1
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Kim H, Park C, Kim TH. Targeting Liver X Receptors for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091292. [PMID: 37174692 PMCID: PMC10177243 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to a range of conditions in which excess lipids accumulate in the liver, possibly leading to serious hepatic manifestations such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis/cirrhosis and cancer. Despite its increasing prevalence and significant impact on liver disease-associated mortality worldwide, no medication has been approved for the treatment of NAFLD yet. Liver X receptors α/β (LXRα and LXRβ) are lipid-activated nuclear receptors that serve as master regulators of lipid homeostasis and play pivotal roles in controlling various metabolic processes, including lipid metabolism, inflammation and immune response. Of note, NAFLD progression is characterized by increased accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction and augmented inflammation, all of which are highly attributed to dysregulated LXR signaling. Thus, targeting LXRs may provide promising strategies for the treatment of NAFLD. However, emerging evidence has revealed that modulating the activity of LXRs has various metabolic consequences, as the main functions of LXRs can distinctively vary in a cell type-dependent manner. Therefore, understanding how LXRs in the liver integrate various signaling pathways and regulate metabolic homeostasis from a cellular perspective using recent advances in research may provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Drug Information Research Institute, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Muscle Physiome Research Center, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wright MB, Varona Santos J, Kemmer C, Maugeais C, Carralot JP, Roever S, Molina J, Ducasa GM, Mitrofanova A, Sloan A, Ahmad A, Pedigo C, Ge M, Pressly J, Barisoni L, Mendez A, Sgrignani J, Cavalli A, Merscher S, Prunotto M, Fornoni A. Compounds targeting OSBPL7 increase ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux preserving kidney function in two models of kidney disease. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4662. [PMID: 34341345 PMCID: PMC8329197 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired cellular cholesterol efflux is a key factor in the progression of renal, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. Here we describe a class of 5-arylnicotinamide compounds, identified through phenotypic drug discovery, that upregulate ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux by targeting Oxysterol Binding Protein Like 7 (OSBPL7). OSBPL7 was identified as the molecular target of these compounds through a chemical biology approach, employing a photoactivatable 5-arylnicotinamide derivative in a cellular cross-linking/immunoprecipitation assay. Further evaluation of two compounds (Cpd A and Cpd G) showed that they induced ABCA1 and cholesterol efflux from podocytes in vitro and normalized proteinuria and prevented renal function decline in mouse models of proteinuric kidney disease: Adriamycin-induced nephropathy and Alport Syndrome. In conclusion, we show that small molecule drugs targeting OSBPL7 reveal an alternative mechanism to upregulate ABCA1, and may represent a promising new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of renal diseases and other disorders of cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Wright
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javier Varona Santos
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christian Kemmer
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Maugeais
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Carralot
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Roever
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Judith Molina
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - G Michelle Ducasa
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alla Mitrofanova
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alexis Sloan
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anis Ahmad
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Christopher Pedigo
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mengyuan Ge
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Pressly
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Laura Barisoni
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Armando Mendez
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jacopo Sgrignani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Marco Prunotto
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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3
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Carpenter KJ, Valfort AC, Steinauer N, Chatterjee A, Abuirqeba S, Majidi S, Sengupta M, Di Paolo RJ, Shornick LP, Zhang J, Flaveny CA. LXR-inverse agonism stimulates immune-mediated tumor destruction by enhancing CD8 T-cell activity in triple negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19530. [PMID: 31863071 PMCID: PMC6925117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive subtype that is untreatable with hormonal or HER2-targeted therapies and is also typically unresponsive to checkpoint-blockade immunotherapy. Within the tumor microenvironment dysregulated immune cell metabolism has emerged as a key mechanism of tumor immune-evasion. We have discovered that the Liver-X-Receptors (LXRα and LXRβ), nuclear receptors known to regulate lipid metabolism and tumor-immune interaction, are highly activated in TNBC tumor associated myeloid cells. We therefore theorized that inhibiting LXR would induce immune-mediated TNBC-tumor clearance. Here we show that pharmacological inhibition of LXR activity induces tumor destruction primarily through stimulation of CD8+ T-cell cytotoxic activity and mitochondrial metabolism. Our results imply that LXR inverse agonists may be a promising new class of TNBC immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Carpenter
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Aurore-Cecile Valfort
