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Spitzweg C, Nelson PJ, Wagner E, Bartenstein P, Weber WA, Schwaiger M, Morris JC. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS): novel applications for radionuclide imaging and treatment. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:T193-T213. [PMID: 34259647 DOI: 10.1530/erc-21-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cloning of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) 25 years ago has opened an exciting chapter in molecular thyroidology with the characterization of NIS as one of the most powerful theranostic genes and the development of a promising gene therapy strategy based on image-guided selective NIS gene transfer in non-thyroidal tumors followed by application of 131I or alternative radionuclides, such as 188Re and 211At. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the development of the NIS gene therapy concept, from local NIS gene delivery towards promising new applications in disseminated disease, in particular through the use of oncolytic viruses, non-viral polyplexes, and genetically engineered MSCs as highly effective, highly selective and flexible gene delivery vehicles. In addition to allowing the robust therapeutic application of radioiodine in non-thyroid cancer settings, these studies have also been able to take advantage of NIS as a sensitive reporter gene that allows temporal and spatial monitoring of vector biodistribution, replication, and elimination - critically important issues for preclinical development and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spitzweg
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - P J Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - E Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for System-Based Drug Research, and Centre for Nanoscience, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - P Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - W A Weber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J C Morris
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Mueller A, Schmohl K, Knoop K, Salb N, Schug C, Hofstetter M, Wechselberger A, Schwenk N, Nelson PJ, Spitzweg C. Analysis of the effects of T3 and T4 on the hypoxia response network of mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1547610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schmohl K, Mueller A, Salb N, Wechselberger A, Schwenk N, Nelson PJ, Spitzweg C, Rühland S. Analysis of the effects of T3, T4 and tetrac on mesenchymal stem cell biology. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1547642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Soleimani M, Barone S, Xu J, Zahedi K, Pavlov T, Levchenko V, Ilatovskaya D, Palygin O, Staruschenko A, Lee CT, Ng HY, Lee YT, Lien YH, Lai LW, Chiou T, Fischereder M, Michalke B, Schmoeckel E, Habicht A, Szabados B, Nelson PJ, Stangl M, Colombaro V, Decleves AE, Jadot I, Voisin V, Giordano L, Habsch I, Flamion B, Caron N. WATER AND SALT. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Schmohl KA, Mueller AM, Knoop K, Schwenk N, Wechselberger A, Nelson PJ, Spitzweg C. Effects of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1372039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Knoop K, Müller AM, Schmohl KA, Schwenk N, Carlsen J, Hacker M, Göke B, Wagner E, Nelson PJ, Spitzweg C. In vivo imaging of mesenchymal stem cell recruitment into the tumor stroma of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using a HIF-specific sodium iodide symporter gene system. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1372007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gamba S, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Wang Y, Schwarz B, Primo S, Jauch KW, Nelson PJ, Modest DP, Nieß H, Bruns C. [Significance of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Gastrointestinal Disorders]. Zentralbl Chir 2013; 140:294-303. [PMID: 23836276 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1328561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review we summarise the recent developments regarding the experimental and clinical use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), focusing mainly on the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Next to their relevance in the field of regenerative medicine and immunology, this population of cells has also raised great expectations for possible applications in cancer therapy. While clinical trials were able to demonstrate the efficacy of MSCs in cases of inflammatory bowel disease and degenerative conditions of the liver, controversial results have been presented regarding their antineoplastic potential in gastrointestinal tumours. MSCs can differentiate into a large variety of specialised cells. They are capable of regulating both wound healing and immune responses through paracrine and endocrine signalling. Moreover, MSCs can be transfected with a great number of different therapeutic genes - considering their ability to selectively migrate towards neoplastic tissues, this feature allows for targeted therapy of solid tumours. Transfected genes can be designed so that they are expressed exclusively in the vicinity of the tumour, eventually triggering apoptosis in cancer cells. In this review, we demonstrate the natural distribution of exogenously applied MSCs in the host. Furthermore, we mention various methods of tracking MSCs in vivo and different parameters of administration that tend to influence therapeutic outcome (e.g., origin of MSCs, mode of application, or the potency of transfected genes). Finally, this review points out the hazards of MSC therapy, emphasising the risks related to their widespread clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gamba
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
| | - Y Zhao
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
| | - L Zhao
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
| | - Y Wang
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
| | - B Schwarz
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
| | - S Primo
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
| | - K-W Jauch
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
| | - P J Nelson
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Nephrologisches Zentrum und Arbeitsgruppe Klinische Biochemie, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
| | - D P Modest
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
| | - H Nieß
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
| | - C Bruns
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Deutschland
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Knoop K, Schwenk N, Dolp P, Willhauck MJ, Zischek C, Böning G, Zankl H, Hacker M, Göke B, Wagner E, Nelson PJ, Spitzweg C. Imaging of mesenchymal stem cell recruitment into the stroma of hepatic colon cancer metastases using the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1336722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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von Toerne C, Bedke J, Safi S, Porubsky S, Gretz N, Loewe R, Nelson PJ, Gröne HJ. Modulation of Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways is linked to retinoic acid-induced amelioration of chronic allograft dysfunction. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:55-68. [PMID: 21992189 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic renal allograft damage (CAD) is manifested by a smoldering inflammatory process that leads to transplant glomerulopathy, diffuse interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy with loss of tubular structures. Using a Fischer 344 (RT1lvl) to Lewis (RT1l) rat renal allograft model, transcriptomic profiling and pathway mapping, we have previously shown that dynamic dysregulation of the Wnt signaling pathways may underlie progressive CAD. Retinoic acid, an important regulator of differentiation during vertebrate embryogenesis, can moderate the damage observed in this experimental model of CAD. We show here that subsets of the Hedgehog (Hh) and canonical Wnt signaling pathways are linked to the pathophysiology of progressive fibrosis, loss of cilia in epithelia and chronic dysfunction. Oral treatment with 13cis retinoic acid (13cRA) was found to selectively ameliorate the dysregulation of the Hh and canonical Wnt pathways associated with CAD, and lead to a general preservation of cilial structures. Interplay between these pathways helps explain the therapeutic effects of retinoic acid treatment in CAD, and suggests future targets for moderating chronic fibrosing organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C von Toerne
