1
|
Hasegawa T, Kato Y, Okabe A, Itoi C, Ooshiro A, Kawaide H, Natsume M. Effect of Secondary Metabolites of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) on Chemotaxis of Ralstonia solanacearum, Pathogen of Bacterial Wilt Disease. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:1807-1813. [PMID: 30734556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The chemotactic activity of the pathogen of bacterial wilt disease, Ralstonia solanacearum, was tested against 30 aromatic acids and plant hormones infused on filter discs in bioassays on agar plates. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid ( p-coumaric acid) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were strong chemoattractants, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid) and jasmonic acid were weak attractants, and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) showed both attracting and repelling activity depending on dose. Examination of the dose dependency revealed that the ED50 for 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was 0.08 and 0.39 μmol/disc, respectively. 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid showed chemoattractant activity at 0.33 μmol/disc but chemorepellent activity at 3.3 μmol/disc, and bacterial random motility was activated at 1.0 μmol/disc and bacterial activity was suppressed at 33 μmol/disc. Although water-soluble attractants including amino acids and organic acids have been previously investigated, this is the first report of hydroxylated aromatic acids (HAAs) as chemoattractants of R. solanacearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hasegawa
- Department of Biological Production Science, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho , Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
| | - Yusuke Kato
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho , Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Okabe
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho , Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
| | - Chie Itoi
- Department of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Graduate School of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho , Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Ooshiro
- Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center , 820, Makabe , Itoman , Okinawa 901-0336 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaide
- Division of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Institute of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho , Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
| | - Masahiro Natsume
- Division of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Institute of Agriculture , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho , Fuchu , Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang W, Wu X, Wu B. Isolation and identification of two novel attractant compounds from Chinese cockroach (Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker) by combination of HSCCC, NMR and CD techniques. Molecules 2013; 18:11299-310. [PMID: 24064451 PMCID: PMC6270134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180911299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hextane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1.5:1:1.5:1, v/v/v/v) was applied to the isolation and purification of attractants from Chinese cockroach, Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker. Two new attractants with attractant activity towards the male insects were obtained from the extract sample in a one-step separation. Their purities were determined by HPLC. Subsequent MS, NMR and CD analyses have led to the characterization of (R)-3-ethyl-6,8-dihydroxy-7-methyl-3,4-dihydroisochromen-1-one (1) and (R)-6,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisochromen-1-one (2), two novel isocumarin type attractants. Based on these results, it is concluded that HSCCC is a viable separation method option for purifying insect attractants, while effectively maintaining the attracting activity of the isolates. This is the first attempt to apply counter-current chromatography technique to separate attractants from Chinese cockroach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mail:
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mail:
| | - Bin Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-571-8820-8540
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tchouassi DP, Sang R, Sole CL, Bastos ADS, Mithoefer K, Torto B. Sheep skin odor improves trap captures of mosquito vectors of Rift Valley fever. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1879. [PMID: 23133687 PMCID: PMC3486883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the East African region has seen an increase in arboviral diseases transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods. Effective surveillance to monitor and reduce incidence of these infections requires the use of appropriate vector sampling tools. Here, trapped skin volatiles on fur from sheep, a known preferred host of mosquito vectors of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), were used with a standard CDC light trap to improve catches of mosquito vectors. We tested the standard CDC light trap alone (L), and baited with (a) CO2 (LC), (b) animal volatiles (LF), and (c) CO2 plus animal volatiles (LCF) in two highly endemic areas for RVF in Kenya (Marigat and Ijara districts) from March–June and September–December 2010. The incidence rate ratios (IRR) that mosquito species chose traps baited with treatments (LCF, LC and LF) instead of the control (L) were estimated. Marigat was dominated by secondary vectors and host-seeking mosquitoes were 3–4 times more likely to enter LC and LCF traps [IRR = 3.1 and IRR = 3.8 respectively] than the L only trap. The LCF trap captured a greater number of mosquitoes than the LC trap (IRR = 1.23) although the difference was not significant. Analogous results were observed at Ijara, where species were dominated by key primary and primary RVFV vectors, with 1.6-, 6.5-, and 8.5-fold increases in trap captures recorded in LF, LC and LCF baited traps respectively, relative to the control. These catches all differed significantly from those trapped in L only. Further, there was a significant increase in trap captures in LCF compared to LC (IRR = 1.63). Mosquito species composition and trap counts differed between the RVF sites. However, within each site, catches differed in abundance only and no species preferences were noted in the different baited-traps. Identifying the attractive components present in these natural odors should lead to development of an effective odor-bait trapping system for population density-monitoring and result in improved RVF surveillance especially during the inter-epidemic period. The East African region is a major epizootic center for endemic and emerging mosquito borne-arboviruses such as Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), as evidenced by the increasing frequency and magnitude of this disease. The absence of vaccines or prophylactic drugs for most of these diseases emphasizes the need for accurate sampling of mosquito vector populations and testing for arboviruses. Accurate surveillance is crucial for early warning of potential or assessing mitigation of existing outbreaks. However, it is a challenge to sample mosquitoes in adequate numbers during the inter-epidemic periods (IEP) because this period is characterized by low mosquito population densities, sporadic transmission foci and low mosquito infection rates. Therefore more efficient tools are needed to increase capture rates so maximized virus detection probability in the mosquitoes can be achieved for assessing risk and outbreak predictions. This can be accomplished by exploiting the host-seeking behavior of adult female mosquitoes and the olfactory cues used to locate a potential host. Here, odors emanating from fur of sheep, a susceptible host for RVFV, is shown to improve trap capture rates of mosquito vectors of RVF in a standard surveillance trap. These data provide for future investigations to identify attractive components present in these natural odors, so that they can be incorporated into existing traps to serve as a population density-monitoring tool for improved arbovirus disease surveillance during IEP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David P. Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine L. Sole
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Armanda D. S. Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Klaus Mithoefer
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Nishiura H, Tokita K, Kouike Y, Taniguchi C, Iwahara M, Nishino N, Hama Y, Asakawa M, Yamamoto T. Elastin peptide receptor-directed monocyte chemotactic polysaccharides derived from seaweed sporophyll and from infectious fungus. Microb Pathog 2008; 45:423-34. [PMID: 18976701 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We discovered that a seaweed sporophyll-derived polysaccharide of brown alga, Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) bound to monocytes and attracted them in vitro and in vivo. Physicochemical properties, affinity to a lectin-bead column and sugar composition of the chemotactic polysaccharide indicated this molecule to be a highly sulfated fucogalactan. We then identified the monocyte receptor of the sulfated fucogalactan as the elastin peptide receptor by prophylactic inhibition of the binding and the chemoattraction with lactose and the synthetic elastin peptide, Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly. We assume that the galactose-binding lectin, which is a component of the elastin peptide receptor complex, would recognize a Gal residue of the sulfated fucogalactan. We also observed a similar chemoattracting polysaccharide in a pathogenic fungus, Candida albicans, although the content of it was much lower than in the case of seaweed sporophyll. We speculate that the chemotactic response of monocytes to the sulfated fucogalactan is part of the innate immune system to fungal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dresch RR, Zanetti GD, Lerner CB, Mothes B, Trindade VMT, Henriques AT, Vozári-Hampe MM. ACL-I, a lectin from the marine sponge Axinella corrugata: isolation, characterization and chemotactic activity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 148:23-30. [PMID: 18424185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The lectin from the marine sponge Axinella corrugata (ACL-I) was purified by affinity chromatography on rabbit erythrocytic stroma incorporated into a polyacrylamide gel