=6.957, p=0.008) PDs among male patients compared to female patients. Additionally, male patients reported a higher degree (t=2.957, p=0.003) and proportion (χ2=5.277, p=0.022) of experiences of physical abuse in their self-reported CM. Logistic regression analyses highlight distinct factors: higher antisocial PD traits and physical abuse are associated with male patients, while histrionic PD traits and emotional abuse are associated with female patients. Discussion These findings underscore the importance of recognizing and addressing sex-specific manifestations of personality pathology and the nuanced impact of CM in the clinical management of individuals with SZ. The study advocates for tailored interventions that consider the distinct needs associated with sex differences in both personality traits and CM experiences among SZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoLiang Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - XiaoDong Ni
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - YanYan Wei
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - LiHua Xu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - XiaoChen Tang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - HaiChun Liu
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - ZiXuan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Xinlianxin Psychological Counseling Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Big Data Research Lab, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - JiJun Wang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - TianHong Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Psychological Evaluation and Intervention, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Matsudaira I, Yamaguchi R, Taki Y. Transmit Radiant Individuality to Offspring (TRIO) study: investigating intergenerational transmission effects on brain development. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1150973. [PMID: 37840799 PMCID: PMC10568142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1150973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intergenerational transmission is a crucial aspect of human development. Although prior studies have demonstrated the continuity of psychopathology and maladaptive upbringing environments between parents and offspring, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. We have begun a novel neuroimaging research project, the Transmit Radiant Individuality to Offspring (TRIO) study, which focuses on biological parent-offspring trios. The participants of the TRIO study were Japanese parent-offspring trios consisting of offspring aged 10-40 and their biological mother and father. Structural and functional brain images of all participants were acquired using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Saliva samples were collected for DNA analysis. We obtained psychosocial information, such as intelligence, mental health problems, personality traits, and experiences during the developmental period from each parent and offspring in the same manner as much as possible. By April 2023, we completed data acquisition from 174 trios consisting of fathers, mothers, and offspring. The target sample size was 310 trios. However, we plan to conduct genetic and epigenetic analyses, and the sample size is expected to be expanded further while developing this project into a multi-site collaborative study in the future. The TRIO study can challenge the elucidation of the mechanism of intergenerational transmission effects on human development by collecting diverse information from parents and offspring at the molecular, neural, and behavioral levels. Our study provides interdisciplinary insights into how individuals' lives are involved in the construction of the lives of their descendants in the subsequent generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Matsudaira
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Smart-Aging Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamaguchi
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Taki
- Smart-Aging Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Fusar-Poli L, Rodolico A, Sturiale S, Carotenuto B, Natale A, Arillotta D, Siafis S, Signorelli MS, Aguglia E. Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio (2D:4D) in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review of Case-control Studies. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 19:26-45. [PMID: 33508786 PMCID: PMC7851454 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is an indirect, retrospective, non-invasive measure that correlates negatively with intrauterine exposure to testosterone. The present meta-analysis aimed to evaluate if 2D:4D differs between patients with psychiatric disorders and controls. In September 2019, we searched in Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINHAL, and retrieved 619 papers. We finally included 43 case-control studies which compared the 2D:4D ratio of patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 16), schizophrenia (n = 8), gender non-conformity (n = 7), addictions (n = 5), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 4), mood disorders (n = 2), and intellectual disability (n = 1) to non-clinical controls. Meta-analyses showed that, overall, psychiatric patients had lower 2D:4D than healthy controls (n = 43, overall sample = 9,484, mean difference = -0.0056, 95% confidence interval from -0.0093 to -0.002, I2 = 74%), with more pronounced differences in the right hand, males, and children. Considering psychiatric disorders individually, significant differences were found in the ASD, ADHD, and addictions groups, in which 2D:4D was significantly lower than healthy controls. Conversely, the right hand of males with schizophrenia showed higher 2D:4D than healthy controls. No other significant differences were detected. Although our results need to be cautiously interpreted and find