- Clinical Biochemistry Group, Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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von Toerne C, Schmidt C, Adams J, Kiss E, Bedke J, Porubsky S, Gretz N, Lindenmeyer MT, Cohen CD, Gröne HJ, Nelson PJ. Wnt pathway regulation in chronic renal allograft damage. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:2223-39. [PMID: 19681821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway, linked to development, has been proposed to be recapitulated during the progressive damage associated with chronic organ failure. Chronic allograft damage following kidney transplantation is characterized by progressive fibrosis and a smoldering inflammatory infiltrate. A modified, Fischer 344 (RT1(lvl)) to Lewis (RT1(l)) rat renal allograft model that reiterates many of the major pathophysiologic processes seen in patients with chronic allograft failure was used to study the progressive disease phenotype and specific gene product expression by immunohistochemistry and transcriptomic profiling. Central components of the Tgfb, canonical Wnt and Wnt-Ca2+ signaling pathways were significantly altered with the development of chronic damage. In the canonical Wnt pathway, Wnt3, Lef1 and Tcf1 showed differential regulation. Target genes Fn1, Cd44, Mmp7 and Nos2 were upregulated and associated with the progression of renal damage. Changes in the Wnt-Ca2+ pathway were evidenced by increased expression of Wnt6, Wnt7a, protein kinase C, Cam Kinase II and Nfat transcription factors and the target gene vimentin. No evidence for alterations in the Wnt planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway was detected. Overall results suggest cross talk between the Wnt and Tgfb signaling pathways during allograft inflammatory damage and present potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C von Toerne
- Clinical Biochemistry Group, Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major cause of acute renal failure and kidney allograft dysfunction. Dong and colleagues now identify the surveying renal dendritic cell network as the predominant source of tumor necrosis factor-alpha during the early stages of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, raising the possibility for direct targeting of renal dendritic cells to help ameliorate this common form of renal injury and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Nelson
- Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Bedke J, Kiss E, Schaefer L, Behnes CL, Bonrouhi M, Gretz N, Horuk R, Diedrichs-Moehring M, Wildner G, Nelson PJ, Gröne HJ. Beneficial effects of CCR1 blockade on the progression of chronic renal allograft damage. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:527-37. [PMID: 17229070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The biology of chemokines and their receptors have been linked to the development of chronic allograft damage. Effects of CCR1 antagonist BX 471 were studied in a Fischer to Lewis renal transplantation model at days 10, 21 and 42 after transplantation. BX 471 treatment did not effectively reduce signs of acute rejection at day 10 but significantly improved allograft function and morphology at day 21 posttransplantation. When therapy was initiated on day 21 after transplantation, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis were significantly inhibited by day 42 posttransplantation. Parallel decrease in infiltrating and proliferating mononuclear cells (ED1, CD8 and Ki67) was observed in treated allografts. Expression of acute phase reactive and proinflammatory genes (HO-1, osteopontin) and molecules associated with fibrosis (PAI-1, TGF-beta1, biglycan) was downregulated at day 21; reduced collagen deposition was observed, parallel to a significant lower number of alpha-SMA+ interstitial myofibroblasts. In situ hybridization demonstrated that biglycan expression was reduced following CCR1 blockade in interstitium of treated allografts. CCR1 antagonism was found to inhibit CCL5-induced secretion of biglycan by macrophages in vitro. CCR1 blockade significantly inhibited development and progression of chronic allograft damage. CCR1 antagonists may represent a therapeutic option for chronic inflammation and fibrosis in renal grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bedke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Grau SJ, Trillsch F, Herms J, Thon N, Nelson PJ, Tonn JC, Goldbrunner R. Expression of VEGFR3 in glioma endothelium correlates with tumor grade. J Neurooncol 2006; 82:141-50. [PMID: 17115285 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-006-9272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenic processes are regulated by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors VEGFR1 (Flt-1), 2 (Flk-1) and 3 (Flt-4). While VEGFR2 is thought to play a central role in tumor angiogenesis, anti-angiogenic therapies targeting VEGFR2 in glioma models can show escape phenomena with secondary onset of angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to find explanations for these processes by searching for alternative pathways regulating glioma angiogenesis and reveal a correlation with tumor grade. Thus, VEGFR3, which is not expressed in normal brain, and its ligands VEGF-C and -D, were assessed in high grade (WHO degrees IV, glioblastomas, GBM) and low grade gliomas [WHO degrees II astrocytomas (AII)]. In all GBM, a strong protein expression of VEGFR3 was found on tumor endothelium, VEGF-C and -D expression was found on numerous cells in areas of high vascularization. On RNA level, a significant up-regulation of VEGFR3 was detected in GBM compared to AII and non-neoplastic brain. In AII, only very moderate VEGFR3, VEGF-C and -D expression was found on protein and RNA level indicating a correlation of VEGFR3 expression with tumor grade. VEGFR3 signal in both grades was found predominantly on endothelial cells, confirmed by VEGFR3 expression on isolated CD31 positive cells and the expression of various endothelial markers on VEGFR3-positive cells isolated from GBM. The demonstration of a complete angiogenic signaling system that is dependent on tumor grade may influence the traditional paradigm of glioma angiogenesis and may provide a basis for more effective anti-angiogenic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Grau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81373 , Munich, Germany,
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Segerer S, Henger A, Schmid H, Kretzler M, Draganovici D, Brandt U, Noessner E, Nelson PJ, Kerjaschki D, Schlöndorff D, Regele H. Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR1 in human glomerular diseases. Kidney Int 2006; 69:1765-73. [PMID: 16541017 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte infiltration, a hallmark of renal diseases, is orchestrated in part by the actions of chemokines. The chemokine CXCL8/interleukin (IL)-8 is expressed during renal diseases and allograft rejection, whereas the corresponding receptor CXCR1 has not been described previously. Expression of CXCR1 was characterized in peripheral blood using multicolor fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis (FACS). CXCR1 was localized in 81 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded renal specimens by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against human CXCR1. Included were biopsies with crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN, n = 22), immunoglobulin (Ig) A nephropathy (n = 15), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN, n = 17), lupus nephritis (n = 12), membranous nephropathy (n = 11), and non-involved parts of tumor nephrectomies (n = 4). Consecutive tissue sections of human tonsils, allograft explants, and renal biopsies were stained for CD15- and CD68-positive cells. Expression of CXCR1 and CXCL8/IL-8 mRNA was quantified by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerse chain reaction of microdissected renal biopsies (n = 35) of the same disease entities. By FACS CXCR1 expression was found on polymorphonuclear CXCR1 expression by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), natural killer cells, and a subpopulation of monocytes. By immunohistochemistry, CXCR1 expression was found on infiltrating inflammatory cells (predominantly PMNs), as well as on intrinsic renal cells (arterial smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries). The distribution pattern of CXCR1 differed between disease entities. The highest numbers of glomerular CXCR1-positive cells were present in biopsies with MPGN, followed by lupus nephritis, and CGN. CXCR1 might be involved in the recruitment of PMNs to the glomerular tuft, which could be targeted by CXCR1-blocking agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Segerer
- Medizinische Poliklinik-Innenstadt, University of Munich, Germany.