- The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Louis College of Pharmacy, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nick Steinauer
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Arindam Chatterjee
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Suomia Abuirqeba
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Shabnam Majidi
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Monideepa Sengupta
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Richard J Di Paolo
- The Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish and Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laurie P Shornick
- The Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA.,The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish and Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Colin A Flaveny
- The Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA. .,The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish and Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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4
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Pedersen MS, Müller M, Rülicke T, Leitner N, Kain R, Regele H, Wang S, Gröne HJ, Rong S, Haller H, Gueler F, Rees AJ, Kerjaschki D. Lymphangiogenesis in a mouse model of renal transplant rejection extends life span of the recipients. Kidney Int 2019; 97:89-94. [PMID: 31718844 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Renal allograft rejection can be prevented by immunological tolerance, which may be associated with de novo formed lymphatic vessels in the donor kidney after transplantation in man. A suitable mouse model of renal allograft rejection in which lymphangiogenesis can be deliberately induced in the graft is critical for elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the association between attenuated transplant rejection and abundance of lymphatic vessels. Here we describe the development of a novel mouse model of rapid renal transplant rejection in which transgenic induction of lymphangiogenesis in the immune-incompatible graft greatly extends its survival time. Thus, our novel approach may facilitate exploitation of lymphangiogenesis in the grafted organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S Pedersen
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics and Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Leitner
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Regele
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shijun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Song Rong
- Department Nephrology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department Nephrology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Faikah Gueler
- Department Nephrology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrew J Rees
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Ronci M, Leporini L, Felaco P, Sirolli V, Pieroni L, Greco V, Aceto A, Urbani A, Bonomini M. Proteomic Characterization of a New asymmetric Cellulose Triacetate Membrane for Hemodialysis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1700140. [PMID: 29808585 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201700140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The artificial membrane inside the haemodialyzer is the main determinant of the quality and success of haemodialysis therapy. The performances of haemodialysis membranes are highly influenced by the interactions with plasma proteins, which in turn are related to the physical and chemical characteristics of the membrane material. The present cross-over study is aimed to analyse the haemodialysis performance of a newly developed asymmetric cellulose triacetate membrane (ATA) in comparison to the conventional parent symmetric polymer (CTA). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In four chronic non diabetic haemodialysis patients, the protein constituents of the adsorbed material from the filters after the haemodialysis session, and the proteins recovered in the ultrafiltrate during the session, are identified using a bottom-up shotgun proteomics approach. RESULTS The ATA membrane shows a lower protein adsorption rate and a lower mass distribution pattern of the proteinaceous material. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE By highlighting the differences between the two haemodialysis filters in terms of adsorbed proteins and flow through, it is demonstrated the higher biocompatibility of the novel ATA membrane, that fulfils the indications for the development of more performant membranes and may represent a step forward for the treatment of patients on chronic haemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy.,IRCCS-Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Lidia Leporini
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Paolo Felaco
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sirolli
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Aceto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- IRCCS-Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome 00144, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Catholic University, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Mario Bonomini
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
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6
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The Role of PPAR and Its Cross-Talk with CAR and LXR in Obesity and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041260. [PMID: 29690611 PMCID: PMC5979375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and atherosclerosis has substantially increased worldwide over the past several decades. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), as fatty acids sensors, have been therapeutic targets in several human lipid metabolic diseases, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and liver X receptors (LXRs) were also reported as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and atherosclerosis, respectively. Further clarification of the internal relationships between these three lipid metabolic nuclear receptors is necessary to enable drug discovery. In this review, we mainly summarized the cross-talk of PPARs-CAR in obesity and PPARs-LXRs in atherosclerosis.