followed by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 44 column. Purified ACL-I is a hexameric glycoprotein with a Mr of 82.3 kDa estimated by SDS-PAGE and 78.5 kDa by FPLC on Superose 12 HR column. The pI of lectin is 6.3 and ACL-I is constituted of 13.9 kDa similar subunits some of them linked by disulphide bridges. This lectin agglutinates native rabbit, goat and dog erythrocytes and in less extent human erythrocytes. The hemagglutinating activity is independent of Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and Mn(2+), but it is strongly inhibited by carbohydrates containing N-acetyl groups. ACL-I is stable up to 70 degrees C for 30 min, with optimum pH between 7 and 8, and it is also resistant to enzymatic proteolysis in vitro. In the presence of reducing or denaturant agents, the lectin activity decreases. ACL-I displays chemotactic effect on rat neutrophil in vitro which is inhibited by N-acetyl-d-glucosamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Dresch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The ciliate Tetrahymena responds very efficiently by chemoattraction to a group of trichloroacetic acid-soluble oligopeptides isolated from a commercial bioprotein from Methanococcus. When fractionated by reversed phase C18-high-pressure liquid chromatography, this group of very efficient chemoattractants turned out to consist of a heterogeneous group of oligopeptides with molecular weight ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 kDa. The peptides were very rich in the following amino acids: aspartic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, lysine, and arginine. The term chemokinesis is used throughout to emphasise that chemoattraction does not necessarily include an element of orientation of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vagn Leick
- Department B, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3C, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bakker RG, Li C, Miller MR, Cunningham C, Charon NW. Identification of specific chemoattractants and genetic complementation of a Borrelia burgdorferi chemotaxis mutant: flow cytometry-based capillary tube chemotaxis assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 73:1180-8. [PMID: 17172459 PMCID: PMC1828676 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01913-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring the chemotactic response of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterial species that causes Lyme disease, is relatively more difficult than measuring that of other bacteria. Because these spirochetes have long generation times, enumerating cells that swim up a capillary tube containing an attractant by using colony counts is impractical. Furthermore, direct counts with a Petroff-Hausser chamber is problematic, as this method has a low throughput and necessitates a high cell density; the latter can lead to misinterpretation of results when assaying for specific attractants. Only rabbit serum and tick saliva have been reported to be chemoattractants for B. burgdorferi. These complex biological mixtures are limited in their utility for studying chemotaxis on a molecular level. Here we present a modified capillary tube chemotaxis assay for B. burgdorferi that enumerates cells by flow cytometry. Initial studies identified N-acetylglucosamine as a chemoattractant. The assay was then optimized with respect to cell concentration, incubation time, motility buffer composition, and growth phase. Besides N-acetylglucosamine, glucosamine, glucosamine dimers (chitosan), glutamate, and glucose also elicited significant chemoattractant responses, although the response obtained with glucose was weak and variable. Serine and glycine were nonchemotactic. To further validate and to exploit the use of this assay, a previously described nonchemotactic cheA2 mutant was shown to be nonchemotactic by this assay; it also regained the wild-type phenotype when complemented in trans. This is the first report that identifies specific chemical attractants for B. burgdorferi and the use of flow cytometry for spirochete enumeration. The method should also be useful for assaying chemotaxis for other slow-growing prokaryotic species and in specific environments in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Bakker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9177, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Koch M, Diez J, Fritz G. Purification and crystallization of the human EF-hand tumour suppressor protein S100A2. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:1120-3. [PMID: 17077493 PMCID: PMC2225223 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106039881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
S100A2 is a Ca(2+)-binding EF-hand protein that is mainly localized in the nucleus. There, it acts as a tumour suppressor by binding and activating p53. Wild-type S100A2 and a S100A2 variant lacking cysteines have been purified. CD spectroscopy showed that there are no changes in secondary-structure composition. The S100A2 mutant was crystallized in a calcium-free form. The crystals, with dimensions 30 x 30 x 70 microm, diffract to 1.7 A and belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 43.5, b = 57.8, c = 59.8 A, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees. Preliminary analysis of the X-ray data indicates that there are two subunits per asymmetric unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koch
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Postfach M665, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Joachim Diez
- Swiss Light Source at Paul Scherrer Insitute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Günter Fritz
- Fachbereich Biologie, Universität Konstanz, Postfach M665, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Correspondence e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leroy B, Toubeau G, Falmagne P, Wattiez R. Identification and characterization of new protein chemoattractants in the frog skin secretome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:2114-23. [PMID: 16899539 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600205-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The vomeronasal organ is a chemosensory organ present in most vertebrates and involved in chemical communication. In the last decade, the deciphering of the signal transduction process of this organ has progressed. However, less is known about the vomeronasal organ ligands and their structure-function relationships. Snakes possess a highly developed vomeronasal system that is used in various behaviors such as mating, predator detection, or prey selection, making this group a suitable model for study of the vomeronasal chemoreception. In this work, we used a proteomics approach to identify and characterize proteins from frog cutaneous mucus proteome involved in prey recognition by snakes of the genus Thamnophis. Herein we report the purification and characterization of two proteins isolated from the frog skin secretome that elicit the vomeronasal organ-mediated predatory behavior of Thamnophis marcianus. These proteins are members of the parvalbumin family, which are calcium-binding proteins generally associated to muscular and nervous tissues. This is the first report that demonstrates parvalbumins are not strictly restricted to intracellular compartments and can also be isolated from exocrine secretions. Purified parvalbumins from frog muscle and mucus revealed identical chemoattractive properties for T. marcianus. Snake bioassay revealed the Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) dependence of the bioactivity of parvalbumins. So parvalbumins appear to be new candidate ligands of the vomeronasal organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Leroy
- Departments of Proteomics and Protein Biochemistry, University of Mons-Hainaut, Av. du Champs de Mars, 6, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zgórka G. Retention behavior of silica-bonded and novel polymeric reversed-phase sorbents in studies on flavones as chemotaxonomic markers of Scutellaria L. genus. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1120:230-6. [PMID: 16364344 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effectiveness of both classical and novel polymeric sorbents used in solid-phase extraction (SPE) for isolation of pharmacologically active flavones (baicalin, luteolin, apigenin, wogonin and chrysin) from aerial parts of 13 species of Scutellaria L. (Skullcap) genus was assessed. The highest recoveries of hydrophilic (baicalin, luteolin) flavones for Oasis HLB were obtained, whereas for medium hydrophobic (apigenin) and hydrophobic (wogonin, chrysin) flavones better quantitative results for BakerBond phenyl cartridges were stated. Eluates were analysed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (RP-HPLC-DAD). For the five target compounds the determined concentrations ranged from approximately 4 to approximately 15,500 microg/g dry wt. Very good linearities (r(2)>0.9995) of calibration curves were achieved for each flavone. The accuracy was below 5% for most compounds examined. This is the first method reported that enabled simultaneous qualification and quantitation of five flavones (being chemotaxonomic markers) in 13 species of Scutellaria L. genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Zgórka
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Yoshimura T, Matsushima K, Oppenheim JJ, Leonard EJ. Neutrophil chemotactic factor produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human blood mononuclear leukocytes: partial characterization and separation from interleukin 1 (IL 1). 1987. J Immunol 2005; 175:5569-74. [PMID: 16237040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
|
13
|
