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Panja S, Truica MI, Yu CY, Saggurthi V, Craige MW, Whitehead K, Tuiche MV, Al-Saadi A, Vyas R, Ganesan S, Gohel S, Coffman F, Parrott JS, Quan S, Jha S, Kim I, Schaeffer E, Kothari V, Abdulkadir SA, Mitrofanova A. Mechanism-centric regulatory network identifies NME2 and MYC programs as markers of Enzalutamide resistance in CRPC. Nat Commun 2024; 15:352. [PMID: 38191557 PMCID: PMC10774320 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous response to Enzalutamide, a second-generation androgen receptor signaling inhibitor, is a central problem in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) management. Genome-wide systems investigation of mechanisms that govern Enzalutamide resistance promise to elucidate markers of heterogeneous treatment response and salvage therapies for CRPC patients. Focusing on the de novo role of MYC as a marker of Enzalutamide resistance, here we reconstruct a CRPC-specific mechanism-centric regulatory network, connecting molecular pathways with their upstream transcriptional regulatory programs. Mining this network with signatures of Enzalutamide response identifies NME2 as an upstream regulatory partner of MYC in CRPC and demonstrates that NME2-MYC increased activities can predict patients at risk of resistance to Enzalutamide, independent of co-variates. Furthermore, our experimental investigations demonstrate that targeting MYC and its partner NME2 is beneficial in Enzalutamide-resistant conditions and could provide an effective strategy for patients at risk of Enzalutamide resistance and/or for patients who failed Enzalutamide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Panja
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Mihai Ioan Truica
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Christina Y Yu
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Vamshi Saggurthi
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Michael W Craige
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Katie Whitehead
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Mayra V Tuiche
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
- Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ, 07039, USA
| | - Aymen Al-Saadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers School of Engineering, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Riddhi Vyas
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Suril Gohel
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Frederick Coffman
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - James S Parrott
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - Songhua Quan
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Shantenu Jha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers School of Engineering, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Isaac Kim
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Heaven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Edward Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vishal Kothari
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Sarki A Abdulkadir
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Antonina Mitrofanova
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA.
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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2
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Wang H, Su M, Xing J, Zhou J, Wang J, Chen L, Dong H, Xue W, Liu Y, Wu Q, Zhang Y. HHCDB: a database of human heterochromatin regions. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D145-D153. [PMID: 37897357 PMCID: PMC10767959 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin plays essential roles in eukaryotic genomes, such as regulating genes, maintaining genome integrity and silencing repetitive DNA elements. Identifying genome-wide heterochromatin regions is crucial for studying transcriptional regulation. We propose the Human Heterochromatin Chromatin Database (HHCDB) for archiving heterochromatin regions defined by specific or combined histone modifications (H3K27me3, H3K9me2, H3K9me3) according to a unified pipeline. 42 839 743 heterochromatin regions were identified from 578 samples derived from 241 cell-types/cell lines and 92 tissue types. Genomic information is provided in HHCDB, including chromatin location, gene structure, transcripts, distance from transcription start site, neighboring genes, CpG islands, transposable elements, 3D genomic structure and functional annotations. Furthermore, transcriptome data from 73 single cells were analyzed and integrated to explore cell type-specific heterochromatin-related genes. HHCDB affords rich visualization through the UCSC Genome Browser and our self-developed tools. We have also developed a specialized online analysis platform to mine differential heterochromatin regions in cancers. We performed several analyses to explore the function of cancer-specific heterochromatin-related genes, including clinical feature analysis, immune cell infiltration analysis and the construction of drug-target networks. HHCDB is a valuable resource for studying epigenetic regulation, 3D genomics and heterochromatin regulation in development and disease. HHCDB is freely accessible at http://hhcdb.edbc.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Mu Su
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jie Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinzhang Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Long Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Haomin Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wenhui Xue
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- The Leicester International Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- College of Pathology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161042, China
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3
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Kotekar A, Singh AK, Devaiah BN. BRD4 and MYC: power couple in transcription and disease. FEBS J 2023; 290:4820-4842. [PMID: 35866356 PMCID: PMC9867786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogene and BRD4, a BET family protein, are two cardinal proteins that have a broad influence in cell biology and disease. Both proteins are expressed ubiquitously in mammalian cells and play central roles in controlling growth, development, stress responses and metabolic function. As chromatin and transcriptional regulators, they play a critical role in regulating the expression of a burgeoning array of genes, maintaining chromatin architecture and genome stability. Consequently, impairment of their function or regulation leads to many diseases, with cancer being the most predominant. Interestingly, accumulating evidence indicates that regulation of the expression and functions of MYC are tightly intertwined with BRD4 at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Here, we review the mechanisms by which MYC and BRD4 are regulated, their functions in governing various molecular mechanisms and the consequences of their dysregulation that lead to disease. We present a perspective of how the regulatory mechanisms for the two proteins could be entwined at multiple points in a BRD4-MYC nexus that leads to the modulation of their functions and disease upon dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Kotekar
- Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Experimental Immunology Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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4
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Chen F, Byrd AL, Liu J, Flight RM, DuCote TJ, Naughton KJ, Song X, Edgin AR, Lukyanchuk A, Dixon DT, Gosser CM, Esoe DP, Jayswal RD, Orkin SH, Moseley HNB, Wang C, Brainson CF. Polycomb deficiency drives a FOXP2-high aggressive state targetable by epigenetic inhibitors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:336. [PMID: 36670102 PMCID: PMC9859827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) histone methyltransferase EZH2 are approved for certain cancers, but realizing their wider utility relies upon understanding PRC2 biology in each cancer system. Using a genetic model to delete Ezh2 in KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinomas, we observed that Ezh2 haplo-insufficient tumors were less lethal and lower grade than Ezh2 fully-insufficient tumors, which were poorly differentiated and metastatic. Using three-dimensional cultures and in vivo experiments, we determined that EZH2-deficient tumors were vulnerable to H3K27 demethylase or BET inhibitors. PRC2 loss/inhibition led to de-repression of FOXP2, a transcription factor that promotes migration and stemness, and FOXP2 could be suppressed by BET inhibition. Poorly differentiated human lung cancers were enriched for an H3K27me3-low state, representing a subtype that may benefit from BET inhibition as a single therapy or combined with additional EZH2 inhibition. These data highlight diverse roles of PRC2 in KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinomas, and demonstrate the utility of three-dimensional cultures for exploring epigenetic drug sensitivities for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510060, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Aria L Byrd
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Robert M Flight
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Tanner J DuCote
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Kassandra J Naughton
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Xiulong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Abigail R Edgin
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Alexsandr Lukyanchuk
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Danielle T Dixon
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Christian M Gosser
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Dave-Preston Esoe
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Rani D Jayswal
- Markey Cancer Center Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hunter N B Moseley
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Christine Fillmore Brainson
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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5
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Dalpatraj N, Naik A, Thakur N. Combination Treatment of a Phytochemical and a Histone Demethylase Inhibitor-A Novel Approach towards Targeting TGFβ-Induced EMT, Invasion, and Migration in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031860. [PMID: 36768182 PMCID: PMC9915876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimizing side effects, overcoming cancer drug resistance, and preventing metastasis of cancer cells are of growing interest in current cancer therapeutics. Phytochemicals are being researched in depth as they are protective to normal cells and have fewer side effects. Hesperetin is a citrus bioflavonoid known to inhibit TGFβ-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Targeting epigenetic modifications that cause cancer is another class of upcoming therapeutics, as these changes are reversible. Global H3K27me3 levels have been found to be reduced in invasive prostate adenocarcinomas. Combining a demethylase inhibitor and a known anti-cancer phytochemical is a unique approach to targeting cancer to attain the aforementioned objectives. In the current study, we used an H3K27 demethylase (JMJD3/KDM6B) inhibitor to study its effects on TGFβ-induced EMT in prostate cancer cells. We then gave a combined hesperetin and GSK-J4 treatment to the PC-3 and LNCaP cells. There was a dose-dependent increase in cytotoxicity and inhibition of TGFβ-induced migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells after GSK-J4 treatment. GSK-J4 not only induced trimethylation of H3K27 but also induced the trimethylation of H3K4. Surprisingly, there was a reduction in the H3K9me3 levels. GSK-J4 alone and a combination of hesperetin and GSK-J4 treatment effectively inhibit the important hallmarks of cancer, such as cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, by altering the epigenetic landscape of cancer cells.
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6
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Kukkonen K, Taavitsainen S, Huhtala L, Uusi-Makela J, Granberg KJ, Nykter M, Urbanucci A. Chromatin and Epigenetic Dysregulation of Prostate Cancer Development, Progression, and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3325. [PMID: 34283056 PMCID: PMC8268970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of chromatin and epigenetics has been defined as the overarching cancer hallmark. By disrupting transcriptional regulation in normal cells and mediating tumor progression by promoting cancer cell plasticity, this process has the ability to mediate all defined hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we collect and assess evidence on the contribution of chromatin and epigenetic dysregulation in prostate cancer. We highlight important mechanisms leading to prostate carcinogenesis, the emergence of castration-resistance upon treatment with androgen deprivation therapy, and resistance to antiandrogens. We examine in particular the contribution of chromatin structure and epigenetics to cell lineage commitment, which is dysregulated during tumorigenesis, and cell plasticity, which is altered during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konsta Kukkonen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Sinja Taavitsainen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Laura Huhtala
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Joonas Uusi-Makela
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Kirsi J. Granberg
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Matti Nykter
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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7