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7
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Fessler MB. The challenges and promise of targeting the Liver X Receptors for treatment of inflammatory disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 181:1-12. [PMID: 28720427 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Liver X Receptors (LXRs) are oxysterol-activated transcription factors that upregulate a suite of genes that together promote coordinated mobilization of excess cholesterol from cells and from the body. The LXRs, like other nuclear receptors, are anti-inflammatory, inhibiting signal-dependent induction of pro-inflammatory genes by nuclear factor-κB, activating protein-1, and other transcription factors. Synthetic LXR agonists have been shown to ameliorate atherosclerosis and a wide range of inflammatory disorders in preclinical animal models. Although this has suggested potential for application to human disease, systemic LXR activation is complicated by hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia, consequences of lipogenic gene induction in the liver by LXRα. The past several years have seen the development of multiple advanced LXR therapeutics aiming to avoid hepatic lipogenesis, including LXRβ-selective agonists, tissue-selective agonists, and transrepression-selective agonists. Although several synthetic LXR agonists have made it to phase I clinical trials, none have progressed due to unforeseen adverse reactions or undisclosed reasons. Nonetheless, several sophisticated pharmacologic strategies, including structure-guided drug design, cell-specific drug targeting, as well as non-systemic drug routes have been initiated and remain to be comprehensively explored. In addition, recent studies have identified potential utility for targeting the LXRs during therapy with other agents, such as glucocorticoids and rexinoids. Despite the pitfalls encountered to date in translation of LXR agonists to human disease, it appears likely that this accelerating field will ultimately yield effective and safe applications for LXR targeting in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Fessler
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, MD D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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8
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Jin J, Gong J, Lin B, Li Y, He Q. FcγRIIb expression on B cells is associated with treatment efficacy for acute rejection after kidney transplantation. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:283-292. [PMID: 28360016 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fcγ receptors (FcγR) play a role in the acute rejection (AR) of organ transplants. FcγRIIB is an inhibitory FcγR expressed on B cells. Intravenous IgG (IVIG) and CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb) have been shown to have immunomodulatory properties against AR. AIM To examine the association between FcγRIIB expression on B cell subpopulations and AR treatment efficacy. METHODS Male F344 rats were used as kidney donors and Lewis rats as recipients to establish models of renal transplantation. Rats were divided into five groups: sham, AR-PBS, AR-IVIG, AR-PNGase F-IVIG, and AR-CD28. Serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urine protein content were determined. Inflammatory markers were measured by ELISA, FcγR by western blotting, and spleen B cell activation by flow cytometry. RESULTS Scr, BUN, urinary protein content, levels of CRP, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IgG were all increased in the AR-PBS group compared with the sham group (all P<0.01); these increases were partly reversed in the AR-IVIG, AR-PNGase F IVIG, and AR-CD28 groups (all P<0.01), with IVIG showing the better efficacy than PNGase F IVIG. Furthermore, blood and spleen FcγRIA and FcγRIIIA were increased by AR, while FcγRIIB expressions in splenic activated B cells and regulatory B cells were decreased; these changes were partly alleviated by all three treatments, with IVIG having the better effect than PNGase F IVIG. CONCLUSION We observed an association between B cell FcγRIIB expression and treatment efficacy for AR after kidney transplantation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Jianguang Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Bo Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang 310014, PR China.