Weller CL, Collington SJ, Brown JK, Miller HRP, Al-Kashi A, Clark P, Jose PJ, Hartnell A, Williams TJ. Leukotriene B4, an activation product of mast cells, is a chemoattractant for their progenitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:1961-71. [PMID: 15955837 PMCID: PMC2212026 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20042407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident cells with important functions in allergy and inflammation. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow give rise to committed mast cell progenitors that transit via the blood to tissues throughout the body, where they mature. Knowledge is limited about the factors that release mast cell progenitors from the bone marrow or recruit them to remote tissues. Mouse femoral bone marrow cells were cultured with IL-3 for 2 wk and a range of chemotactic agents were tested on the c-kit(+) population. Cells were remarkably refractory and no chemotaxis was induced by any chemokines tested. However, supernatants from activated mature mast cells induced pronounced chemotaxis, with the active principle identified as leukotriene (LT) B(4). Other activation products were inactive. LTB(4) was highly chemotactic for 2-wk-old cells, but not mature cells, correlating with a loss of mRNA for the LTB(4) receptor, BLT1. Immature cells also accumulated in vivo in response to intradermally injected LTB(4). Furthermore, LTB(4) was highly potent in attracting mast cell progenitors from freshly isolated bone marrow cell suspensions. Finally, LTB(4) was a potent chemoattractant for human cord blood-derived immature, but not mature, mast cells. These results suggest an autocrine role for LTB(4) in regulating tissue mast cell numbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Weller
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li F, Li W, Johnson S, Ingram D, Yoder M, Badylak S. Low-molecular-weight peptides derived from extracellular matrix as chemoattractants for primary endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:199-206. [PMID: 15370297 DOI: 10.1080/10623320490512390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of synthetic and naturally occurring scaffolds for tissue engineering applications has included strategies to promote attachment of specific cell types, control the rate of scaffold degradation, encourage angiogenesis, or otherwise modulate the host response. We have reported that bioscaffolds developed from porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) facilitate the constructive remodeling of tissues and recruit marrow-derived cells that persist long after the acute inflammatory stages have resolved. We have not yet determined which cells are recruited, the eventual fate of these cells, or via what mechanisms the events occur. We now have analyzed various molecular weight fractions of acid-hydrolyzed SIS by both functional and morphologic methods and have determined that fraction 4 (5 to 16 kDa) possesses chemoattractant activity for primary murine adult liver, heart, and kidney endothelial cells in vitro. Addition of fraction 4 to Matrigel plugs promoted in vivo vascularization when the plugs were implanted subcutaneously in mice. These results indicate that small-molecular-weight peptides derived from the degradation of porcine SIS are biologically active in the recruitment of murine endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Li
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hartnell A, Heinemann A, Conroy DM, Wait R, Sturm GJ, Caversaccio M, Jose PJ, Williams TJ. Identification of Selective Basophil Chemoattractants in Human Nasal Polyps as Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-2. J Immunol 2004; 173:6448-57. [PMID: 15528386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a search for novel leukocyte chemoattractants at sites of allergic inflammation, we found basophil-selective chemoattractant activity in extracts of human nasal polyps. The extracts were fractionated by reverse phase HPLC, and the resulting fractions were tested for leukocyte-stimulating activity using sensitive shape change assays. The basophil-selective activity detected was not depleted by a poxvirus CC-chemokine-binding protein affinity column. This activity was further purified by HPLC, and proteins in the bioactive fractions were analyzed by tandem electrospray mass spectrometry. Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) was identified in these HPLC fractions, and the basophil-stimulating activity was inhibited by an anti-IGF-2-neutralizing Ab. Recombinant IGF-2 induced a substantial shape change response in basophils, but not eosinophils, neutrophils, or monocytes. IGF-2 stimulated chemokinesis of basophils, but not eosinophils or neutrophils, and synergized with eotaxin-1/CCL11 in basophil chemotaxis. IGF-2 also caused up-regulation of basophil CD11b expression and inhibited apoptosis, but did not stimulate degranulation or Ca(2+) flux. Recombinant IGF-1 exhibited similar basophil-selective effects as IGF-2, and both growth factors were detected in nasal polyp extracts by ELISA. This is the first demonstration of chemokinetic factors that increase the motility of basophils, but do not act on other granulocytes or monocytes. IGF-1 and IGF-2 could play a role in the selective recruitment of basophils in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adele Hartnell
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Science Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Trujillo G, Kew RR. Platelet-derived thrombospondin-1 is necessary for the vitamin D-binding protein (Gc-globulin) to function as a chemotactic cofactor for C5a. J Immunol 2004; 173:4130-6. [PMID: 15356163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.4130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemotactic activity of C5a and C5a des Arg can be enhanced significantly by the vitamin D-binding protein (DBP), also known as Gc-globulin. DBP is a multifunctional 56-kDa plasma protein that binds and transports several diverse ligands. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which DBP functions as a chemotactic cofactor for C5a using neutrophils and U937 cells transfected with the C5aR (U937-C5aR cells). The results demonstrate that U937-C5aR cells show C5a chemotactic enhancement only to DBP in serum, but, unlike mature neutrophils, this cell line cannot respond to DBP in plasma or to purified DBP. Analysis by SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing revealed no structural difference between DBP in serum compared with DBP in plasma. However, plasma supplemented with either serum, DBP-depleted serum, or activated platelet releasate provides a required factor and permits DBP to function as a chemotactic cofactor for C5a. Fractionation of activated platelet releasate revealed that the additional factor possessed the properties of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). Finally, purified TSP-1 alone could reproduce the effect of serum or platelet releasate, whereas Abs to TSP-1 could block these effects. These results provide clear evidence that TSP-1 is needed for DBP to function as a chemotactic cofactor for C5a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Trujillo
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Chompoosri J. Evaluation of attractants and egg-laying substrate preference for oviposition by Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Ecol 2004; 29:66-72. [PMID: 15266742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Evaluation of oviposition attractants and substrate preferences of Aedes albopictus was carried out under laboratory and field conditions. To obtain candidate oviposition substances we used a water rinse of 3 mollusk species: blood cockle (Anadara granosa), carpet shell (Paphia undulata), and sea mussel (Mytilus smaragdinus), and the giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon). The rinse water of carpet shell and giant tiger prawn showed higher attractiveness for ovipostion than the other candidate attractants. The filter paper substrate received fewer eggs than the other two substrates. There was no significant difference between the mean number of eggs laid on hardboard paddles and sponge sheets. The hatching rate of Ae. albopictus eggs laid on hardboard paddles was higher than those from the filter papers and sponge sheets. The sponge had lethal effects on Ae. albopictus eggs, and very few eggs laid on sponge hatched. In field experiments, evaluation of attractiveness of carpet shell rinse in ovitraps lined with sponge sheet as egg-laying substrate was carried out in various habitats and different areas of Thailand. The mean number of eggs in traps containing carpet shell rinse was significantly higher than those laid in rainwater traps. These studies reveal that the carpet shell and giant tiger prawn rinses are sources of oviposition attractant for Ae. albopictus under both laboratory and field conditions and could possibly be used as an attractant in surveillance and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usavadee Thavara
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, 88/7 Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Sunran Kim
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ohshima M, Tokunaga K, Sato S, Maeno M, Otsuka K. Laminin- and fibronectin-like molecules produced by periodontal ligament fibroblasts under serum-free culture are potent chemoattractants for gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2003; 38:175-81. [PMID: 12608912 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.01628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we revealed that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or an HGF-like factor secreted by periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF) and gingival fibroblasts cultured in the presence of serum was a major chemoattractant for gingival epithelial cells, and suggested that it might play a role in epithelial invasion. However, our recent study showed that serum-free culture of PLF and gingival fibroblasts produced potent chemoattractants other than HGF for gingival epithelial cells. To identify these chemoattractants, PLF-conditioned medium (PLF-CM) from serum-free cultures was obtained, concentrated, and separated by gel filtration column chromatography, and the chemotactic activity for gingival epithelial cells of each eluted fraction was monitored by a modified Boyden chamber assay. The chemoattractant activity was eluted at a molecular mass of around 600 kDa, which would include laminin and fibronectin, but not HGF, determined by ELISA. The chemotactic activity was reduced by treatment with antilaminin and/or antifibronectin polyclonal antibodies. Western blots using both antibodies revealed that the PLF-CM contained laminin- and fibronectin-like molecules. Along with HGF, these large glycoprotein molecules produced by PLF may be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of periodontitis by inducing the apical migration of epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ohshima