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Mukha A, Kahya U, Linge A, Chen O, Löck S, Lukiyanchuk V, Richter S, Alves TC, Peitzsch M, Telychko V, Skvortsov S, Negro G, Aschenbrenner B, Skvortsova II, Mirtschink P, Lohaus F, Hölscher T, Neubauer H, Rivandi M, Labitzky V, Lange T, Franken A, Behrens B, Stoecklein NH, Toma M, Sommer U, Zschaeck S, Rehm M, Eisenhofer G, Schwager C, Abdollahi A, Groeben C, Kunz-Schughart LA, Baretton GB, Baumann M, Krause M, Peitzsch C, Dubrovska A. GLS-driven glutamine catabolism contributes to prostate cancer radiosensitivity by regulating the redox state, stemness and ATG5-mediated autophagy. Theranostics 2021; 11:7844-7868. [PMID: 34335968 PMCID: PMC8315064 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the curative treatment options for localized prostate cancer (PCa). The curative potential of radiotherapy is mediated by irradiation-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in tumor cells. However, PCa radiocurability can be impeded by tumor resistance mechanisms and normal tissue toxicity. Metabolic reprogramming is one of the major hallmarks of tumor progression and therapy resistance. Specific metabolic features of PCa might serve as therapeutic targets for tumor radiosensitization and as biomarkers for identifying the patients most likely to respond to radiotherapy. The study aimed to characterize a potential role of glutaminase (GLS)-driven glutamine catabolism as a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for PCa radiosensitization. Methods: We analyzed primary cell cultures and radioresistant (RR) derivatives of the conventional PCa cell lines by gene expression and metabolic assays to identify the molecular traits associated with radiation resistance. Relative radiosensitivity of the cell lines and primary cell cultures were analyzed by 2-D and 3-D clonogenic analyses. Targeting of glutamine (Gln) metabolism was achieved by Gln starvation, gene knockdown, and chemical inhibition. Activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) and autophagy was assessed by gene expression, western blotting, and fluorescence microscopy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were analyzed by fluorescence and luminescence probes, respectively. Cancer stem cell (CSC) properties were investigated by sphere-forming assay, CSC marker analysis, and in vivo limiting dilution assays. Single circulating tumor cells (CTCs) isolated from the blood of PCa patients were analyzed by array comparative genome hybridization. Expression levels of the GLS1 and MYC gene in tumor tissues and amino acid concentrations in blood plasma were correlated to a progression-free survival in PCa patients. Results: Here, we found that radioresistant PCa cells and prostate CSCs have a high glutamine demand. GLS-driven catabolism of glutamine serves not only for energy production but also for the maintenance of the redox state. Consequently, glutamine depletion or inhibition of critical regulators of glutamine utilization, such as GLS and the transcription factor MYC results in PCa radiosensitization. On the contrary, we found that a combination of glutamine metabolism inhibitors with irradiation does not cause toxic effects on nonmalignant prostate cells. Glutamine catabolism contributes to the maintenance of CSCs through regulation of the alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent chromatin-modifying dioxygenase. The lack of glutamine results in the inhibition of CSCs with a high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, decreases the frequency of the CSC populations in vivo and reduces tumor formation in xenograft mouse models. Moreover, this study shows that activation of the ATG5-mediated autophagy in response to a lack of glutamine is a tumor survival strategy to withstand radiation-mediated cell damage. In combination with autophagy inhibition, the blockade of glutamine metabolism might be a promising strategy for PCa radiosensitization. High blood levels of glutamine in PCa patients significantly correlate with a shorter prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time. Furthermore, high expression of critical regulators of glutamine metabolism, GLS1 and MYC, is significantly associated with a decreased progression-free survival in PCa patients treated with radiotherapy. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that GLS-driven glutaminolysis is a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for PCa radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mukha
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden, Germany
| | - Uğur Kahya
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden, Germany
| | - Annett Linge
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleg Chen
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Cell Biology, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Steffen Löck
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasyl Lukiyanchuk
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan Richter
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Tiago C Alves
- Department for Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladyslav Telychko
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
| | - Sergej Skvortsov
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giulia Negro
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bertram Aschenbrenner
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ira-Ida Skvortsova
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- EXTRO-Lab, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Mirtschink
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabian Lohaus
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Hölscher
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mahdi Rivandi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Labitzky
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Lange
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, Center for Experimental Medicine, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - André Franken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bianca Behrens
- General, Visceral and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- General, Visceral and Paediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marieta Toma
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Sommer
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zschaeck
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rehm
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Schwager
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core Center, Clinical Cooperation Units (CCU) Translational Radiation Oncology and Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Medical Faculty (HDMF), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Core Center, Clinical Cooperation Units (CCU) Translational Radiation Oncology and Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Medical Faculty (HDMF), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christer Groeben
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leoni A Kunz-Schughart
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
| | - Gustavo B Baretton
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Baumann
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Mechthild Krause
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Peitzsch
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany
- Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany
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8