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9
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Kimura T, Nada S, Takegahara N, Okuno T, Nojima S, Kang S, Ito D, Morimoto K, Hosokawa T, Hayama Y, Mitsui Y, Sakurai N, Sarashina-Kida H, Nishide M, Maeda Y, Takamatsu H, Okuzaki D, Yamada M, Okada M, Kumanogoh A. Polarization of M2 macrophages requires Lamtor1 that integrates cytokine and amino-acid signals. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13130. [PMID: 27731330 PMCID: PMC5064021 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play crucial roles in host defence and tissue homoeostasis, processes in which both environmental stimuli and intracellularly generated metabolites influence activation of macrophages. Activated macrophages are classified into M1 and M2 macrophages. It remains unclear how intracellular nutrition sufficiency, especially for amino acid, influences on macrophage activation. Here we show that a lysosomal adaptor protein Lamtor1, which forms an amino-acid sensing complex with lysosomal vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (v-ATPase), and is the scaffold for amino acid-activated mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1), is critically required for M2 polarization. Lamtor1 deficiency, amino-acid starvation, or inhibition of v-ATPase and mTOR result in defective M2 polarization and enhanced M1 polarization. Furthermore, we identified liver X receptor (LXR) as the downstream target of Lamtor1 and mTORC1. Production of 25-hydroxycholesterol is dependent on Lamtor1 and mTORC1. Our findings demonstrate that Lamtor1 plays an essential role in M2 polarization, coupling immunity and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kimura
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriko Takegahara
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tatsusada Okuno
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nojima
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sujin Kang
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Keiko Morimoto
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Takashi Hosokawa
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Hayama
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yuichi Mitsui
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Natsuki Sakurai
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hana Sarashina-Kida
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nishide
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yohei Maeda
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- DNA-chip Development Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Yamadaoka 3-1, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamada
- Global Application Development Center, Analytical and Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Immunopathology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-2, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,The Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Gobancho 7, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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10
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Martin SJ, Sabina EP. Amelioration of anti-tuberculosis drug induced oxidative stress in kidneys by Spirulina fusiformis in a rat model. Ren Fail 2016; 38:1115-21. [PMID: 27183989 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1184940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a rare complication caused by anti-tuberculosis therapy-induced oxidative stress. The Cyanobacterium Spirulina fusiformis Voronikhin belonging to Oscillatoriaceae family is used traditionally as a source of antioxidants against oxidative stress. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of S. fusiformis in modifying isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF)-induced changes in Wistar rat kidneys. Animals were divided into six groups: normal control rats; toxic control (INH & RIF-50 mg/kg b.w./d each; p.o.); INH & RIF + S. fusiformis (400 mg/kg b.w./d); INH & RIF + S. fusiformis (800 mg/kg b.w./d); S. fusiformis (800 mg/kg b.w./d) alone-treated rats; INH & RIF + silymarin (25 mg/kg b.w./d). Study duration was 28 d after which blood and kidneys were analyzed. We also studied the binding and interactions of the transcription factors Liver X Receptor (LXR) and Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) with INH, RIF, and representative active compounds of S. fusiformis by in silico methods. INH & RIF treatment caused significant (p< 0.05) decrease in antioxidant levels and significant (p< 0.05) increase in the levels of creatinine, urea, and uric acid showing impaired kidney function. Spirulina fusiformis ameliorated these effects in a dose dependent manner. Histological examination of kidneys supported these findings. Results of the in silico analyses showed that selected active components of S. fusiformis interact with LXR and FXR and could be a possible mechanism of action. S. fusiformis rendered protection against anti-tuberculosis drugs-induced oxidative stress in kidney tissues of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Joseph Martin
- a Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Evan Prince Sabina
- a Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India
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11