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li F, Zhang X, Mizzi C, Gordon JR. CXCL8((3-73))K11R/G31P antagonizes the neutrophil chemoattractants present in pasteurellosis and mastitis lesions and abrogates neutrophil influx into intradermal endotoxin challenge sites in vivo. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 90:65-77. [PMID: 12406656 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ELR(+) CXC chemokines are critical for protective neutrophil responses to most bacterial infections, but nevertheless can contribute importantly to the pathogenic effects of many inflammatory responses. We recently engineered a series of high affinity CXCL8/IL-8 antagonists, one of which, CXCL8((3-73))K11R/G31P, binds very strongly to neutrophils via the CXCR1 and CXCR2. Herein we show in competitive 125I-ligand binding assays that bovine CXCL8((3-73))K11R/G31P has an affinity for neutrophils that is 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than that of CXCL8/IL-8. Furthermore, when used at approximately 0.5 nM, CXCL8((3-73))K11R/G31P inhibited by 50% the chemotactic responses of neutrophils to 129 nM CXCL8/IL-8, but it also blocked chemotactic responses to the alternate ELR-CXC chemokines CXCL1/GRO alpha and CXCL5/ENA-78. Furthermore, CXCL8((3-73))K11R/G31P could inhibit by 93-97% the spectrum of neutrophil chemotactic activities present within wash fluids from clinical bacterial pneumonia or experimental endotoxin-induced mastitis lesions. Finally, intramuscular or subcutaneous application of CXCL8((3-73))K11R/G31P (75 micro g/kg) reduced by up to 97% neutrophil infiltration into intradermal endotoxin challenge sites in cattle, and prevented their circulating neutrophils from responding to CXCL8/IL-8 or ENA-78 in vitro. This data thus encourages further investigation of the potential impact of this novel antagonist on ELR-CXC chemokine-driven inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, S7N 5B4, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dudez TS, Chanson M, Schlegel-Haueter SE, Suter S. Characterization of a novel chemotactic factor for neutrophils in the bronchial secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:774-81. [PMID: 12198611 DOI: 10.1086/342598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2002] [Revised: 04/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic airway inflammation is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF). Biological products with chemotactic activity are essential for neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation. The presence of a factor with chemotactic activity higher than that of interleukin (IL)-8 in the bronchial secretions of patients with CF has recently been reported. This article reports that the chemotactic activity of this factor remained unaffected by a variety of physical treatments and could be distinguished from those of IL-8, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine, leukotreine B4, and platelet-activating factor. The factor induced chemotaxis and chemokinesis locomotion of neutrophils, and its chemotactic activity was sensitive to pertussis toxin and thapsigargin. Semipurified preparation of the chemotactic factor increased transiently intracellular Ca(2+) concentration but failed to stimulate the release of neutrophil primary granules and the production of superoxide, suggesting that the semipurified chemotactic factor is a Ca(2+)-dependent chemoattractant of neutrophils, acting via pertussin toxin-sensitive G protein-coupled surface receptors, that directs neutrophil movement toward the airway epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tecla S Dudez
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kitazawa H, Ino T, Kawai Y, Itoh T, Saito T. A novel immunostimulating aspect of Lactobacillus gasseri: induction of "Gasserokine" as chemoattractants for macrophages. Int J Food Microbiol 2002; 77:29-38. [PMID: 12076036 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(02)00045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemotactic activity of the culture supernatants from 14 strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. gasseri was examined for murine macrophages. Significant macrophage chemotactic activity was observed in three strains of L. acidophilus and all strains of L. gasseri. The highest activity was observed in the supernatant (1131-sup) from 24-h cultures of L. gasseri JCM1131T. The chemotactic factor from 1131-sup, designated as "Gasserokine", was purified by the C18 reverse phase and ion-exchange chromatography. The purity of Gasserokine was checked by HPLC with the reverse-phase mode. The chemotactic activity of Gasserokine was also observed for human monocytes. The macrophage chemotaxis induced by L. gasseri JCM1131T culture supernatants was discovered to be a new biological function exerted by probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Therefore, the activity is expected to be used for one of the functional parameters in the immunomodulating properties of probiotic lactic acid bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang MP, Lee KJ, Yun SM, Kim JH, Ko IK, Jeung EB. Feline interleukin-8 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by egg white derivatives. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 86:43-53. [PMID: 11943329 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)-derived chemotactic factor induced by egg white derivatives (EWD) treatment was analyzed at the protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) level. EWD itself was not active chemotactic for feline peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). But chemotaxis of PMN was enhanced by either culture supernatant from PBMC treated with EWD or human recombinant (hr) interleukin (IL)-8. Both hr IL-8 and the culture supernatant from PBMC treated with EWD yielded a distinct band, molecular weight of 6-8kDa, in sodium-dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) with 15% loading gel. Therefore, to identify this chemotactic factor, culture supernatant from PBMC treated with EWD was partially purified by anion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sepharose CL-6B and concentrated by ultrafiltration. Only the fraction, which was eluted with 0.3M NaCl, showed a high concentration of total protein and also enhanced the chemotactic activity of PMN. This activity was thereafter designated as eluate. The chemotactic activity of eluate was inhibited by anti-hr IL-8 polyclonal antibody (pAb). A single protein band with 6-8kDa was shown in both the eluate and hr IL-8 when analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using anti-hr IL-8 pAb, suggesting that the chemotactic factor for feline PMN is IL-8, 6-8kDa, produced by PBMC treated with EWD. The physicochemical characteristics of eluate were stable in heated (60-100 degrees C), acid (pH 3.0), and alkaline (pH 9.0) conditions. The eluate under these conditions also showed a distinct band in molecular weight of 6-8kDa in SDS-PAGE and Western blotting and was very active in chemotactic activity of PMN.IL-8 mRNA gene expression on feline PBMC was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using a series of oligonucleotides, each 22 mer, derived from feline IL-8. Feline IL-8 mRNA showed low level in 3-h incubation without EWD, but it was increased in a dose-dependent manner by addition of EWD. Following EWD (10 microg/ml) treatment, IL-8 mRNA expression was rapidly increased up to 6h and decreased by 12h although it was not expressed in freshly prepared PBMC. This study strongly suggested that immunoenhancing effect of EWD on chemotactic response of PMN is mediated by feline IL-8, 6-8kDa, produced by PBMC stimulated with EWD. In addition, the expression of feline IL-8 mRNA on PBMC is increased when stimulated with EWD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mhan Pyo Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Chungbuk, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Keire DA, Anton P, Faull KF, Ruth E, Walsh JH, Chew P, Quisimoro D, Territo M, Reeve JR. Diethyl phthalate, a chemotactic factor secreted by Helicobacter pylori. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:48847-53. [PMID: 11677249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109811200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of a small-molecule, non-peptide chemotactic factor has been determined from activity purified to apparent homogeneity from Helicobacter pylori supernatants. H. pylori was grown in brucella broth media until one liter of solution had 0.9 absorbance units. The culture was centrifuged, and the bacteria re-suspended in physiological saline and incubated at 37 degrees C for 4 h. A monocyte migration bioassay revealed the presence of a single active chemotactic factor in the supernatant from this incubation. The chemotactic factor was concentrated by solid phase chromatography and purified by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The factor was shown to be indistinguishable from diethyl phthalate (DEP) on the basis of multiple criteria including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron impact mass spectroscopy, UV visible absorption spectrometry, GC and high pressure liquid chromatography retention times, and chemotactic activity toward monocytes. Control experiments with incubated culture media without detectable bacteria did not yield detectable DEP, suggesting it is bacterially derived. It is not known if the bacteria produce diethyl phthalate de novo or if it is a metabolic product of a precursor molecule present in culture media. DEP produced by H. pylori in addition to DEP present in man-made products may contribute to the high levels of DEP metabolites observed in human urine. DEP represents a new class of chemotactic factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Keire
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shiota S, Takano K, Nakagawa H. A 10-kda fragment of fibronectin type III domain is a neutrophil chemoattractant purified from conditioned medium of rat granulation tissue. Biol Pharm Bull 2001; 24:835-7. [PMID: 11456126 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.24.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A neutrophil chemoattractant has been purified from the conditioned medium of granulation tissue obtained from carrageenan-induced inflammation in rats. The purified chemoattractant was a basic protein with a molecular mass of 10 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing and non-reducing conditions. NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified 10-kDa protein was identical with the sequence of rat fibronectin starting from the residue Thr585, indicating that the purified 10-kDa chemoattractant is a fragment derived from the NH2-terminal type III domain of rat fibronectin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Shiota