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Chen X, Lin X, Pang G, Deng J, Xie Q, Zhang Z. Significance of KDM6A mutation in bladder cancer immune escape. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:635. [PMID: 34051747 PMCID: PMC8164329 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer (BC) is the fourth most prevalent neoplasm in men and is associated with high tumour recurrence rates, leading to major treatment challenges. Lysine-specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A) is frequently mutated in several cancer types; however, its effects on tumour progression and clinical outcome in BC remain unclear. Here, we explored the potential role of KDM6A in regulating the antitumor immune response. Methods We mined The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases for somatic mutation and clinical data in patients with BC. Results We found frequent mutations in 12 genes in both cohorts, including TP53, KDM6A, CSMD3, MUC16, STAG2, PIK3CA, ARID1A, RB1, EP300, ERBB2, ERBB3, and FGFR3. The frequency o KDM6A mutations in the TCGA and ICGC datasets was 25.97 and 24.27%, respectively. In addition, KDM6A mutation was associated with a lower number of tumour-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) and indicated a state of immune tolerance. KDM6A mutation was associated with lower KDM6A mRNA level compared with that in samples carrying the wild-type gene. Further, survival analysis showed that the prognosis of patients with low KDM6A expression was worse than that with high KDM6A expression. Using the CIBERSORT algorithm, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource site, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, we found that KDM6A mutation downregulated nine signalling pathways that participate in the immune system and attenuated the tumour immune response. Conclusion Overall, we conclude that KDM6A mutation is frequent in BC and promotes tumour immune escape, which may serve as a novel biomarker to predict the immune response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08372-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Kangning Road No.79, in Zhuhai city, Guang Dong Province, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Lin
- Department of Urology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Kangning Road No.79, in Zhuhai city, Guang Dong Province, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofu Pang
- Department of Urology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Kangning Road No.79, in Zhuhai city, Guang Dong Province, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Deng
- Department of Urology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Kangning Road No.79, in Zhuhai city, Guang Dong Province, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Xie
- Department of Urology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Kangning Road No.79, in Zhuhai city, Guang Dong Province, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengrong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Kangning Road No.79, in Zhuhai city, Guang Dong Province, Zhuhai, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Stachecka J, Kolodziejski PA, Noak M, Szczerbal I. Alteration of active and repressive histone marks during adipogenic differentiation of porcine mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1325. [PMID: 33446668 PMCID: PMC7809488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A characteristic spatial distribution of the main chromatin fractions is observed in most mammalian cell nuclei, with euchromatin localized in the interior and heterochromatin at the nuclear periphery. It has been shown that interactions of heterochromatin with the nuclear lamina are necessary to establish this conventional architecture. Adipocytes are specific cells in which a reduction in lamin A/C expression is observed. We hypothesize that the loss of lamin A/C during adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be associated with the reorganization of the main classes of chromatin in the nucleus. Thus, in this study, we examine the abundance and nuclear distribution of selected heterochromatin (H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3) and euchromatin (H4K8ac, H3K4me3 and H3K9ac) histone marks during in vitro adipogenesis, using the pig as a model organism. We found that not only did the expression of lamin A/C decrease in our differentiation system, but so did the expression of lamin B receptor (LBR). The level of two heterochromatin marks, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3, increased during differentiation, while no changes were observed for H3K9me3. The levels of two euchromatin histone marks, H4K8ac and H3K9ac, were significantly higher in adipocytes than in undifferentiated cells, while the level of H3K4me3 did not change significantly. The spatial distribution of all the examined histone marks altered during in vitro adipogenesis. H3K27me3 and H4K20me3 moved towards the nuclear periphery and H3K9me3 localized preferentially in the intermediate part of adipocyte nuclei. The euchromatin marks H3K9ac and H3K4me3 preferentially occupied the peripheral part of the adipocyte nuclei, while H4K8ac was more evenly distributed in the nuclei of undifferentiated and differentiated cells. Analysis of the nuclear distribution of repetitive sequences has shown their clustering and relocalization toward nuclear periphery during differentiation. Our study shows that dynamic changes in the abundance and nuclear distribution of active and repressive histone marks take place during adipocyte differentiation. Nuclear reorganization of heterochromatin histone marks may allow the maintenance of the nuclear morphology of the adipocytes, in which reduced expression of lamin A/C and LBR is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stachecka
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel A Kolodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Noak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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10
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Machine Learning Supports Long Noncoding RNAs as Expression Markers for Endometrial Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3968279. [PMID: 32420338 PMCID: PMC7199595 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3968279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) is the second most common type of gynecological tumor. Several research studies have recently shown the potential of different ncRNAs as biomarkers for prognostics and diagnosis in different types of cancers, including UCEC. Thus, we hypothesized that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) could serve as efficient factors to discriminate solid primary (TP) and normal adjacent (NT) tissues in UCEC with high accuracy. We performed an in silico differential expression analysis comparing TP and NT from a set of samples downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, targeting highly differentially expressed lncRNAs that could potentially serve as gene expression markers. All analyses were performed in R software. The receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analyses and both supervised and unsupervised machine learning indicated a set of 14 lncRNAs that may serve as biomarkers for UCEC. Functions and putative pathways were assessed through a coexpression network and target enrichment analysis.