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Soos TJ, Sims TN, Barisoni L, Lin K, Littman DR, Dustin ML, Nelson PJ. CX3CR1+ interstitial dendritic cells form a contiguous network throughout the entire kidney. Kidney Int 2006; 70:591-6. [PMID: 16760907 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) interface innate and adaptive immunity in nonlymphoid organs; however, the exact distribution and types of DC within the kidney are not known. We utilized CX3CR1GFP/+ mice to characterize the anatomy and phenotype of tissue-resident CX3CR1+ DCs within normal kidney. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy revealed an extensive, contiguous network of stellate-shaped CX3CR1+ DCs throughout the interstitial and mesangial spaces of the entire kidney. Intravital microscopy of the superficial cortex showed stationary interstitial CX3CR1+ DCs that continually probe the surrounding tissue environment through dendrite extensions. Flow cytometry of renal CX3CR1+ DCs showed significant coexpression of CD11c and F4/80, high major histocompatibility complex class II and FcR expression, and immature costimulatory but competent phagocytic ability indicative of tissue-resident, immature DCs ready to respond to environment cues. Thus, within the renal parenchyma, there exists little immunological privilege from the surveillance provided by renal CX3CR1+ DCs, a major constituent of the heterogeneous mononuclear phagocyte system populating normal kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Soos
- Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Djafarzadeh R, Noessner E, Engelmann H, Schendel DJ, Notohamiprodjo M, von Luettichau I, Nelson PJ. GPI-anchored TIMP-1 treatment renders renal cell carcinoma sensitive to FAS-meditated killing. Oncogene 2006; 25:1496-508. [PMID: 16261161 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of tumours to immune-mediated lysis has been linked to the biology of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and specifically to the cell surface expression of MMPs by the tumour cell. The endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) exhibit diverse physiological/biological functions including the moderation of tumour growth, metastasis and apoptosis. These biologic activities are mediated in part by the stoichiometry of TIMP/MMP/cell surface protein interactions. A glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor was fused to TIMP-1 to focus defined concentrations of this inhibitory protein on the surface of three renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines (RCC-26, RCC-53 and A498) independently of cell surface protein-protein interactions. Exogenously added TIMP-1-GPI efficiently inserted into the RCC cell membrane and dramatically altered the association of MMPs with the cell surface. TIMP-1-GPI treatment inhibited RCC proliferation and rendered the normally FAS-resistant RCC cells sensitive to FAS-induced apoptosis but did not alter perforin-mediated lysis by cytotoxic effector cells. The increased sensitivity to FAS-mediated apoptosis correlated with an alteration in the balance of pro- and antiapoptotic BCL-2-family proteins. By interfering with the proliferative capacity and inducing sensitivity to immune effector mechanisms GPI-anchored TIMP-1 may represent a more effective version of the TIMP-1 protein for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Djafarzadeh
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Chapman OL, Koch TH, Klein F, Nelson PJ, Brown EL. Photochemical transformations. XXV. Two triplet mechanisms in photochemical addition of 2-cyclohexenones to 1,1-dimethoxyethylene. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01008a050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Nelson
- Medizinishe Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Chemokines help control normal leukocyte trafficking as well as their infiltration into tissues during acute and chronic inflammation. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) help support the extravasation and infiltration of leukocytes through limited proteolysis of basement membranes and matrix material. The effect of the chemokines RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL and SDF-1/CXCL12 on secretion of the matrix metalloproteinase B and its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 was studied. RANTES/CCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 were found to induce MMP-9 secretion in primary human monocytes while TIMP-1 secretion was not affected. RANTES/CCL5 effects were mediated through CCR1 because the CCR1 antagonist BX471 was found to effectively block RANTES/CCL5-induced MMP-9 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Klier
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Weber KS, Gröne HJ, Röcken M, Klier C, Gu S, Wank R, Proudfoot AE, Nelson PJ, Weber C. Selective recruitment of Th2-type cells and evasion from a cytotoxic immune response mediated by viral macrophage inhibitory protein-II. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:2458-66. [PMID: 11500830 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200108)31:8<2458::aid-immu2458>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The viral CC chemokine macrophage inhibitory protein-II (vMIP-II) encoded by human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) binds to multiple chemokine receptors, however, its ability to control the initial recruitment of specific leukocyte subtypes from the peripheral circulation has not been fully clarified. Here we show that vMIP-II blocks the firm arrest and transmigration of monocytes or Th1-like T lymphocytes triggered by RANTES immobilized on activated human microvascular endothelium (HMVEC) under flow conditions. The internalization of the receptors CCR1 and CCR5 that mediate arrest and transmigration of these cells in response to RANTES was prevented by vMIP-II, supporting its role as an antagonist of CCR1 and CCR5. In contrast, vMIP-II triggered the firm arrest of eosinophils and Th2-like T cells by engaging CCR3, as confirmed by its down-regulation. Immunohistochemical analysis of HHV-8-associated Kaposi's sarcoma lesions marked by vMIP-II expression and mononuclear cell infiltration revealed a predominance of Th2-type CCR3(+) lymphocytes over Th1-type CXCR3(+)/CCR5(+) leukocytes, indicating that as a CCR3 agonist vMIP-II can drive a Th2-type immune response in vivo. Thus, our data provide evidence for a immunomodulatory role of vMIP-II in directing inflammatory cell recruitment away from a Th1-type towards a Th2-type response and thereby facilitating evasion from cytotoxic reactions.