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The effect of cultured normal human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and conditioned medium prepared with cultured DPCs on chemotactic migration of human hair outer root sheath cells (ORSCs) was examined quantitatively. ORSCs showed significantly increased migration toward both cultured DPCs and the conditioned medium suggesting that DPCs produce and secrete a paracrine factor(s), which attracts hair follicle epithelial cells. Some soluble factors, which are reportedly produced by DPCs, such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), were also examined. ORSCs showed dramatically increased migration toward IGF-I and HGF at concentrations of 1-10 ng/ml. On the other hand, neither VEGF nor TGF-beta1 showed any effect on the chemotaxis of ORSCs. It is interesting that all factors involving mitogenic activity did not always have chemotactic activity for ORSCs. This is the first report to establish that IGF-I and HGF have not only a growth stimulatory but also a chemotactic effect on ORSCs. In addition, the method presented here may help to simplify chemotaxis assays of any type of epithelial keratinocytes with poor mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Fujie
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, Kuramoto-cho 3, 770-8503, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa translocates over solid surfaces by a type IV pilus-dependent form of multicellular motility known as twitching. We wondered whether cells utilize endogenous factors to organize twitching, and we purified from wild-type cells a lipid that caused directed movement. Wild-type P. aeruginosa, but not a pilJ pilus-deficient mutant, showed biased movement up gradients of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) established in agar. Activity was related to the fatty acid composition of the lipid, as two synthetic PE species, dilauroyl and dioleoyl PE, were capable of directing P. aeruginosa motility while many other species were inactive. P. aeruginosa PE did not contain either laurate or oleate, implying that the native attractant species contains different fatty acids. Uniform concentrations of PE increased cell velocity, suggesting that chemokinesis may be at least partly responsible for directed movement. We speculate that PE-directed twitching motility may be involved in biofilm formation and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Kearns
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Deshpande R, Woods TL, Fu J, Zhang T, Stoll SW, Elder JT. Biochemical characterization of S100A2 in human keratinocytes: subcellular localization, dimerization, and oxidative cross-linking. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:477-85. [PMID: 10951287 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
S100A2 is a calmodulin-like protein of unknown function, whose transcription is positively regulated in response to ErbB and p53 signaling. Expression of S100A2 is markedly increased in the context of ErbB-driven reactive epidermal hyperplasia, and decreased in the context of hypofunctional p53 mutations in carcinoma cell lines and tumors. This bimodal pattern of regulation suggests an important function for S100A2 in keratinocyte differentiation and carcinogenesis. Taking the biochemical approach to the determination of S100A2 function, we have characterized its physical state and subcellular localization in normal human keratinocytes. S100A2 in hypotonic lysates remained soluble after centrifugation at 100 000 x g, indicating that it is not associated with cell membranes. Permeabilization experiments confirmed the lack of membrane association and revealed a digitonin-insoluble nuclear fraction of S100A2, which was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Pulldown assays of epitope-tagged S100A2 and yeast two-hybrid screening revealed that S100A2 displays a strong propensity to homodimerize. Naturally expressed S100A2 dimers in normal human keratinocytes readily underwent intermolecular disulfide cross-linking unless a strong denaturant was present during cell lysis. Treatment of intact normal human keratinocytes with hydrogen peroxide strongly promoted S100A2 cross-linking. These results demonstrate that native S100A2 is a homodimer that does not depend on disulfide cross-linking for stability, but undergoes intermolecular cross-linking at cysteine residues in response to oxidative stress. Based on these findings, we propose that S100A2 may protect normal keratinocytes against carcinogens by participating in the cellular proof-reading response to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Deshpande
- Departments of Dermatology and Radiation Oncology (Cancer Biology), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yamanaka T, Saita N, Kawano O, Matsumoto M, Kohrogi H, Suga M, Ando M, Hirashima M. Isolation of a lactose-binding protein with monocyte/macrophage chemotactic activity. Biological and physicochemical characteristics. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000; 122:66-75. [PMID: 10859471 DOI: 10.1159/000024360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We established a T cell line, STO-5, which constitutively produced monocyte/macrophage chemotactic activity via human T cell lymphoma-leukemia-virus-induced transformation of normal human T cells. METHODS We isolated and purified a lactose-binding protein, MCF-pl5-L (MW of about 50 kD, pl of about 5) from a conditioned medium of STO-5. By using highly purified MCF-pl5-L, its biological and physicochemical properties were elucidated in comparison with C5a and MCP-1. RESULTS MCF-pl5-L exhibited an evident dose-dependent monocyte chemotactic activity (MCA). MCF-pl5-L had no or little affinity for heparin unlike chemokines such as MCP-1. We further found that MCF-pl5-L exhibited potent chemotactic activity not only for monocytes but also for alveolar macrophages. In contrast, C5a and MCP-1 failed to show evident chemotactic activity for alveolar macrophages though they did show MCA. MCF-pl5-L failed to exhibit evident eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic activities, indicating its chemotactic activity is selective for monocytes/macrophages. Regarding the biological functions of MCF-pl5-L other than MCA and chemotactic activity for alveolar macrophages, we found that MCF-pl5-L but not C5a and MCP-1 could prolong the life span of alveolar macrophages, probably by inhibiting apoptosis of macrophages, and stimulate the production of TNF-alpha from macrophages. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MCF-pl5-L plays a role as an immune modulator for monocytes/macrophages in the site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yamanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pfister RR, Haddox JL, Blalock JE, Sommers CI, Coplan L, Villain M. Synthetic complementary peptides inhibit a neutrophil chemoattractant found in the alkali-injured cornea. Cornea 2000; 19:384-9. [PMID: 10832704 DOI: 10.1097/00003226-200005000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously presented evidence that the neutrophil chemoattractant, N-acetyl-proline-glycine-proline (N-acetyl-PGP), triggers the initial polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) invasion into the alkali-injured eye. In this study, sense-antisense methodology was used to develop novel complementary peptides to be potential inhibitors of N-acetyl-PGP. METHODS The polarization assay was used to measure the potential chemotactic response of PMNs to synthetic N-acetyl-PGP, the ultrafiltered tripeptide chemoattractants obtained from alkali-degraded rabbit corneas, or leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Inhibition was expressed as the peptide concentration producing 50% inhibition (ID50) of polarization. Five complementary peptides were tested as potential inhibitors of N-acetyl-PGP: arginine-threonine-arginine (RTR), RTR-glycine-glycine (RTRGG), RTR dimer, RTR tetramer, and alanine-serine-alanine (ASA) tetramer. In addition, the RTR tetramer and both monomeric peptides (RTR and RTRGG) were separately tested for inhibition of the ultrafiltered tripeptide chemoattractants or LTB4. RESULTS The complementary RTR tetrameric peptide was a powerful antagonist of N-acetyl-PGP-induced PMN polarization (ID50 of 200 nM). The RTR dimer was much less potent (ID50 of 105 microM). Both monomeric peptides, RTR and RTRGG, were only antagonistic at millimolar concentrations. The ASA tetramer showed no capacity to inhibit N-acetyl-PGP. The RTR tetramer also inhibited PMN activation by the ultrafiltered tripeptide chemoattractants (ID50 of 30 microM) but had no effect on LTB4. CONCLUSIONS A complementary peptide (RTR) was designed which is an effective inhibitor of the neutrophil chemoattractant, N-acetyl-PGP. The potency of the RTR complementary peptide is dramatically enhanced by tetramerization. Inhibition of N-acetyl-PGP by complementary peptides offers great promise for control of the inflammatory response in the alkali-injured eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Pfister
- Eye Research Laboratories, Brookwood Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
King AG, Johanson K, Frey CL, DeMarsh PL, White JR, McDevitt P, McNulty D, Balcarek J, Jonak ZL, Bhatnagar PK, Pelus LM. Identification of unique truncated KC/GRO beta chemokines with potent hematopoietic and anti-infective activities. J Immunol 2000; 164:3774-82. [PMID: 10725737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
SK&F 107647, a previously described synthetic immunomodulatory peptide, indirectly stimulates bone marrow progenitor cells and phagocytic cells, and enhances host defense effector mechanisms in bacterial and fungal infection models in vivo. In vitro, SK&F 107647 induces the production of a soluble mediator that augments colony forming cell (CFU-GM) formation in the presence of CSFs. In this paper we purified and sequenced the stromal cell-derived hematopoietic synergistic factors (HSF) secreted from both murine and human cell lines stimulated with SK&F 107647. Murine HSF is an N-terminal 4-aa truncated form of the CXC chemokine, KC, while human HSF was identified as an N-terminal 4-aa truncated form of the CXC chemokine, GRO beta. In comparison to their full-length forms, truncated KC and truncated GRO beta were 10 million times more potent as synergistic growth stimulants for CFU-GM. Enhanced potency of these novel truncated chemokines relative to their full-length forms was also demonstrated in respiratory burst assays, CD11b Ag expression, and intracellular killing of the opportunistic pathogen, Candida albicans. Administration of truncated KC significantly enhanced survival of mice lethally infected with C. albicans. The results reported herein delineate the biological mechanism of action of SK&F 107647, which functions via the induction of unique specific truncated forms of the chemokines KC and GRO beta. To our knowledge, this represents the first example where any form of KC or GRO beta were purified from marrow stromal cells. Additionally, this is the first demonstration of in vivo efficacy of a CXC chemokine in an animal infectious fungal disease model.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antifungal Agents/blood