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Zhang L, Zhu Y, Zhang D, Zhang J, Tian Y. Platelet factor 4 protects kidney allograft in a rat kidney transplantation model. Inflammation 2015; 38:520-6. [PMID: 24986443 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but it is becoming increasingly evident that platelets actively participate in inflammation and immune responses. A recent paper indicated that platelet factor 4 (PF4) alleviated cardiac allograft rejection in mice. But the role of PF4 on kidney transplantation has never been investigated. In our current experiment, PF4 administration alleviates immune responses to kidney transplantation. PF4 significantly alleviates vascular and glomerular changes, as well as interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, and tubular atrophy at day 56 after transplantation. PF4 decreases interleukin (IL)-17 production in vivo and also limits Th17 differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, the alleviated chronic vasculopathy and tubulointerstitial inflammation induced by PF4 were abolished with additional IL-17 administration. Meanwhile, decreased serum creatinine and urea induced by PF4 were also reversed by recombinant mouse IL-17 (rmIL-17). In conclusion, PF4 plays a protective role in chronic kidney allograft and this was associated with inhibition of IL-17 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Capital Medical University of Beijing Friendship Hospital, Yongan Road 95# of Xicheng District, 100050, Beijing, China
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12
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Monocytic Tissue Transglutaminase in a Rat Model for Reversible Acute Rejection and Chronic Renal Allograft Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:429653. [PMID: 26063971 PMCID: PMC4431319 DOI: 10.1155/2015/429653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute rejection is a major risk factor for chronic allograft injury (CAI). Blood leukocytes interacting with allograft endothelial cells during acute rejection were suggested to contribute to the still enigmatic pathogenesis of CAI. We hypothesize that tissue transglutaminase (Tgm2), a multifunctional protein and established marker of M2 macrophages, is involved in acute and chronic graft rejection. We focus on leukocytes accumulating in blood vessels of rat renal allografts (Fischer-344 to Lewis), an established model for reversible acute rejection and CAI. Monocytes in graft blood vessels overexpress Tgm2 when acute rejection peaks on day 9 after transplantation. Concomitantly, caspase-3 is activated, suggesting that Tgm2 expression is linked to apoptosis. After resolution of acute rejection on day 42, leukocytic Tgm2 levels are lower and activated caspase-3 does not differ among isografts and allografts. Cystamine was applied for 4 weeks after transplantation to inhibit extracellular transglutaminase activity, which did, however, not reduce CAI in the long run. In conclusion, this is the first report on Tgm2 expression by monocytes in vivo. Tgm2 may be involved in leukocytic apoptosis and thus in reversion of acute rejection. However, our data do not support a role of extracellular transglutaminase activity as a factor triggering CAI during self-limiting acute rejection.
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13
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Jakobsson T, Vedin LL, Hassan T, Venteclef N, Greco D, D'Amato M, Treuter E, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR. The oxysterol receptor LXRβ protects against DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:1416-28. [PMID: 24803164 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined the function of the oxysterol receptors (LXRs) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through studying dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)- and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice and by elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying their anti-inflammatory action. We observed that Lxr-deficient mice are more susceptible to colitis. Clinical indicators of colitis including weight loss, diarrhea and blood in feces appeared earlier and were more severe in Lxr-deficient mice and particularly LXRβ protected against symptoms of colitis. Addition of an LXR agonist led to faster recovery and increased survival. In contrast, Lxr-deficient mice showed slower recovery and decreased survival. In Lxr-deficient mice, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were increased together with increased infiltration of immune cells in the colon epithelium. Activation of LXRs strongly suppressed expression of inflammatory mediators including TNFα. While LXRα had anti-inflammatory effects in CD11b(+) immune cell populations, LXRβ in addition had anti-inflammatory effects in colon epithelial cells. Lack of LXRβ also induced CD4(+)/CD3(+) immune cell recruitment to the inflamed colon. Expression of both LXRA and LXRB was significantly suppressed in inflamed colon from subjects with IBD compared with non-inflamed colon. Taken together, our observations suggest that the LXRs could provide interesting targets to reduce the inflammatory responses in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jakobsson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L-L Vedin
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Hassan
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Venteclef
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
| | - D Greco
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M D'Amato
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J-Å Gustafsson