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MESH Headings
- CCR5 Receptor Antagonists
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Chemokine CCL5/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL5/pharmacology
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Endocytosis/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Eosinophils/cytology
- Eosinophils/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interleukin-1/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Receptors, CCR1
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, CCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/agonists
- Receptors, Chemokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Th1 Cells/cytology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/cytology
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Weber
- Institut für Prophylaxe der Kreislaufkrankheiten, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Korkhin
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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24
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von Hundelshausen P, Weber KS, Huo Y, Proudfoot AE, Nelson PJ, Ley K, Weber C. RANTES deposition by platelets triggers monocyte arrest on inflamed and atherosclerotic endothelium. Circulation 2001; 103:1772-7. [PMID: 11282909 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.13.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating platelets and chemoattractant proteins, such as the CC chemokine RANTES, contribute to the activation and interaction of monocytes and endothelium and may thereby play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and atherosclerotic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS The binding of RANTES to human endothelial cells was detected by ELISA or immunofluorescence after perfusion with platelets or exposure to their supernatants. Monocyte arrest on endothelial monolayers or surface-adherent platelets was studied with a parallel-wall flow chamber and video microscopy. We show that RANTES secreted by thrombin-stimulated platelets is immobilized on the surface of inflamed microvascular or aortic endothelium and triggers shear-resistant monocyte arrest under flow conditions, as shown by inhibition with the RANTES receptor antagonist Met-RANTES or a blocking RANTES antibody. Deposition of RANTES and its effects requires endothelial activation, eg, by interleukin-1beta, and is not supported by venous endothelium or adherent platelets. Immunohistochemistry revealed that RANTES is present on the luminal surface of carotid arteries of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with early atherosclerotic lesions after wire-induced injury or cytokine exposure. In a mechanistic model of atherogenesis, monocyte adherence on endothelium covering such lesions was studied in murine carotid arteries perfused ex vivo, showing that the accumulation of monocytic cells in these carotid arteries involved RANTES receptors. CONCLUSIONS The deposition of RANTES by platelets triggers shear-resistant monocyte arrest on inflamed or atherosclerotic endothelium. Delivery of RANTES by platelets may epitomize a novel principle relevant to inflammatory or atherogenic monocyte recruitment from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P von Hundelshausen
- Institut für Prophylaxe der Kreislaufkrankheiten, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Nelson
- Medizinishe Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Schillerstrasse 42, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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26
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Fessele S, Boehlk S, Mojaat A, Miyamoto NG, Werner T, Nelson EL, Schlondorff D, Nelson PJ. Molecular and in silico characterization of a promoter module and C/EBP element that mediate LPS-induced RANTES/CCL5 expression in monocytic cells. FASEB J 2001; 15:577-9. [PMID: 11259372 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0459fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine RANTES/CCL5 is a proinflammatory agent produced by a variety of tissues in response to specific stimuli. In human monocytes, RANTES/CCL5 transcription is up-regulated rapidly and transiently in response to LPS. We describe here two regions that help control LPS-driven transcription from the human RANTES/CCL5 promoter in monocytic cells. These sites were analyzed by using DNase I footprinting, transient transfection assays, site-directed mutagenesis, and EMSA. RANTES site E (R(E), -125/-99) constitutively binds C/EBP proteins in monocytic Mono Mac 6 cells. Mutation of region R(E) led to a significant (40%-50%) reduction in LPS-induced promoter reporter activity. Region R(AB) is composed of tandem kB-like elements R(A) and R(B) (-73/-34). These sites working in concert act as an LPS-responsive promoter module. R(A) constitutively binds Sp1, and Rel p50/p65 following LPS stimulation. Either factor can mediate transcriptional effects at R(A). Induced Rel p50/p50 binding to site R(B) is required for LPS regulation of RANTES/CCL5 transcription. A series of computer models based on the RANTES/CCL5 promoter were generated to represent the organization of these functional elements. The models could identify LPS-regulated promoters in human, other vertebrate, and viral sequences in various databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fessele
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
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27
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Weber C, Weber KS, Klier C, Gu S, Wank R, Horuk R, Nelson PJ. Specialized roles of the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5 in the recruitment of monocytes and T(H)1-like/CD45RO(+) T cells. Blood 2001; 97:1144-6. [PMID: 11159551 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.4.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors control the emigration of leukocytes during inflammation. The role of the RANTES (regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted) receptors CCR1 and CCR5 in the selective recruitment of monocytes, T(H)1-like T-cell clones, and peripheral T cells enriched for CD45RO(+) "memory" cells were tested in a system in which arrest under flow conditions is triggered by RANTES immobilized to activated endothelium. With the use of selective nonpeptide receptor antagonists or blocking antibodies, it was found that the RANTES-induced arrest of these cells was mediated predominantly by CCR1. In contrast, CCR5 mainly contributed to the spreading in shear flow, and both CCR1 and CCR5 supported transendothelial chemotaxis toward RANTES. The data in this study reveal specialized roles of apparently redundant receptors in distinct steps of leukocyte trafficking and suggest that not all receptors currently used to define mononuclear cell subsets are involved in their direct recruitment from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weber
- Institut für Prophylaxe der Kreislaufkrankheiten, Medizinische Poliklinik, and Institut für Immunologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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28
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Horuk R, Clayberger C, Krensky AM, Wang Z, Grone HJ, Weber C, Weber KS, Nelson PJ, May K, Rosser M, Dunning L, Liang M, Buckman B, Ghannam A, Ng HP, Islam I, Bauman JG, Wei GP, Monahan S, Xu W, Snider RM, Morrissey MM, Hesselgesser J, Perez HD. A non-peptide functional antagonist of the CCR1 chemokine receptor is effective in rat heart transplant rejection. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:4199-204. [PMID: 11054419 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007457200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines like RANTES appear to play a role in organ transplant rejection. Because RANTES is a potent agonist for the chemokine receptor CCR1, we examined whether the CCR1 receptor antagonist BX471 is efficacious in a rat heterotopic heart transplant rejection model. Treatment of animals with BX471 and a subtherapeutic dose of cyclosporin (2.5 mg/kg), which is by itself ineffective in prolonging transplant rejection, is much more efficacious in prolonging transplantation rejection than animals treated with either cyclosporin or BX471 alone. We have examined the mechanism of action of the CCR1 antagonist in in vitro flow assays over microvascular endothelium and have discovered that the antagonist blocks the firm adhesion of monocytes triggered by RANTES on inflamed endothelium. Together, these data demonstrate a significant role for CCR1 in allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Horuk
- Departments of Immunology and Discovery Research, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94806, USA