- Antifungal Agents/immunology
- Antifungal Agents/isolation & purification
- Bone Marrow Cells/chemistry
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Candidiasis/immunology
- Candidiasis/mortality
- Candidiasis/prevention & control
- Cell Line
- Chemokine CXCL1
- Chemokines, CXC/blood
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/isolation & purification
- Chemotactic Factors/blood
- Chemotactic Factors/genetics
- Chemotactic Factors/immunology
- Chemotactic Factors/isolation & purification
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Growth Substances/blood
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Growth Substances/immunology
- Growth Substances/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immune Sera/pharmacology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutrophil Activation/immunology
- Oligopeptides/administration & dosage
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Peptide Fragments/blood
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Stromal Cells/chemistry
- Stromal Cells/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G King
- Department of Molecular Virology, Project Management, Microbial Infectivity, Molecular Genetics, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Neutrophil is accumulated by chemoattractants at inflammatory sites. In order to find a new substance to regulate the chemotaxis of neutrophil, we examined the effects of purified tannins and related compounds (33 species). Among those studied, sanguiin H-11, purified from the plant Sanguisorba officinalis, was the most potent inhibitor of rat cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1, a counterpart of human GRO (melanoma growth-stimulating activity)) dependent chemotaxis in rat neutrophils. Sanguiin H-11 inhibited platelet-activating factor- and N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-dependent chemotaxis of neutrophil in addition to CINC-1-dependent reactions. Sanguiin H-11 also inhibited chemokinesis of neutrophil, but did not drastically affect the increase of intracellular free [Ca2+] level or degranulation monitored by the secretion of elastase, following chemoattractant stimulation. These results indicated that sanguiin H-11 is a potent inhibitor of chemoattractant-dependent and independent neutrophil movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Konishi
- Department of Microbiology, Nippon Dental University School of Dentistry at Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Koyama S, Sato E, Numanami H, Kubo K, Nagai S, Izumi T. Bradykinin stimulates lung fibroblasts to release neutrophil and monocyte chemotactic activity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:75-84. [PMID: 10615068 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.1.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in lung injury has long been recognized. However, the effects of bradykinin (BK) on human lung fibroblasts (HLF) remain to be elucidated. We determined whether BK stimulates HLF to release chemotactic activity for neutrophils and monocytes (NCA and MCA, respectively). We evaluated HLF supernatant fluids for chemotactic activity through a blind-well chamber technique. HLF released NCA and MCA in a dose- and time-dependent manner in response to BK. The release of chemotactic activity was inhibited by lipoxygenase inhibitors and cycloheximide. Molecular sieve column chromatography revealed that both NCA and MCA had multiple chemotactic peaks. NCA was inhibited by a leukotriene (LT) B(4) receptor antagonist and by antibodies to interleukin (IL)-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). MCA was attenuated by the LTB(4) receptor antagonist and by antibodies to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Both the LTB(4) receptor antagonist and these antibodies inhibited chemotactic activity of the molecular weights corresponding to MCP-1, GM-CSF, and TGF-beta, separated by column chromatography. The concentrations of IL-8, G-CSF, MCP-1, GM-CSF, and TGF-beta in supernatant fluids increased significantly in a time-dependent manner in response to BK. The receptors responsible for the release of NCA, MCA, and individual chemokines included both BKB(1) and BKB(2) receptors. These data suggest that BK may stimulate lung fibroblasts to release inflammatory cytokines, which may modulate lung inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Koyama
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, and National Chushin-Matsumoto Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Mechanisms in the host-finding process of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were studied in vitro by a novel bioassay using 24-well multidishes supplied with bottom layers of agar with chemoattractants. It was shown that low molecular weight molecules (carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, urea) did not attract theronts. In contrast, sera and mucus from a range of teleosts (including marine fish) were effective attractants. Fractionation by gel filtration of fish serum allowed determination of the molecular size of the attracting proteins. Further biochemical studies suggested the chemoattractants to be present in fractions with host immunoglobulin and some still undetermined proteins. No clear association between enzyme activity and chemotactic potential was seen. The high chemoattractive effect of serum from various unrelated teleosts corresponds to the low host specificity of I. multifiliis and suggests that serum factors in mucus could be involved in host finding of the parasite. Society for Parasitology Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nakagawa H, Takano K, Kuzumaki H. A 16-kDa fragment of collagen type XIV is a novel neutrophil chemotactic factor purified from rat granulation tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 256:642-5. [PMID: 10080952 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A neutrophil chemotactic factor has been purified from the homogenate of rat granulation tissues. The purified chemoattractant was a basic protein with heparin-binding site and gave a single band corresponding to a molecular mass of 16 kDa on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. The chemoattractant was treated with lysylendopeptidase and the resulting peptides were isolated by reversed-phase HPLC. Amino acid sequences of the peptides were almost identical with the sequence of N-terminal fibronectin type III domain of human collagen type XIV, suggesting that the purified chemoattractant consists mainly of N-terminal fibronectin type III domain and the adjacent heparin-binding site of rat collagen type XIV. The 16-kDa fragment of collagen type XIV dose dependently attracted rat neutrophils and transiently increased the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration of neutrophils. The results suggest that the novel chemoattractant plays a role in neutrophil recruitment in rat inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Nakagawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Sugitani, 930-0194, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mrowietz U, Schwenk U, Maune S, Bartels J, Küpper M, Fichtner I, Schröder JM, Schadendorf D. The chemokine RANTES is secreted by human melanoma cells and is associated with enhanced tumour formation in nude mice. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:1025-31. [PMID: 10098731 PMCID: PMC2362228 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of tumour cell growth by tumour-infiltrating leucocytes is of high importance for the biological behaviour of malignant neoplasms. In melanoma, tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are of particular interest as inhibitors or enhancers of cell growth. Recruitment of leucocytes from the peripheral blood into the tumour site is mediated predominantly by chemotaxins, particularly by the group of chemokines. The aim of this study was to identify peptides released by human melanoma cells with monocyte chemotactic properties. To assure the presence of biologically active mediators, biochemical purification and biological characterization of peptides was based on a detection system dependent on bioactive, monocyte chemotactic activity in vitro. Cell culture supernatants of melanoma cells were fractioned by heparin-sepharose followed by preparative reversed-phase HPLC steps to enrich monocyte chemotactic activity in one single band on a sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel. These purified fractions were shown to react with RANTES-specific antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as in Western blot analysis. Amino acid sequencing of the N-terminal protein fragment confirmed 100% homology to the RANTES protein. Further analysis showed that four out of eight melanoma cell lines constitutively expressed and secreted the beta-chemokine RANTES as detected by ELISA. The amount of RANTES protein secreted (up to 50 ng ml(-1)) was about 5-50 times higher than interleukin 8 (IL-8), determined in the same supernatant samples. Tumour necrosis factor alpha, (TNF-alpha), not, however, IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), or (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) was able to up-regulate RANTES and interleukin 8 secretion. Furthermore, higher levels of RANTES secretion in vitro were associated with increased tumour formation upon s.c. injection of six human melanoma cell lines in nude mice. Our data provide evidence that a subset of melanoma cells express mRNA and secrete RANTES protein which may be partly responsible for the recruitment of monocytes, T-cells and dendritic cells into the tumours. However, transplantation experiments in nude mice suggest that effects of RANTES may also benefit tumour progression. Further studies are needed to dissect the underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Mrowietz