- 1] Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - K R Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Hong C, Tontonoz P. Liver X receptors in lipid metabolism: opportunities for drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:433-44. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Skwirba M, Zakrzewicz A, Atanasova S, Wilker S, Fuchs-Moll G, Müller D, Padberg W, Grau V. Expression of nestin after renal transplantation in the rat. APMIS 2014; 122:1020-31. [PMID: 24698412 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic allograft injury (CAI) limits the long-term success of renal transplantation. Nestin is a marker of progenitor cells, which probably contribute to its pathogenesis. We hypothesize that nestin is induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury and acute rejection, main risk factors for CAI. Syngeneic renal transplantation was performed in Lewis rats and allogeneic transplantation in the Fischer 344 to Lewis strain combination, which results in reversible acute rejection and in CAI in the long-run. The Dark Agouti to Lewis rat strain combination was used to study fatal acute rejection. In untreated kidneys, nestin immunoreactivity was detected in glomeruli and in very few interstitial or microvascular cells. Syngeneic transplantation induced nestin expression within 4 days, which decreased until day 9 and returned to control levels on day 42. Nestin expression was strong during acute rejection and still detected during the pathogenesis of CAI on day 42. Nestin-positive cells were identified as endothelial cells and interstitial fibroblast-like cells co-expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin. A sub-population of them expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In conclusion, nestin is induced in renal grafts by ischemia/reperfusion injury and acute rejection. It is expressed by proliferating myofibroblasts and endothelial cells and probably contributes to the pathogenesis of CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Skwirba
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Herman-Edelstein M, Scherzer P, Tobar A, Levi M, Gafter U. Altered renal lipid metabolism and renal lipid accumulation in human diabetic nephropathy. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:561-72. [PMID: 24371263 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models link ectopic lipid accumulation to renal dysfunction, but whether this process occurs in the human kidney is uncertain. To this end, we investigated whether altered renal TG and cholesterol metabolism results in lipid accumulation in human diabetic nephropathy (DN). Lipid staining and the expression of lipid metabolism genes were studied in kidney biopsies of patients with diagnosed DN (n = 34), and compared with normal kidneys (n = 12). We observed heavy lipid deposition and increased intracellular lipid droplets. Lipid deposition was associated with dysregulation of lipid metabolism genes. Fatty acid β-oxidation pathways including PPAR-α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, acyl-CoA oxidase, and L-FABP were downregulated. Downregulation of renal lipoprotein lipase, which hydrolyzes circulating TGs, was associated with increased expression of angiopoietin-like protein 4. Cholesterol uptake receptor expression, including LDL receptors, oxidized LDL receptors, and acetylated LDL receptors, was significantly increased, while there was downregulation of genes effecting cholesterol efflux, including ABCA1, ABCG1, and apoE. There was a highly significant correlation between glomerular filtration rate, inflammation, and lipid metabolism genes, supporting a possible role of abnormal lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of DN. These data suggest that renal lipid metabolism may serve as a target for specific therapies aimed at slowing the progression of glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Herman-Edelstein
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, and Departments of Nephrology Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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17
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Pourcet B, Pineda-Torra I. Transcriptional regulation of macrophage arginase 1 expression and its role in atherosclerosis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 23:143-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Steffensen KR, Jakobsson T, Gustafsson JÅ. Targeting liver X receptors in inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:977-90. [PMID: 23738533 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The two oxysterol receptors, 'liver X receptors (LXRs)' LXRα and LXRβ, are amongst the emerging newer drug targets within the nuclear receptor family and targeting LXRs represents novel strategies needed for prevention and treatment of diseases where current therapeutics is inadequate. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current understanding of LXR biology with an emphasis on the molecular aspects of LXR signalling establishing their potential as drug targets. Recent advances of their transcriptional mechanisms in inflammatory pathways and their physiological roles in inflammation and immunity are described. EXPERT OPINION The new discoveries of LXR-regulated inflammatory pathways have ignited new promises for LXRs as drug targets. The broad physiological roles of LXRs involve a high risk of unwanted side effects. Recent insights into LXR biology of the brain indicate a highly important role in neuronal development and a clinical trial testing an LXR agonist reported adverse neurological side effects. This suggests that drug development must focus on limiting the range of LXR signalling - possibly achieved through subtype, tissue specific, promoter specific or pathway specific activation of LXRs where a successful candidate drug must be carefully studied for its effect in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Steffensen
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden.