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29
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Nelson PJ. The production of chemokine specific monoclonal antibodies. Chemokine RANTES. Methods Mol Biol 2000; 138:223-9. [PMID: 10840762 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-058-6:223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Nelson
- Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute S A, Geneva, Switzerland
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30
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Schulte R, Grassl GA, Preger S, Fessele S, Jacobi CA, Schaller M, Nelson PJ, Autenrieth IB. Yersinia enterocolitica invasin protein triggers IL-8 production in epithelial cells via activation of Rel p65-p65 homodimers. FASEB J 2000; 14:1471-84. [PMID: 10928981 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14.11.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Yersinia bacteria trigger the production of the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8, an important chemokine for the recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Yersinia is resistant to phagocytosis by PMN, and the recruitment of these cells is thought to be part of a pathogenic strategy of Yersinia to establish infection by allowing the pathogen to gain access to, and disseminate within, host tissue. We report here that Yersinia expressing the outer membrane protein invasin triggers IL-8 production in epithelial cells. The 195 carboxyl-terminal amino acids of invasin when linked to latex beads are sufficient to trigger IL-8 production. By means of IL-8 promoter reporter gene assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments, the minimal optimal region of the IL-8 promoter responsive to invasin was identified and invasin-responsive control elements were characterized. Invasin-induced activation of the IL-8 promoter was found to be mediated through a previously identified NF-kappaB element. This NF-kappaB binding site preferentially binds Rel p65-p65 homodimers as well as some p50-p65 heterodimers in response to stimulation by invasin. Invasin-induced NF-kappaB activation correlated with degradation of IkappaBalpha and the inhibition of NF-kappaB by specific inhibitors of IkappaB activation blocked invasin-induced IL-8 secretion. Invasin-triggered IL-8 production does not depend on invasin-triggered uptake of bacteria, and is independent of a functional PI3-kinase. This report is the first to demonstrate the molecular basis of IL-8 production triggered by enteropathogenic bacteria. Together, these data elucidate the possible early pathomechanisms operating in Yersinia infection and may have implications for the design of novel therapeutics directed against this enteropathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schulte
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-80336 München, Germany
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31
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Mack M, Kleinschmidt A, Brühl H, Klier C, Nelson PJ, Cihak J, Plachý J, Stangassinger M, Erfle V, Schlöndorff D. Transfer of the chemokine receptor CCR5 between cells by membrane-derived microparticles: a mechanism for cellular human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection. Nat Med 2000; 6:769-75. [PMID: 10888925 DOI: 10.1038/77498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The release of microparticles from eukaryotic cells is a well-recognized phenomenon. We demonstrate here that the chemokine receptor CCR5, the principal co-receptor for macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, can be released through microparticles from the surface of CCR5+ Chinese hamster ovary cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Microparticles containing CCR5 can transfer the receptor to CCR5- cells and render them CCR5+. The CCR5 transfer to CCR5-deficient peripheral blood mononuclear cells homozygous for a 32-base-pair deletion in the CCR5 gene enabled infection of these cells with macrophage-tropic HIV-1. In monocytes, the transfer of CCR5 could be inhibited by cytochalasin D, and transferred CCR5 could be downmodulated by chemokines. A transfer of CCR5 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to endothelial cells during transendothelial migration could be demonstrated. Thus, the transfer of CCR5 may lead to infection of tissues without endogenous CCR5 expression. Moreover, the intercellular transfer of membrane proteins by microparticles might have broader consequences for intercellular communication beyond the effects seen for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mack
- Medical Policlinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
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32
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Miyamoto NG, Medberry PS, Hesselgesser J, Boehlk S, Nelson PJ, Krensky AM, Perez HD. Interleukin-1beta induction of the chemokine RANTES promoter in the human astrocytoma line CH235 requires both constitutive and inducible transcription factors. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 105:78-90. [PMID: 10713367 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine RANTES is an important mediator of inflammatory processes. In this report, we describe the DNA sequence and transcription factor requirements for interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induction of the RANTES promoter in the human astrocytoma line CH235. RANTES promoter sequences between -278 and +55 are sufficient for IL-1beta-inducibility. In vitro DNA binding assays demonstrate constitutive binding of Sp1, HMG, Ets domain, and bZIP family members to their cognate sites in the RANTES promoter, whereas NF-kappaB and IRF-1 bind in an IL-1beta-inducible manner. IL-1beta-inducibility of the RANTES promoter requires both constitutive and inducible transcription factors. The formation of a higher order nucleoprotein complex, or 'enhanceosome', may be critical for IL-1beta induction of the RANTES promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Miyamoto
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, 15049 San Pablo Avenue, P.O. Box 4099, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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33
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Boehlk S, Fessele S, Mojaat A, Miyamoto NG, Werner T, Nelson EL, Schlöndorff D, Nelson PJ. ATF and Jun transcription factors, acting through an Ets/CRE promoter module, mediate lipopolysaccharide inducibility of the chemokine RANTES in monocytic Mono Mac 6 cells. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:1102-12. [PMID: 10760799 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(200004)30:4<1102::aid-immu1102>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine RANTES is produced by a variety of tissues, including cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. RANTES expression is rapidly and transiently up-regulated in primary monocytes and the monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 in response to stimulation by the bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Transient transfection of Mono Mac 6 cells with RANTES reporter-promoter deletion constructs, in conjunction with DNase I footprinting and heterologous reporter gene assays, allowed identification of an LPS-responsive region within the RANTES promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), methylation interference and EMSA supershift experiments were used to characterize sequences and transcription factors responsible for this LPS inducibility. The region, termed RANTES site G [R(G)], contains consensus sites for Ets and CRE/AP-1-like elements. Site-directed mutagenesis of the Ets site resulted in a loss of only 15 % of promoter activity, while mutation of the CRE/AP-1 site led to a loss of 40 % of LPS-induced promoter activity. The Ets site constitutively binds the Ets family member PU.1. LPS stimulation leads to an induction of ATF-3 and JunD factor binding to the CRE/AP-1 site. Thus, LPS induction of RANTES transcription is mediated, in part, through the activation and selective binding of ATF and Jun nuclear factors to the R(G) promoter module.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boehlk
- AG Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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34