- Department of Dermatology, Univeristy of Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wuyts A, Govaerts C, Struyf S, Lenaerts JP, Put W, Conings R, Proost P, Van Damme J. Isolation of the CXC chemokines ENA-78, GRO alpha and GRO gamma from tumor cells and leukocytes reveals NH2-terminal heterogeneity. Functional comparison of different natural isoforms. Eur J Biochem 1999; 260:421-9. [PMID: 10095777 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of chemotactic peptides affecting leukocyte migration during the inflammatory response. Post-translational modification of chemokines has been shown to affect their biological potency. Here, the isolation and identification of natural isoforms of the neutrophil chemoattractants GRO alpha and GRO gamma and the epithelial-cell-derived neutrophil attractant-78 (ENA-78), is reported. Cultured tumor cells produced predominantly intact chemokine forms, whereas peripheral blood monocytes secreted mainly NH2-terminally truncated forms. The order of neutrophil chemotactic potency of these CXC chemokines was GRO alpha > GRO gamma > ENA-78 both for intact and truncated forms. However, truncated GRO alpha (4,5,6-73), GRO gamma (5-73) and ENA-78(8,9-78) were 30-fold, fivefold and threefold more active than the corresponding intact chemokine. As a consequence, truncated GRO alpha (4,5,6-73) was 300-fold more potent than intact ENA-78 indicating that both the type of chemokine and its mode of processing determine the chemotactic potency. Similar observations were made when intact and truncated GRO alpha, GRO gamma and ENA-78 were compared for their capacity to induce an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration in neutrophilic granulocytes, and to desensitize the calcium response towards the CXC chemokine granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2). It must be concluded that physiological proteolytic cleavage of CXC chemokines in general enhances the inflammatory response, whereas for CC chemokines NH2-terminal processing mostly results in reduced chemotactic potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Wuyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), otherwise known as methoxatin, is a water-soluble, redox-cycling orthoquinone that was initially isolated from cultures of methylotropic bacteria. It has been found to be a cofactor of some bacterial alcohol dehydrogenases, and is present in many animal tissues. It may be a novel vitamin because it has been shown to be essential for normal growth and development. The redox-cycling ability of PQQ enables it to scavenge or generate superoxide. When fed to animals as a supplement, PQQ prevents oxidative changes that would ordinarily occur. It has been reported to inhibit glutamate decarboxylase activity and protect against N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated neurotoxicity in the brain. It appears that in the whole animal, however, PQQ does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, it increases nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in mouse astroglial cells, but has to be bound to glycine to penetrate and exert this effect in whole brain. It may therefore be regarded as a "Janus faced" molecule, with its potential for a therapeutic role in the brain still in question.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bishop
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Manlongat N, Yang TJ, Hinckley LS, Bendel RB, Krider HM. Physiologic-chemoattractant-induced migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in milk. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998; 5:375-81. [PMID: 9605994 PMCID: PMC104527 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.3.375-381.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/1997] [Accepted: 01/29/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The somatic cell count (SCC; leukocytes and epithelial cells) in milk is used as an indicator of udder health status. A SCC above the regulatory standard is generally considered as an indication of mastitis. Therefore, milk with a SCC equal to or greater than the regulatory limit cannot be sold to the public because it is unsuitable for human consumption. This study was performed to determine whether SCC levels above the regulatory limit observed in goats during late lactation are a physiologic or a pathological response of the goat mammary gland. Differential counts of cells in nonmastitic goat milk samples during late lactation revealed that approximately 80% of the cells were polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). In addition, microchemotaxis assay results indicated that normal nonmastitic late-lactation-stage goat milk is significantly higher (P < 0.001) in PMN chemotactic activity than early-lactation-stage goat milk, with a mean chemotactic activity of 14.9 and 42.7/mg of protein for early and late lactation stages, respectively. Physicochemical analyses also suggest that the PMN infiltration observed in normal late-lactation-stage goat milk is due to a PMN chemotactic factor(s) that is different from the PMN chemotactic factor(s) present in mastitic milk. Interestingly, the PMN chemotactic factor in late-lactation-stage goat milk is highly acid resistant (pH 2), suggesting that the factor is able to survive the highly acidic gastric environment and may therefore be important in the augmentation of the immune systems of sucklings. These results indicate that the chemotactic factor(s) present in the milk of normal late-lactation-stage goats is nonpathological and may play a physiologic regulatory role in mammary gland involution. Hence, the regulatory standard for goat milk needs to be redefined in order to reflect this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Manlongat
- Department of Pathobiology, The University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-3089, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Experimental and computational studies are carried out on the separation of a mixture of chemotactic peptides by reversed-phase gradient elution on commercial octadecyl silica supports with acetonitrile as the modulator. The solubility of this mixture is found to be a complex function not only of mobile phase composition, but also of the order in which the various constituents of the mobile phase are mixed together. In certain cases, the feeds seem to reach a metastable state in which they are fully soluble for several hours: this is exploited here for preparative separations. Separations are also carried out by stepwise and nonlinear isocratic elution, and the yields and productivities compared to those from gradient elution. Predictive simulations of all these separations are run using independently measured single component feed isotherms. Good agreement with experiment is found when multicomponent (nonlinear) feed interactions are accounted for, but not when the usual assumption of linear feed isotherms is made. Simultaneous concentration and separation of these feeds is easily achieved by gradient elution. Simulations indicate that the combination of the focusing power of the gradient with the multicomponent feed interactions is likely to give good separations even at high feed loadings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Kim
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schröder JM. Identification and structural characterization of chemokines in lesional skin material of patients with inflammatory skin disease. Methods Enzymol 1997; 288:266-97. [PMID: 9356999 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)88019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Horuk R, Reilly D, Yansura D. Expression, purification, and characterization of Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human melanoma growth stimulating activity. Methods Enzymol 1997; 287:3-12. [PMID: 9330311 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)87003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Horuk
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Schröder JM. Isolation and purification of neutrophil-activating peptide-4: a chemokine missing two cysteines. Methods Enzymol 1997; 287:216-30. [PMID: 9330325 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)87017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
RANTES was first identified as a cDNA in a search for genes expressed late (3-5 days) after T-cell activation. Definition of RANTES function depended on the generation of protein. This chapter describes the various techniques used to make recombinant RANTES protein, to test its activity, and to generate monoclonal antibodies to assess RANTES protein cell distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Krensky
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305-5119, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nabil K, Rihn B, Jaurand MC, Vignaud JM, Ripoche J, Martinet Y, Martinet N. Identification of human complement factor H as a chemotactic protein for monocytes. Biochem J 1997; 326 ( Pt 2):377-83. [PMID: 9291108 PMCID: PMC1218681 DOI: 10.1042/bj3260377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We used chromatographic separation to purify to homogeneity a monomeric monocyte chemotactic protein of 150 kDa contained in mesothelioma pleural effusions. It was identified by N-terminal amino acid sequencing and immunoblotting as complement factor H, an inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway. Specific antibodies against factor H inhibited the monocyte chemotactic activity of the purified protein, which was most active at 10 nM. Factor H is a restrictive factor of alternative complement pathway activation. The new chemotactic function assigned to factor H in recruiting monocytes to the mesothelioma site might contribute to malignant cell phagocytosis via the iC3b/complement receptor type 3 pathway. These functions link the humoral and cellular immune systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nabil