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11
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Labbé DP, Zadra G, Yang M, Reyes JM, Lin CY, Cacciatore S, Ebot EM, Creech AL, Giunchi F, Fiorentino M, Elfandy H, Syamala S, Karoly ED, Alshalalfa M, Erho N, Ross A, Schaeffer EM, Gibb EA, Takhar M, Den RB, Lehrer J, Karnes RJ, Freedland SJ, Davicioni E, Spratt DE, Ellis L, Jaffe JD, DʼAmico AV, Kantoff PW, Bradner JE, Mucci LA, Chavarro JE, Loda M, Brown M. High-fat diet fuels prostate cancer progression by rewiring the metabolome and amplifying the MYC program. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4358. [PMID: 31554818 PMCID: PMC6761092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic metabolic alterations associated with increased consumption of saturated fat and obesity are linked with increased risk of prostate cancer progression and mortality, but the molecular underpinnings of this association are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate in a murine prostate cancer model, that high-fat diet (HFD) enhances the MYC transcriptional program through metabolic alterations that favour histone H4K20 hypomethylation at the promoter regions of MYC regulated genes, leading to increased cellular proliferation and tumour burden. Saturated fat intake (SFI) is also associated with an enhanced MYC transcriptional signature in prostate cancer patients. The SFI-induced MYC signature independently predicts prostate cancer progression and death. Finally, switching from a high-fat to a low-fat diet, attenuates the MYC transcriptional program in mice. Our findings suggest that in primary prostate cancer, dietary SFI contributes to tumour progression by mimicking MYC over expression, setting the stage for therapeutic approaches involving changes to the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Labbé
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Giorgia Zadra
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaime M Reyes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles Y Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefano Cacciatore
- Cancer Genomics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ericka M Ebot
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda L Creech
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Giunchi
- Pathology Service, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S-Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, IT, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Pathology Service, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S-Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, IT, Italy
| | - Habiba Elfandy
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeepa Syamala
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ashley Ross
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert B Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - R Jeffrey Karnes
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Surgery Section, Durham Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Leigh Ellis
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jacob D Jaffe
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony V DʼAmico
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James E Bradner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weil Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Weill Cornell Campus, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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12
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Yegnasubramanian S, De Marzo AM, Nelson WG. Prostate Cancer Epigenetics: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Implications. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a030445. [PMID: 29959132 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A level of epigenetic programming, encoded by complex sets of chemical marks on DNA and histones, and by context-specific DNA, RNA, protein interactions, that all regulate the structure, organization, and function of the genome, is critical to establish both normal and neoplastic cell identities and functions. This structure-function relationship of the genome encoded by the epigenetic programming can be thought of as an epigenetic cityscape that is built on the underlying genetic landscape. Alterations in the epigenetic cityscape of prostate cancer cells compared with normal prostate tissues have a complex interplay with genetic alterations to drive prostate cancer initiation and progression. Indeed, mutations in genes encoding epigenetic enzymes are often observed in human cancers including prostate cancer. Interestingly, alterations in the prostate cancer epigenetic cityscape can be highly recurrent, a facet that can be exploited for development of biomarkers and potentially as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - William G Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
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13
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Braadland PR, Urbanucci A. Chromatin reprogramming as an adaptation mechanism in advanced prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R211-R235. [PMID: 30844748 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor evolution is based on the ability to constantly mutate and activate different pathways under the selective pressure of targeted therapies. Epigenetic alterations including those of the chromatin structure are associated with tumor initiation, progression and drug resistance. Many cancers, including prostate cancer, present enlarged nuclei, and chromatin appears altered and irregular. These phenotypic changes are likely to result from epigenetic dysregulation. High-throughput sequencing applied to bulk samples and now to single cells has made it possible to study these processes in unprecedented detail. It is therefore timely to review the impact of chromatin relaxation and increased DNA accessibility on prostate cancer growth and drug resistance, and their effects on gene expression. In particular, we focus on the contribution of chromatin-associated proteins such as the bromodomain-containing proteins to chromatin relaxation. We discuss the consequence of this for androgen receptor transcriptional activity and briefly summarize wider gain-of-function effects on other oncogenic transcription factors and implications for more effective prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Rustøen Braadland
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic European Molecular Biology Laboratory Partnership, Forskningsparken, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Skvortsov S, Skvortsova II, Tang DG, Dubrovska A. Concise Review: Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: Current Understanding. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1457-1474. [PMID: 29845679 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is heterogeneous, harboring phenotypically diverse cancer cell types. PCa cell heterogeneity is caused by genomic instability that leads to the clonal competition and evolution of the cancer genome and by epigenetic mechanisms that result in subclonal cellular differentiation. The process of tumor cell differentiation is initiated from a population of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) that possess many phenotypic and functional properties of normal stem cells. Since the initial reports on PCSCs in 2005, there has been much effort to elucidate their biological properties, including unique metabolic characteristics. In this Review, we discuss the current methods for PCSC enrichment and analysis, the hallmarks of PCSC metabolism, and the role of PCSCs in tumor progression. Stem Cells 2018;36:1457-1474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Skvortsov
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology (EXTRO-Lab), Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ira-Ida Skvortsova
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology (EXTRO-Lab), Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Li Q, Jia N, Tao X, Hua K, Feng W. The expression and significance of histone lysine methylation in endometrial cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6210-6216. [PMID: 29113269 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications of lysine residues have been implicated as having diagnostic and/or prognostic significance in numerous types of cancer. In the present study, the significance of the histone H3 methylation of lysine 4 (H3K4) and lysine 27 (H3K27) were investigated in endometrial cancer. Specifically, immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the cellular expression levels of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and H3K4 dimethylation (H3K4me2) in glandular epithelial tissues and stromal tissues. The association between the methylation levels of histone markers and clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. The results demonstrated that in epithelial cells, H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 exhibited the highest levels in endometrial cancer, followed by precancerous lesions and a normal endometrium. Low expression levels of H3K4me2 in glandular epithelium of endometrial cancer were significantly associated with a clinical early International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (P=0.006). For stromal tissues, the expression level of H3K27me3 in Type 1 endometrial cancer was significantly lower compared with that in the normal endometrium (P=0.043) and precancerous lesions (P<0.001). The expression level of H3K4me2 was significantly lower in the stroma of Type 1 and 2 cancer compared within the normal endometrium (P=0.005). A low H3K4me3 expression level in the stroma of endometrial cancer tissues was associated with P53-negativity (P=0.032). In conclusion, the cellular expression levels of histone H3 methylation were differentially presented in glandular epithelial and stromal elements in endometrial tissues. A low expression level of activation marker H3K4me2 in glandular epithelium defined a subset of patients with early-stage endometrial adenocarcinoma and may have potential prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Nan Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Tao