limited applications in clinical practice, they may suggest that 2D:4D is altered in some psychopathological conditions, underlining the role of prenatal exposure to sex steroids in the etiology of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fusar-Poli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rodolico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Serena Sturiale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Bianca Carotenuto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antimo Natale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Arillotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Spyridon Siafis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Salvina Signorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Sanwald S, Widenhorn-Müller K, Wernicke J, Sindermann C, Kiefer M, Montag C. Depression Is Associated With the Absence of Sex Differences in the 2D:4D Ratio of the Right Hand. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:483. [PMID: 31379616 PMCID: PMC6660250 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2D:4D digit ratio reflects prenatal testosterone relative to estradiol exposure of a developing embryo. Higher levels of prenatal testosterone have been related to lower 2D:4D ratios. In addition, higher 2D:4D ratios have been associated with female gender, neuroticism, and depression severity. Therefore, the present study investigated whether 2D:4D ratios differ between inpatients with major depression and matched healthy controls and whether 2D:4D ratios correlate with depression severity. We examined 139 inpatients diagnosed with major depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria and 137 healthy controls regarding 2D:4D ratios of both hands and BDI-II scores. While we observed significant sex differences in the 2D:4D ratio of the right hand in the healthy control group (women on average showed a significantly higher 2D:4D ratio), no such differences were found in the group of depressed patients. The 2D:4D digit ratios did not correlate with depression severity even when examined for group and sex separately. We conclude that major depression is associated with an absence of sex differences in the 2D:4D ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sanwald
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer Wernicke
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sindermann
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Kiefer
- Department of Psychiatry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Montag
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Akgül Ö, Küçükçoban O, Binbay T, Bora E, Alptekin K, Akdede BB. Do clinical features relate to theory of mind, empathy and 2D:4D in schizophrenia? PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1373725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Özge Akgül
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Onur Küçükçoban
- Psychiatry, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Tolga Binbay
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Bora
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Köksal Alptekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Berna Binnur Akdede
- Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Müller M, Brand M, Mies J, Lachmann B, Sariyska RY, Montag C. The 2D:4D Marker and Different Forms of Internet Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:213. [PMID: 29249989 PMCID: PMC5715388 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Internet use disorder (IUD) presents a growing problem worldwide. Among others, it manifests in loss of control over Internet usage and social problems due to problematic Internet use. Although IUD currently is not an official diagnosis in DSM-5 or ICD-10, mounting evidence suggests that IUD indeed could be categorized as a behavioral addiction. On a systemic neuroscientific level, IUD is well characterized and dysfunctions in the fronto-striatal-limbic loop have been observed in persons being afflicted with IUD. On a molecular level underlying these neural dysfunctions less is known. Therefore, the present research investigates the influence of prenatal testosterone as measured via the 2D:4D marker of the hand on IUD. Testosterone represents an interesting hormonal marker, because sex differences in IUD have been observed, e.g., males show higher tendencies toward Internet gaming disorder (IGD) or females toward overusage of online social networks (both compared to the contrary sex). In N = 217 participants associations between the 2D:4D marker of the hand and both unspecified IUD and specific forms of IUD were investigated. It appeared that more female hands (right side; characterized by higher digit ratio of the index to the ring finger, i.e., >1, meaning lower prenatal testosterone) were associated with lower IGD (rho = -0.17, p = 0.01, N = 211). This effect was driven by the facet of loss of control of Internet Gaming in the whole sample (rho = -0.20, p < 0.01, N = 211) and the female subsample (rho = -0.20, p = 0.02, N(f) = 137). Aside from this, a negative association appeared between the facet of loss of control of generalized IUD and the right digit ratio in males underlining earlier work. In sum, the present work demonstrates that the 2D:4D marker is an interesting marker for Internet addiction and can be easily included as a biomarker to understand the biological underpinnings of Internet (over-)usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Müller
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- Department of General Psychology: Cognition, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Julia Mies
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Lachmann
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Christian Montag