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 14, CHU Brabois, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chertov O, Ueda H, Xu LL, Tani K, Murphy WJ, Wang JM, Howard OM, Sayers TJ, Oppenheim JJ. Identification of human neutrophil-derived cathepsin G and azurocidin/CAP37 as chemoattractants for mononuclear cells and neutrophils. J Exp Med 1997; 186:739-47. [PMID: 9271589 PMCID: PMC2199011 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.5.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/1997] [Revised: 07/07/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration into inflammatory sites is generally preceded by neutrophils. This suggests neutrophils may be the source of chemotactic factors for monocytes. To identify these putative monocyte attractants, we have systematically prepared neutrophil granules, lysed them, and sequentially purified the released proteins by several reverse phase chromatography procedures. Assays for monocyte chemotactic activity of the chromatography fractions yielded a major peak of activity associated with a protein of 30 kD, according to SDS-PAGE analysis. NH2-terminal sequence of the protein revealed this to be identical to cathepsin G. The monocyte chemotactic activity of human cathepsin G was dose dependent with optimal concentration at 0.5-1 microg/ml. Cathepsin G is chemotactic rather than chemokinetic for monocytes, as demonstrated by checkerboard analysis. Cathepsin G-induced monocyte chemotaxis is partially pertussis toxin sensitive implying the involvement of a G protein-coupled receptor. Enzymatic activity of cathepsin G is associated with its monocyte chemotactic activity, since DFP- or PMSF-inactivated cathepsin G no longer induced monocyte migration. The chemotactic activity of cathepsin G can also be completely blocked by alpha1 antichymotrypsin, a specific inhibitor of chymotrypsin-like proteinases present in human plasma. In addition, cathepsin G is also a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils and a chemokinetic stimulant for T cells. In the course of pursuing these in vitro studies, we established that the T cell chemoattractant, azurocidin/CAP37 from human neutrophil granules, at doses of 0.05 to 5 microg/ml, was chemotactic for monocytes and neutrophils. As predicted from the in vitro chemotactic activity, subcutaneous injection of cathepsin G into BALB/c mice led to infiltration of both mononuclear cells and neutrophils. Thus, the transition of inflammatory exudate from neutrophil to mononuclear cells can be mediated, at least in part, by extracellular release of neutrophil granule proteins such as cathepsin G and azurocidin/CAP37.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Chertov
- Intramural Research Support Program, Science Applications International Corporation Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ziche M, Maglione D, Ribatti D, Morbidelli L, Lago CT, Battisti M, Paoletti I, Barra A, Tucci M, Parise G, Vincenti V, Granger HJ, Viglietto G, Persico MG. Placenta growth factor-1 is chemotactic, mitogenic, and angiogenic. J Transl Med 1997; 76:517-31. [PMID: 9111514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The placental-derived growth factor (PIGF) is a dimeric glycoprotein showing a high degree of sequence similarity to the vascular endothelial growth factor. Alternative splicing of the PIGF primary transcript gives rise to two forms, named PIGF-1 and PIGF-2, which differ only in the insertion of a highly basic 21-amino acid stretch at the carboxyl end. The presence of the PIGF mRNA in thyroid, placenta, lung, and goiter has indicated the tissues where this factor functions. However, the role of PIGF in vascular development has not yet been clearly established. In the present study, we described the purification of PIGF-1 from overexpressing eukaryotic cells and then measured the angiogenic activity of the purified PIGF-1 in vivo in the rabbit cornea and the chick chorioallantoic membrane assays. In both in vivo assays, PIGF-1 induced a strong neovascularization process that was blocked by affinity-purified anti-PIGF-1 antibody. In the avascular cornea, PIGF-1 induced angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner and seemed to be at least as effective (if not more effective) than vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor under the same conditions and at the same concentration. PIGF-1 was shown to induce cell growth and migration of endothelial cells from bovine coronary postcapillary venules and from human umbilical veins. In these two in vitro assays, PIGF-1 seemed to have a comparable effect to that of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor on the cultured microvascular endothelium (eg, capillary venule endothelial cells). In summary, this is the first study to demonstrate that PIGF-1 can induce angiogenesis in vivo and stimulate the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ziche
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Teran LM, Campos MG, Begishvilli BT, Schröder JM, Djukanovic R, Shute JK, Church MK, Holgate ST, Davies DE. Identification of neutrophil chemotactic factors in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic patients. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27:396-405. [PMID: 9146932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although neutrophils have been implicated in bronchial asthma, the mechanism(s) which bring these cells into the airways is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence and identity of neutrophil chemotactic factors in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from atopic asthmatic subjects. METHOD BAL fluid was obtained from 13 subjects (seven asthmatics and six normals), aged 19 to 60 yr, at bronchoscopy. Separation of neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) was achieved by FPLC cation exchange chromatography. Fractions were collected and assayed for chemotaxis in multiwell micro-chemotaxes chambers using polycarbonate filters, for the complement peptide C5a/C5a des Arg by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and for interleukin-8 (IL-8) by ELISA. RESULTS NCA was found in FPLC fractions of BAL samples in four out of seven asthmatics and each of these subjects had at least three similar peaks of NCA. The major peak of NCA was found to contain immunoreactive C5a/C5a des Arg and chemotaxis. In response to this NCA could be blocked by desensitization of the neutrophils with recombinant C5a. Purified serum derived C5a/C5a des Arg was found to have altered chromatographic properties when added to BAL fluid; this suggested that BAL fluid contained proteins which interacted with the C5a/C5a des Arg. Immunoreactive IL-8 (iIL-8) was also detected but its concentration or chemical form was insufficient to induce neutrophil chemotaxis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that bronchial asthmatic lavage fluid contains C5a/ C5a des/Arg and IL-8, together with other as yet unidentified factors which may contribute to neutrophil recruitment in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Teran
- Immunopharmacology Group, University of Southampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sugiura T, Shirasuna K, Hayashido Y, Sakai T, Matsuya T. Effects of human fibroblasts on invasiveness of oral cancer cells in vitro: isolation of a chemotactic factor from human fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 1996; 68:774-81. [PMID: 8980183 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19961211)68:6<774::aid-ijc15>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Oral fibroblasts stimulated invasion of oral-carcinoma cells into the collagen matrix. The mechanisms of the fibroblast-induced stimulation of invasiveness was further investigated by examining cell motility and proteolytic activity of tumor cells, using mainly an adenoid-cystic-carcinoma cell line (ACCS) and normal fibroblasts from gingival tissues. Conditioned medium from the fibroblasts grown in serum-free medium was fractionated on a Superdex 200 pg column, and Peak 1 eluted at 200 to 300 kDa and Peak 2 eluted at 50 to 100 kDa were found to contain different specific activity. Treatment of ACCS cells with Peak 1 resulted in an increase in the production of proteolytic enzymes. Peak 2 stimulated both chemotaxis and chemokinesis of ACCS cells. A chemotactic factor was purified from the heparin-unbound fraction of Peak 2 by anion exchange and hydrophobic chromatography, and was named "fibroblast-derived motility factor (FDMF)". At 1 microg/ml, FDMF stimulated chemotaxis of ACCS cells by 4-fold compared with unstimulated controls. Characterization of the physicochemical properties of FDMF suggested that it might be different from any known motility factors. Exposure of ACCS cells to FDMF resulted in reduced amounts of actin stress fiber in the cytoplasm and induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins detectable 30 to 60 min after treatment. These FDMF-induced changes were blocked by pre-treatment either with genistein or with pertussis toxin. These findings suggest that FDMF may be a novel protein which stimulates cell motility via a signaling pathway mediated by a pertussis-toxin-sensitive G protein and tyrosine phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sugiura
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cooper JA, Culbreth RR. Characterization of a neutrophil inhibitor peptide harvested from human bronchial lavage: homology to influenza A nucleoprotein. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1996; 15:207-15. [PMID: 8703476 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.15.2.8703476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchi are exposed to particulate matter, including bacteria, fungi and dusts, that should trigger release of molecules which attract polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). However, normal bronchi are relatively devoid of PMN, suggesting that there exists a mechanism to dampen acute inflammation in the lung. We have previously reported that bronchial lavage from normal humans contains a nonpolar peptide that inhibits PMN chemotaxis and oxidant production. In the present study we devised preparative methods to obtain sufficient quantities of a similar inhibitor molecule for partial amino acid sequencing and allow production of truncated analogues. Amino acid sequencing demonstrated that the peptide includes a 10-amino-acid sequence that is completely homologous to a sequence of amino acids contained in the influenza A nucleoprotein. Synthesized peptides containing this 10-amino-acid sequence inhibited PMN chemotaxis and oxidant production. In addition, PMN lysates actively phosphorylated peptides containing the 10-amino-acid sequence or a partial sequence containing an apparent phosphorylation site. U937 cells were noted to be one source of this inhibitor, as a similarly sized nonpolar inhibitor peptide was purified from U937 culture supernatants. In addition, U937 and monocyte cellular lysates contained proteins recognized by an antiserum directed at the influenza A nucleoprotein. Further characterization of the molecule described in this study or related molecules may lead to significantly new antiinflammatory strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Cooper
- Pulmonary Section, Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Alabama, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|