- Department of Pathology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Keqin Hua
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Disease, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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16
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Yan N, Xu L, Wu X, Zhang L, Fei X, Cao Y, Zhang F. GSKJ4, an H3K27me3 demethylase inhibitor, effectively suppresses the breast cancer stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:405-414. [PMID: 28823831 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, studies have been suggested that H3K27me3 is implicated with maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), however, the roles of H3K27me3 in Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) remain poorly investigated. Here we explore the functionallities of H3K27me3 on BCSCs, we identify H3K27me3 as a negative modulator of BCSCs and suggest GSKJ4 is a promising drug targeting BCSCs. We show that the H3K27me3 level is decreased in mammosphere-derived BCSCs. In breast cancer cells, we demonstrate that GSKJ4 could markedly inhibit the proliferation. Strikingly, we show that GSKJ4 could effectively suppress BCSCs including expansion, self-renewal capacity, and the expression of stemness-related markers. Additionally, our xenograft model confirms that GSKJ4 is able to effectively inhibit the tumorigenicity of MDA-MB-231. Mechanistically, the inhibition effects of GSKJ4 on BCSCs are via inhibiting demethylases JMJD3 and UTX with methyltransferase EZH2 unchanged, which enhances H3K27me3 level. H3K27me3 activating leads to reduction of BCSCs expansion, self-renewal and global level of stemness factors. Collectively, our results provide strong supports that H3K27me3 exerts a suppressive influence on BCSCs and reveal that GSKJ4 is capable to be a prospective agent targeting BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Yan
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Oncology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Prevention and Cure Center of Breast Disease, Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 33009, China
| | - Xiaobo Wu
- Prevention and Cure Center of Breast Disease, Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 33009, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Oncology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Xiaochun Fei
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yali Cao
- Prevention and Cure Center of Breast Disease, Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 33009, China.
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Oncology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215021, China.
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17
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Geng C, Kaochar S, Li M, Rajapakshe K, Fiskus W, Dong J, Foley C, Dong B, Zhang L, Kwon OJ, Shah SS, Bolaki M, Xin L, Ittmann M, O’Malley BW, Coarfa C, Mitsiades N. SPOP regulates prostate epithelial cell proliferation and promotes ubiquitination and turnover of c-MYC oncoprotein. Oncogene 2017; 36:4767-4777. [PMID: 28414305 PMCID: PMC5887163 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) is frequently dysregulated in prostate adenocarcinoma (PC), via either somatic mutations or mRNA downregulation, suggesting an important tumour suppressor function. To examine its physiologic role in the prostate epithelium in vivo, we generated mice with prostate-specific biallelic ablation of Spop. These mice exhibited increased prostate mass, prostate epithelial cell proliferation, and expression of c-MYC protein compared to littermate controls, and eventually developed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). We found that SPOPWT can physically interact with c-MYC protein and, upon exogenous expression in vitro, can promote c-MYC ubiquitination and degradation. This effect was attenuated in PC cells by introducing PC-associated SPOP mutants or upon knockdown of SPOP via short-hairpin-RNA, suggesting that SPOP inactivation directly increases c-MYC protein levels. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed enrichment of Myc-induced genes in transcriptomic signatures associated with SPOPMT. Likewise, we observed strong inverse correlation between c-MYC activity and SPOP mRNA levels in two independent PC patient cohorts. The core SPOPMT;MYCHigh transcriptomic response, defined by the overlap between the SPOPMT and c-MYC transcriptomic programmes, was also associated with inferior clinical outcome in human PCs. Finally, the organoid-forming capacity of Spop-null murine prostate cells was more sensitive to c-MYC inhibition than that of Spop-WT cells, suggesting that c-MYC upregulation functionally contributes to the proliferative phenotype of Spop knock-out prostates. Taken together, our data highlight SPOP as an important regulator of luminal epithelial cell proliferation and c-MYC expression in prostate physiology, identify c-MYC as a novel bona fide SPOP substrate, and help explain the frequent inactivation of SPOP in human PC. We propose SPOPMT-induced stabilization of c-MYC protein as a novel mechanism that can increase total c-MYC levels in PC cells, in addition to amplification of c-MYC locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Geng
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Salma Kaochar
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Min Li
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Warren Fiskus
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jianrong Dong
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Christopher Foley
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Boming Dong
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Li Zhang
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Oh-Joon Kwon
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shrijal S. Shah
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Menaka Bolaki
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Li Xin
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Pathology and Immunology and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | | | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nicholas Mitsiades
- Dept. of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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18
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Inhibitor of H3K27 demethylase JMJD3/UTX GSK-J4 is a potential therapeutic option for castration resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:62131-62142. [PMID: 28977932 PMCID: PMC5617492 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) mediates initiation and progression of prostate cancer (PCa); AR-driven transcription is activated by binding of androgens to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of AR. Androgen ablation therapy offers only a temporary relief of locally advanced and metastatic PCa, and the disease eventually recurs as a lethal castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) as there is no effective treatment for CRPC patients. Thus, it is critical to identify novel targeted and combinatorial regimens for clinical management of CRPC. Reduction of the repressive epigenetic modification H3K27me2/3 correlates with PCa aggressiveness, while corresponding demethylases JMJD3/UTX are overexpressed in PCa. We found that JMJD3/UTX inhibitor GSK-J4 reduced more efficiently proliferation of AR-ΔLBD cells (CRPC model) compared with isogenic AR-WT cells. Inhibition of JMJD3/UTX protects demethylation of H3K27Me2/3, thus reducing levels of H3k27Me1. We observed that the reduction dynamics of H3K27Me1 was faster and achieved at lower inhibitor concentrations in AR-ΔLBD cells, suggesting that inhibition of JMJD3/UTX diminished proliferation of these cells by hindering AR-driven transcription. In addition, we observed synergy between GSK-J4 and Cabazitaxel, a taxane derivative that is approved for CRPC treatment. Collectively, our results point at the H3K27 demethylation pathway as a new potential therapeutic target in CRPC patients.