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Lampinen TM, Critchlow CW, Kuypers JM, Hurt CS, Nelson PJ, Hawes SE, Coombs RW, Holmes KK, Kiviat NB. Association of antiretroviral therapy with detection of HIV-1 RNA and DNA in the anorectal mucosa of homosexual men. AIDS 2000; 14:F69-75. [PMID: 10780708 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200003310-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with reduced detection of HIV-1 RNA and DNA in the anorectal mucosa of men who have sex with men (MSM). DESIGN Cross-sectional study of 233 MSM recruited from community and clinic sites in Seattle, Washington between July 1996 and December 1997. METHODS HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA were detected in anorectal swab specimens by polymerase chain reaction amplification assays. RESULTS HIV-1 RNA was detected significantly less often in anorectal specimens from users of combination antiretroviral therapies, whether a protease inhibitor was received (15/89; 17%) or not (16/53; 30%), than in men not receiving therapy (43/88; 49%) (P < 0.001, P = 0.03, respectively). In contrast, HIV-1 DNA was detected only slightly less frequently in anorectal specimens obtained from men receiving protease inhibitors (35/81; 43%) or reverse transcriptase inhibitors alone (22/48; 46%) than in specimens from men not receiving therapy (45/78; 58%) (P = 0.07, P = 0.20, respectively). Among men with < 50 copies HIV-1 RNA/ml plasma, detection of HIV-1 RNA in anorectal specimens was rare (1/54; 2%) but detection of HIV-1 DNA was common (14/50; 28%). CONCLUSIONS Combination antiretroviral therapy is associated with reductions in HIV-1 RNA, but HIV-1 DNA remains detectable in the anorectal canal of almost half of MSM receiving such therapy. Condom use during anal intercourse should be encouraged, regardless of plasma viral load response to potent antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Lampinen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for AIDS & STD, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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35
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Gröne HJ, Weber C, Weber KS, Gröne EF, Klier CM, Wells TN, Proudfoot AE, Schlöndorff D, Nelson PJ. [Reduction of acute kidney transplantation rejection by the chemokine receptor antagonist Met-RANTES]. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 2000; 83:205-11. [PMID: 10714211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines contribute to the mononuclear cell infiltrate in vessels and interstitium which is characteristic of renal transplant rejection. By employing the chemokine receptor blocker Met-RANTES it was shown that recruitment of inflammatory cells into renal allografts could be significantly suppressed. In a renal transplant model (Fisher RT1(1v1) rat kidney into Lewis RT1(1) rat) Met-RANTES-treated animals showed a significant reduction in vascular injury score (16.10 +/- 5.20 vs. 62.67 +/- 18.64) and tubular damage score (15.70 +/- 5.22 vs. 33.00 +/- 6.44) relative to untreated animals. In a severe rejection model (Brown-Norway RT1n rat kidney into Lewis RT1(1) rat), Met-RANTES significantly augmented low-dose cyclosporin A treatment to reduce all aspects of renal injury including interstitial inflammation (score 71.00 +/- 6.10 vs. 157.30 +/- 21.30). In a monocyte attachment assay on microvascular endothelium under physiological flow conditions exposure of microvascular endothelium to RANTES resulted in RANTES immobilization and RANTES-induced firm adhesion of monocytes only after prestimulation of the endothelium with IL-1 beta. Met-RANTES completely inhibited this RANTES-mediated arrest. Thus, Met-RANTES can reduce acute rejection by impeding leukocyte arrest to inflamed endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Gröne
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Abteilung für Zelluläre und Molekulare Pathologie, Heidelberg
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36
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Sunna A, Gibbs MD, Chin CW, Nelson PJ, Bergquist PL. A gene encoding a novel multidomain beta-1,4-mannanase from Caldibacillus cellulovorans and action of the recombinant enzyme on kraft pulp. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000; 66:664-70. [PMID: 10653733 PMCID: PMC91878 DOI: 10.1128/aem.66.2.664-670.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic walking PCR was used to obtained a 4,567-bp nucleotide sequence from Caldibacillus cellulovorans. Analysis of this sequence revealed that there were three open reading frames, designated ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3. Incomplete ORF1 encoded a putative C-terminal cellulose-binding domain (CBD) homologous to members of CBD family IIIb, while putative ORF3 encoded a protein of unknown function. The putative ManA protein encoded by complete manA ORF2 was an enzyme with a novel multidomain structure and was composed of four domains in the following order: a putative N-terminal domain (D1) of unknown function, an internal CBD (D2), a beta-mannanase catalytic domain (D3), and a C-terminal CBD (D4). All four domains were linked via proline-threonine-rich peptides. Both of the CBDs exhibited sequence similarity to family IIIb CBDs, while the mannanase catalytic domain exhibited homology to the family 5 glycosyl hydrolases. The purified recombinant enzyme ManAd3 expressed from the cloned catalytic domain (D3) exhibited optimum activity at 85 degrees C and pH 6.0 and was extremely thermostable at 70 degrees C. This enzyme exhibited high specificity with the substituted galactomannan locust bean gum, while more substituted galacto- and glucomannans were poorly hydrolyzed. Preliminary studies to determine the effect of the recombinant ManAd3 and a recombinant thermostable beta-xylanase on oxygen-delignified Pinus radiata kraft pulp revealed that there was an increase in the brightness of the bleached pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sunna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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37
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Banas B, Luckow B, Möller M, Klier C, Nelson PJ, Schadde E, Brigl M, Halevy D, Holthöfer H, Reinhart B, Schlöndorff D. Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in a novel human mesangial cell line. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:2314-22. [PMID: 10541290 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v10112314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are thought to play a pivotal role in mediating the selective migration of leukocytes into sites of tissue injury. The local production of chemokines by mesangial cells (MC) has been linked to inflammatory processes within the glomerulus. To study the chemokine biology of human MC, an immortalized human MC line was generated and then chemokine and chemokine receptor expression was examined in response to various proinflammatory stimuli. The results show that human MC have a specific and limited repertoire of chemokine expression. The stimulus-specific regulation of the chemokines monocyte chemoattractant protein- (MCP- 1), regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and IP-10 was demonstrated using RNase protection assays. Transcripts for the chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, I-309, or lymphotactin could not be detected. The expression of CC chemokine receptors was investigated by reverse transcription-PCR and RNase protection assays. MC stimulated with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) expressed mRNA for the chemokine receptor CCR1. The expression could be further increased by activating the cells with a combination of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha), IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma. Under these conditions, no mRNA for CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, or CCR8 was detected. A comparison of the immortalized human mesangial cells with primary cells showed identical expression patterns of chemokine receptors. To demonstrate functional activity of chemokine receptors expressed by human MC, chemotaxis assays were performed. MC stimulated with a combination of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma, but not unstimulated MC, migrated toward a RANTES gradient. Eotaxin did not enhance the migratory activity of human MC. In summary, a novel human mesangial cell line was established and the pattern of chemokine expression was examined. For the first time, the inducible expression of functionally active CCR1 by human MC was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Banas
- Nephrological Center, Medical Policlinic, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
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38