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19
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Kiss E, Kränzlin B, Wagenblaβ K, Bonrouhi M, Thiery J, Gröne E, Nordström V, Teupser D, Gretz N, Malle E, Gröne HJ. Lipid droplet accumulation is associated with an increase in hyperglycemia-induced renal damage: prevention by liver X receptors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:727-41. [PMID: 23318573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a frequent component of the metabolic disorder of diabetic patients contributing to organ damage. Herein, in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient hyperlipidemic and streptozotozin-induced diabetic mice, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia acted reciprocally, accentuating renal injury and altering renal function. In hyperglycemic-hyperlipidemic kidneys, the accumulation of Tip47-positive lipid droplets in glomeruli, tubular epithelia, and macrophages was accompanied by the concomitant presence of the oxidative stress markers xanthine oxidoreductase and nitrotyrosine, findings that could also be evidenced in renal biopsy samples of diabetic patients. As liver X receptors (LXRα,β) regulate genes linked to lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis and inhibit inflammatory gene expression in macrophages, the effects of systemic and macrophage-specific LXR activation were analyzed on renal damage in hyperlipidemic-hyperglycemic mice. LXR stimulation by GW3965 up-regulated genes involved in cholesterol efflux and down-regulated proinflammatory/profibrotic cytokines, inhibiting the pathomorphology of diabetic nephropathy, renal lipid accumulation, and improving renal function. Xanthine oxidoreductase and nitrotyrosine levels were reduced. In macrophages, GW3965 or LXRα overexpression significantly suppressed glycated or acetylated low-density lipoprotein-induced cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Specifically, in mice, transgenic expression of LXRα in macrophages significantly ameliorated hyperlipidemic-hyperglycemic nephropathy. The results demonstrate the presence of lipid droplet-induced oxidative mechanisms and the pathophysiologic role of macrophages in diabetic kidneys and indicate the potent regulatory role of LXRs in preventing renal damage in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Jakobsson T, Treuter E, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR. Liver X receptor biology and pharmacology: new pathways, challenges and opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:394-404. [PMID: 22541735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are master regulators of transcriptional programs that integrate the homeostatic control of almost all biological processes. Their direct mode of ligand regulation and genome interaction is at the core of modern pharmacology. The two liver X receptors LXRα and LXRβ are among the emerging newer drug targets within the NR family. LXRs are best known as nuclear oxysterol receptors and physiological regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism that also act in an anti-inflammatory way. Because LXRs control diverse pathways in development, reproduction, metabolism, immunity and inflammation, they have potential as therapeutic targets for diseases as diverse as lipid disorders, atherosclerosis, chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent insights into LXR signaling suggest future targeting strategies aiming at increasing LXR subtype and pathway selectivity. This review discusses the current status of our understanding of LXR biology and pharmacology, with an emphasis on the molecular aspects of LXR signaling that constitute the potential of LXRs as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Jakobsson
- Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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von Toerne C, Bedke J, Safi S, Porubsky S, Gretz N, Loewe R, Nelson PJ, Gröne HJ. Modulation of Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways is linked to retinoic acid-induced amelioration of chronic allograft dysfunction. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:55-68. [PMID: 21992189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic renal allograft damage (CAD) is manifested by a smoldering inflammatory process that leads to transplant glomerulopathy, diffuse interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy with loss of tubular structures. Using a Fischer 344 (RT1lvl) to Lewis (RT1l) rat renal allograft model, transcriptomic profiling and pathway mapping, we have previously shown that dynamic dysregulation of the Wnt signaling pathways may underlie progressive CAD. Retinoic acid, an important regulator of differentiation during vertebrate embryogenesis, can moderate the damage observed in this experimental model of CAD. We show here that subsets of the Hedgehog (Hh) and canonical Wnt signaling pathways are linked to the pathophysiology of progressive fibrosis, loss of cilia in epithelia and chronic dysfunction. Oral treatment with 13cis retinoic acid (13cRA) was found to selectively ameliorate the dysregulation of the Hh and canonical Wnt pathways associated with CAD, and lead to a general preservation of cilial structures. Interplay between these pathways helps explain the therapeutic effects of retinoic acid treatment in CAD, and suggests future targets for moderating chronic fibrosing organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C von Toerne
- Clinical Biochemistry Group, Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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