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19
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Barfeld SJ, Urbanucci A, Itkonen HM, Fazli L, Hicks JL, Thiede B, Rennie PS, Yegnasubramanian S, DeMarzo AM, Mills IG. c-Myc Antagonises the Transcriptional Activity of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Affecting Key Gene Networks. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:83-93. [PMID: 28412251 PMCID: PMC5405195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men. The androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, constitutes the main drug target for advanced cases of the disease. However, a variety of other transcription factors and signaling networks have been shown to be altered in patients and to influence AR activity. Amongst these, the oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc has been studied extensively in multiple malignancies and elevated protein levels of c-Myc are commonly observed in PCa. Its impact on AR activity, however, remains elusive. In this study, we assessed the impact of c-Myc overexpression on AR activity and transcriptional output in a PCa cell line model and validated the antagonistic effect of c-MYC on AR-targets in patient samples. We found that c-Myc overexpression partially reprogrammed AR chromatin occupancy and was associated with altered histone marks distribution, most notably H3K4me1 and H3K27me3. We found c-Myc and the AR co-occupy a substantial number of binding sites and these exhibited enhancer-like characteristics. Interestingly, c-Myc overexpression antagonised clinically relevant AR target genes. Therefore, as an example, we validated the antagonistic relationship between c-Myc and two AR target genes, KLK3 (alias PSA, prostate specific antigen), and Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT), in patient samples. Our findings provide unbiased evidence that MYC overexpression deregulates the AR transcriptional program, which is thought to be a driving force in PCa. c-MYC and AR share one third of chromatin binding with enhancer-like features. c-MYC can repress the expression of a subset prostate cancer biomarkers, including PSA. c-MYC and AR antagonize the expression of, Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT), responsible for sarcosine biosynthesis.
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease. The most frequently used biomarker in clinical setting, a well described androgen receptor target gene, PSA, still performs poorly in stratifying patients at real risk of death due to the disease. Despite this, therapeutic approaches focus on suppressing androgen receptor signaling. However, this is only one of the recurrent alterations found in patients. This study focuses on c-MYC and the effects of its deregulation in advanced prostate cancer. We find that there is an inverse relationship between established biomarkers expression, including PSA. This inverse relationship could be used in clinics to select beneficial therapeutic approaches for a subset of prostate cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Barfeld
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Harri M Itkonen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul S Rennie
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Angelo M DeMarzo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian G Mills
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; PCUK/Movember Centre of Excellence, CCRCB, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
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20
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Hong Z, Li H, Li L, Wang W, Xu T. Different expression patterns of histone H3K27 demethylases in renal cell carcinoma and bladder cancer. Cancer Biomark 2017; 18:125-131. [PMID: 27983522 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE UTX and JMJD3 are recently identified histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylases. Many studies have shown aberrant H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) levels widely exist in multiple cancers, and that altered H3K27me3 levels are correlated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression. To investigate expression patterns of UTX and JMJD3 genes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and bladder cancer and the relationship between gene expression and tumor development. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples were collected from 35 patients with RCC and 21 patients with bladder cancer and qRT-PCR was performed. RESULTS By comparing with adjacent normal tissues, the expression of JMJD3 (10/21 = 47.62%) and UTX (10/21 = 47.62%) were significantly upregulated in bladder cancer tissues and the expression of JMJD3 (15/35 = 42.86%) was significantly downregulated in RCC tissues. Stratified analyses revealed that upregulated expression of JMJD3 was significantly associated with poorly differentiated tumor nuclear grade (p= 0.005) and advanced clinical stage (p= 0.043) in the bladder cancer group, while downregulated expression of JMJD3 was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage (p= 0.045) and poorly differentiated tumor nuclear grade (p= 0.011) in the RCC group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest JMJD3 could be a hallmark and is involved in the development of RCC and bladder cancers. The potential role of H3K27 demethylases as biomarkers needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Hong
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weilong Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Urologic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Jiangsu Province of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Abstract