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Nelson EL, Strobl S, Subleski J, Prieto D, Kopp WC, Nelson PJ. Cycling of human dendritic cell effector phenotypes in response to TNF-alpha: modification of the current 'maturation' paradigm and implications for in vivo immunoregulation. FASEB J 1999; 13:2021-30. [PMID: 10544185 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.14.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells reported to undergo irreversible functional 'maturation' in response to inflammatory signals such as TNF-alpha. The current paradigm holds that this DC maturation event is required for full functional capacity and represents terminal differentiation of this cell type, culminating in apoptotic cell death. This provides a possible mechanism for avoiding dysregulated immunostimulatory activity, but imposes constraints on the capacity of DCs to influence subsequent immune responses and to participate in immunological memory. We report that the cell surface and functional effects induced by TNF-alpha are reversible and reinducible. These effects are accompanied by a concordant modulation of cytokine mRNA expression that includes the induction of proinflammatory factors (IL-15, IL-12, LT-alpha, LT-beta, TNF-alpha, RANTES) which is coincident with the down-regulation of counter-regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, IL-1 RA, MCP-1). The resultant net effect is a dendritic cell activation state characterized by a transient proinflammatory posture. These results demonstrate that 1) human DCs do not undergo terminal 'maturation' in response to TNF-alpha, 2) DC phenotypes are more pleiotropic than previously thought, and 3) DCs are potential immunoregulatory effector cells with implications for control of immune responses in both in vivo and in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Nelson
- Immunotherapy Laboratory and Clinical Support Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Division of Clinical Sciences, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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39
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Weber KS, Nelson PJ, Gröne HJ, Weber C. Expression of CCR2 by endothelial cells : implications for MCP-1 mediated wound injury repair and In vivo inflammatory activation of endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:2085-93. [PMID: 10479649 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.9.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell proliferation and migration may play a central role in angiogenesis, wound healing, and atherosclerosis. Although CXC chemokines can act on endothelial cells by influencing proliferation, an involvement of CC chemokines and endothelial expression of chemokine receptors remains to be elucidated. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RNase protection, Western blot, and flow cytometric analysis showed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells express mRNA and surface protein of the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) receptor CCR2, which was upregulated by inflammatory cytokines. MCP-1 induced migration of endothelial cells in a transwell assay, which was inhibited by the 9-76 MCP-1 receptor antagonist. Increased secretion of MCP-1 or interleukin-8, but not RANTES, on endothelial injury suggested a functional role of CCR2 in wound repair as measured by ELISA. After mechanical injury to endothelial monolayers, which spontaneously closed within 24 hours, wound repair was delayed by the 9-76 antagonist and by a blocking monoclonal antibody to MCP-1, but not to interleukin-8, and was improved by exogenous MCP-1. This was confirmed by quantification of cell migration into the wound area, whereas proliferation and viability were unaltered by MCP-1 or its analogue. Notably, immunohistochemistry of inflamed tissue revealed CCR2 staining on arterial, venous, and venular endothelium affected by cellular infiltration. This is the first demonstration of endothelial CCR2 expression ex vivo, inferring its involvement in inflammatory conditions. Thus endothelial cells express functional CCR2 that may have important implications for endothelial wound repair and inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Weber
- Institut für Prophylaxe der Kreislaufkrankheiten, München, Germany.
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Gröne HJ, Weber C, Weber KS, Gröne EF, Rabelink T, Klier CM, Wells TN, Proudfood AE, Schlöndorff D, Nelson PJ. Met-RANTES reduces vascular and tubular damage during acute renal transplant rejection: blocking monocyte arrest and recruitment. FASEB J 1999; 13:1371-83. [PMID: 10428761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are thought to contribute to the cellular infiltrate characteristic of renal transplant rejection. We show that Met-RANTES, a chemokine receptor antagonist, suppresses recruitment of inflammatory cells into renal allografts. In a renal transplant model (Fisher RT1(lvl) rat kidney into Lewis RT1(l) rat) where no additional immune suppressant was used, Met-RANTES-treated animals showed a significant reduction in vascular injury score (16.10 +/- 5.20 vs. 62.67 +/- 18.64) and tubular damage score (15.70 +/- 5.22 vs. 33.00 +/- 6.44) relative to untreated animals. In a more severe rejection model (Brown-Norway RT1(n) rat kidney into Lewis RT1(1) rat), Met-RANTES significantly augmented low-dose cyclosporin A treatment to reduce all aspects of renal injury including interstitial inflammation (score 71.00 +/- 6.10 vs. 157.30 +/- 21.30). The majority of infiltrating cells in these models (60-70%) consisted of monocytes. Potential mechanisms of action of Met-RANTES were tested using monocyte attachment assays on microvascular endothelium under physiological flow conditions. Preexposure of microvascular endothelium to RANTES resulted in RANTES immobilization and RANTES-induced firm adhesion of monocytes only after prestimulation of the endothelium with IL-1beta. Met-RANTES completely inhibited this RANTES-mediated arrest. Thus, Met-RANTES may counter acute rejection by blocking leukocyte firm adhesion to inflamed endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Gröne
- German Cancer Research Center, Department of Experimental Pathology, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Klier
- AG Klinische Biochemie, Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Germany.
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Nelson PJ, Moissoglu K, Vargas J, Klotman PE, Gelman IH. Involvement of the protein kinase C substrate, SSeCKS, in the actin-based stellate morphology of mesangial cells. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 3):361-70. [PMID: 9885289 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C is a key signal transduction event in mesangial cell dedifferentiation and proliferation, yet little is known about downstream substrates or their roles in normal or diseased glomeruli. SSeCKS, a novel protein kinase C substrate originally isolated as a src-suppressed negative mitogenic regulator in fibroblasts, controls actin-based cytoskeletal architecture and scaffolds key signaling kinases such as protein kinase C and protein kinase A. Based on the morphologic similarity between SSeCKS-overexpressing fibroblasts and stellate mesangial cells, we hypothesized that SSeCKS might play a role in mesangial cell morphology in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. Immunoblotting, in situ staining and northern blotting detected abundant expression of SSeCKS in human and rodent mesangial cells and glomerular parietal cells but not in renal tubular epithelia. Immunofluorescence analysis showed enrichment of SSeCKS in mesangial cell podosomes and along a cytoskeletal network distinct from F-actin. Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester resulted in a rapid serine phosphorylation of SSeCKS and its subsequent translocation to perinuclear sites, coincident with the retraction of stellate processes. These effects were blocked by concentrations of bis-indolylmaleimide that selectively inhibit protein kinase C. Finally, ablation of SSeCKS expression using retroviral anti-sense vectors induced (1) an elongated, fibroblastic cell morphology, (2) production of thick, longitudinal stress fibers and (3) repositioning of vinculin-associated focal complexes away from the cell edges. These data suggest a role for SSeCKS as a downstream mediator of protein kinase C-controlled, actin-based mesangial cell cytoskeletal architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Elad
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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Abstract
Chemokines are believed to be the long-sought soluble mediators of selective lymphocyte recruitment. As most selectin-integrin interactions are nonselective, it is thought that the discrimination seen during lymphocyte infiltration into tissues is brought about by the actions of distinct chemokines. Developments over the past year have demonstrated the expanding roles of these factors in lymphocyte chemoattraction, normal trafficking, and viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany.