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Mendrek A, Mancini-Marïe A. Sex/gender differences in the brain and cognition in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 67:57-78. [PMID: 26743859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The early conceptualizations of schizophrenia have noted some sex/gender differences in epidemiology and clinical expression of the disorder. Over the past few decades, the interest in differences between male and female patients has expanded to encompass brain morphology and neurocognitive function. Despite some variability and methodological shortcomings, a few patterns emerge from the available literature. Most studies of gross neuroanatomy show more enlarged ventricles and smaller frontal lobes in men than in women with schizophrenia; finding reflecting normal sexual dimorphism. In comparison, studies of brain asymmetry and specific corticolimbic structures, suggest a disturbance in normal sexual dimorphism. The neurocognitive findings are somewhat consistent with this picture. Studies of cognitive functions mediated by the lateral frontal network tend to show sex differences in patients which are in the same direction as those observed in the general population, whereas studies of processes mediated by the corticolimbic system more frequently reveal reversal of normal sexual dimorphisms. These trends are faint and future research would need to delineate neurocognitive differences between men and women with various subtypes of schizophrenia (e.g., early versus late onset), while taking into consideration hormonal status and gender of tested participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Mendrek
- Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Adham Mancini-Marïe
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Centre neuchâtelois de psychiatrie, Neuchâtel, Suisse
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Montag C, Bleek B, Breuer S, Prüss H, Richardt K, Cook S, Yaruss JS, Reuter M. Prenatal testosterone and stuttering. Early Hum Dev 2015; 91:43-6. [PMID: 25460256 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of stuttering is much higher in males compared to females. The biological underpinnings of this skewed sex-ratio is poorly understood, but it has often been speculated that sex hormones could play an important role. AIMS The present study investigated a potential link between prenatal testosterone and stuttering. Here, an indirect indicator of prenatal testosterone levels, the Digit Ratio (2D:4D) of the hand, was used. As numerous studies have shown, hands with more "male" characteristics (putatively representing greater prenatal testosterone levels) are characterized by a longer ring finger compared to the index finger (represented as a lower 2D:4D ratio) in the general population. STUDY DESIGN, SUBJECTS, OUTCOME MEASURES We searched for differences in the 2D:4D ratios between 38 persons who stutter and 36 persons who do not stutter. In a second step, we investigated potential links between the 2D:4D ratio and the multifaceted symptomatology of stuttering, as measured by the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES), in a larger sample of 44 adults who stutter. RESULTS In the first step, no significant differences in the 2D:4D were observed between individuals who stutter and individuals who do not stutter. In the second step, 2D:4D correlated negatively with higher scores of the OASES (representing higher negative experiences due to stuttering), and this effect was more pronounced for female persons who stutter. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate for the first time that prenatal testosterone may influence individual differences in psychosocial impact of this speech disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Bleek
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Svenja Breuer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Holger Prüss
- Department for the Treatment of Stuttering, LVR Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kirsten Richardt
- Department for the Treatment of Stuttering, LVR Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - J Scott Yaruss
- Department of Communication Science & Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martin Reuter
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Center for Economics & Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Xu Y, Zheng Y. The digit ratio (2D:4D) in China: A meta-analysis. Am J Hum Biol 2014; 27:304-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zheng
- School of Psychology, Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 People's Republic of China
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Gender identity disorder and schizophrenia: neurodevelopmental disorders with common causal mechanisms? SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:463757. [PMID: 25548672 PMCID: PMC4274821 DOI: 10.1155/2014/463757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gender identity disorder (GID), recently renamed gender dysphoria (GD), is a rare condition characterized by an incongruity between gender identity and biological sex. Clinical evidence suggests that schizophrenia occurs in patients with GID at rates higher than in the general population and that patients with GID may have schizophrenia-like personality traits. Conversely, patients with schizophrenia may experience alterations in gender identity and gender role perception. Neurobiological research, including brain imaging and studies of finger length ratio and handedness, suggests that both these disorders are associated with altered cerebral sexual dimorphism and changes in cerebral lateralization. Various mechanisms, such as Toxoplasma infection, reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), early childhood adversity, and links with autism spectrum disorders, may account for some of this overlap. The implications of this association for further research are discussed.
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