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Morris DD, Gibbs MD, Chin CW, Koh MH, Wong KK, Allison RW, Nelson PJ, Bergquist PL. Cloning of the xynB gene from Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46B.1 and action of the gene product on kraft pulp. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1759-65. [PMID: 9572948 PMCID: PMC106227 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.5.1759-1765.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A two-step PCR protocol was used to identify and sequence a family 11 xylanase gene from Dictyoglomus thermophilum Rt46B.1. Family 11 xylanase consensus fragments (GXCFs) were amplified from Rt46B.1 genomic DNA by using different sets of consensus PCR primers that exhibited broad specificity for conserved motifs within fungal and/or bacterial family 11 xylanase genes. On the basis of the sequences of a representative sample of the GXCFs a single family 11 xylanase gene (xynB) was identified. The entire gene sequence was obtained in the second step by using genomic walking PCR to amplify Rt46B.1 genomic DNA fragments upstream and downstream of the xynB GXCF region. The putative XynB peptide (M(r), 39,800) encoded by the Rt46B.1 xynB open reading frame was a multidomain enzyme comprising an N-terminal catalytic domain (M(r), 22,000) and a possible C-terminal substrate-binding domain (M(r), 13,000) that were separated by a short serine-glycine-rich 23-amino-acid linker peptide. Seven xylanases which differed at their N and C termini were produced from different xynB expression plasmids. All seven xylanases exhibited optimum activity at pH 6.5. However, the temperature optima of the XynB xylanases varied from 70 to 85 degrees C. Pretreatment of Pinus radiata and eucalypt kraft-oxygen pulps with XynB resulted in moderate xylan solubilization and a substantial improvement in the bleachability of these pulps.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Morris
- Centre for Gene Technology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Mack M, Luckow B, Nelson PJ, Cihak J, Simmons G, Clapham PR, Signoret N, Marsh M, Stangassinger M, Borlat F, Wells TN, Schlöndorff D, Proudfoot AE. Aminooxypentane-RANTES induces CCR5 internalization but inhibits recycling: a novel inhibitory mechanism of HIV infectivity. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1215-24. [PMID: 9547333 PMCID: PMC2212227 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.8.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5, a chemokine receptor expressed on T cells and macrophages, is the principal coreceptor for M-tropic HIV-1 strains. Recently, we described an NH2-terminal modification of the CCR5 ligand regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), aminooxypentane-RANTES (AOP-RANTES), that showed potent inhibition of macrophage infection by HIV-1 under conditions where RANTES was barely effective. To investigate the mechanism of AOP-RANTES inhibition of HIV infectivity we examined the surface expression of CCR5 using a monoclonal anti-CCR5 antibody, MC-1. We demonstrate that AOP-RANTES rapidly caused >90% decrease in cell surface expression of CCR5 on lymphocytes, monocytes/ macrophages, and CCR5 transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. RANTES also caused a loss of cell surface CCR5, although its effect was less than with AOP-RANTES. Significantly, AOP-RANTES inhibited recycling of internalized CCR5 to the cell surface, whereas RANTES did not. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells are cultured for prolonged periods of time in the presence of RANTES, CCR5 expression is comparable to that seen on cells treated with control medium, whereas there is no CCR5 surface expression on cells cultured in the presence of AOP-RANTES. Immunofluorescence indicated that both AOP-RANTES and RANTES induced downmodulation of cell surface CCR5, and that the receptor was redistributed into endocytic organelles containing the transferrin receptor. When RANTES was removed, the internalized receptor was recycled to the cell surface; however, the receptor internalized in the presence of AOP-RANTES was retained in endosomes. Using human osteosarcoma (GHOST) 34/CCR5 cells, the potency of AOP-RANTES and RANTES to inhibit infection by the M-tropic HIV-1 strain, SF 162, correlated with the degree of downregulation of CCR5 induced by the two chemokines. These differences between AOP-RANTES and RANTES in their effect on receptor downregulation and recycling suggest a mechanism for the potent inhibition of HIV infection by AOP-RANTES. Moreover, these results support the notion that receptor internalization and inhibition of receptor recycling present new targets for therapeutic agents to prevent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mack
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Rivadeneira ED, Popescu NC, Zimonjic DB, Cheng GS, Nelson PJ, Ross MD, DiPaolo JA, Klotman ME. Sites of recombinant adeno-associated virus integration. Int J Oncol 1998; 12:805-10. [PMID: 9499439 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.12.4.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV), a defective parvovirus, is considered a promising vector for the delivery of therapeutic genes to cells. Both wild-type and recombinant AAV display a wide tropism and integrate into the host genome, in the absence of helper virus, establishing a latent infection. A unique characteristic of wild-type AAV and a potential advantage for use as a delivery system for gene therapy is the site-specific integration of wild-type virus within a small region of chromosome 19, 19q13.3-qter (AAVS1), in up to 85% of cell lines infected with the virus. Although recombinant AAVs, containing only the inverted terminal repeats of wild-type virus, can integrate efficiently into the host genome, specificity for the AAVS1 site appears to be lost. To address this question, the integration characteristics of two recombinant AAVs lacking the rep and cap genes in HeLa cells were examined. Analysis of Southern blots indicated that none of twenty-six cell clones generated after infection with either one of the recombinant AAVs demonstrated integration within the AAVS1 locus on chromo-some 19. Analysis of five of the cell lines by fluorescent chromosome in situ hybridization confirmed the loss of chromosome 19 specificity. Each integration site mapped near a known fragile site and/or location of a proto-oncogene or growth regulatory gene. Retention of site-specific integration of wild-type AAV will require the inclusion of additional AAV-specific sequences within the recombinant vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Rivadeneira
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
RANTES was first identified as a cDNA in a search for genes expressed late (3-5 days) after T-cell activation. Definition of RANTES function depended on the generation of protein. This chapter describes the various techniques used to make recombinant RANTES protein, to test its activity, and to generate monoclonal antibodies to assess RANTES protein cell distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Krensky
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305-5119, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Nelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Although much is understood about the induction of genes expressed early (within 24 h) after T-cell activation, little is known about the regulation of expression of genes expressed 'late' (three or more days) post-stimulation. A better understanding of transcriptional regulation at this important stage of T-cell maturation may yield new insights into T-cell development and new immunotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Ortiz
- Division of Immunology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3200, USA
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