Normal cells have a level of epigenetic programming that is superimposed on the genetic code to establish and maintain their cell identity and phenotypes. This epigenetic programming can be thought as the architecture, a sort of cityscape, that is built upon the underlying genetic landscape. The epigenetic programming is encoded by a complex set of chemical marks on DNA, on histone proteins in nucleosomes, and by numerous context-specific DNA, RNA, protein interactions that all regulate the structure, organization, and function of the genome in a given cell. It is becoming increasingly evident that abnormalities in both the genetic landscape and epigenetic cityscape can cooperate to drive carcinogenesis and disease progression. Large-scale cancer genome sequencing studies have revealed that mutations in genes encoding the enzymatic machinery for shaping the epigenetic cityscape are among the most common mutations observed in human cancers, including prostate cancer. Interestingly, although the constellation of genetic mutations in a given cancer can be quite heterogeneous from person to person, there are numerous epigenetic alterations that appear to be highly recurrent, and nearly universal in a given cancer type, including in prostate cancer. The highly recurrent nature of these alterations can be exploited for development of biomarkers for cancer detection and risk stratification and as targets for therapeutic intervention. Here, we explore the basic principles of epigenetic processes in normal cells and prostate cancer cells and discuss the potential clinical implications with regards to prostate cancer biomarker development and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Rebello RJ, Pearson RB, Hannan RD, Furic L. Therapeutic Approaches Targeting MYC-Driven Prostate Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020071. [PMID: 28212321 PMCID: PMC5333060 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcript encoding the proto-oncogene MYC is commonly overexpressed in prostate cancer (PC). MYC protein abundance is also increased in the majority of cases of advanced and metastatic castrate-resistant PC (mCRPC). Accordingly, the MYC-directed transcriptional program directly contributes to PC by upregulating the expression of a number of pro-tumorigenic factors involved in cell growth and proliferation. A key cellular process downstream of MYC activity is the regulation of ribosome biogenesis which sustains tumor growth. MYC activity also cooperates with the dysregulation of the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway to promote PC cell survival. Recent advances in the understanding of these interactions through the use of animal models have provided significant insight into the therapeutic efficacy of targeting MYC activity by interfering with its transcriptional program, and indirectly by targeting downstream cellular events linked to MYC transformation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Rebello
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Richard B Pearson
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Ross D Hannan
- Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
- The ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Luc Furic
- Prostate Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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23
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Pang J, Yang YW, Huang Y, Yang J, Zhang H, Chen R, Dong L, Huang Y, Wang D, Liu J, Li B. P110β Inhibition Reduces Histone H3K4 Di-Methylation in Prostate Cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:299-308. [PMID: 27800642 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS Epigenetic alteration plays a major role in the development and progression of human cancers, including prostate cancer. Histones are the key factors in modulating gene accessibility to transcription factors and post-translational modification of the histone N-terminal tail including methylation is associated with either transcriptional activation (H3K4me2) or repression (H3K9me3). Furthermore, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 K) signaling and the androgen receptor (AR) are the key determinants in prostate cancer development and progression. We recently showed that prostate-targeted nano-micelles loaded with PI3 K/p110beta specific inhibitor TGX221 blocked prostate cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Our objective of this study was to determine the role of PI3 K signaling in histone methylation in prostate cancer, with emphasis on histone H3K4 methylation. METHODS PI3 K non-specific inhibitor LY294002 and p110beta-specific inhibitor TGX221 were used to block PI3 K/p110beta signaling. The global levels of H3K4 and H3K9 methylation in prostate cancer cells and tissue specimens were evaluated by Western blot assay and immunohistochemical staining. A synthetic androgen R1881 was used to stimulate AR activity in prostate cancer cells. A castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) specific human tissue microarray (TMA) was used to assess the global levels of H3K4me2 methylation by immunostaining approach. RESULTS Our data revealed that H3K4me2 levels were significantly elevated after androgen stimulation. With RNA silencing and pharmacology approaches, we further defined that inhibition of PI3 K/p110beta activity through gene-specific knocking down and small chemical inhibitor TGX221 abolished androgen-stimulated H3K4me2 methylation. Consistently, prostate cancer-targeted delivery of TGX221 in vivo dramatically reduced the global levels of H3K4me2 as assessed by immunohistochemical staining on tissue section of mouse xenografts from CRPC cell lines 22RV1 and C4-2. Finally, immunostaining data revealed a strong H3K4me2 immunosignal in CRPC tissues compared to primary tumors and benign prostate tissues. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that PI3 K/p110beta-dependent signaling is involved in androgen-stimulated H3K4me2 methylation in prostate cancer, which might be used as a novel biomarker for disease prognosis and targeted therapy. Prostate 77:299-308, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Wu Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiling Huang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Pathology, China Three Gorges University School of Medicine, Yichang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruibao Chen
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Dongying Wang
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huanzhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Benyi Li
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Urology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Department of Pathology, China Three Gorges University School of Medicine, Yichang, China
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24
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Anestopoulos I, Sfakianos AP, Franco R, Chlichlia K, Panayiotidis MI, Kroll DJ, Pappa A. A Novel Role of Silibinin as a Putative Epigenetic Modulator in Human Prostate Carcinoma. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010062. [PMID: 28042859 PMCID: PMC6155798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Silibinin, extracted from milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.), has exhibited considerable preclinical activity against prostate carcinoma. Its antitumor and chemopreventive activities have been associated with diverse effects on cell cycle, apoptosis, and receptor-dependent mitogenic signaling pathways. Here we hypothesized that silibinin's pleiotropic effects may reflect its interference with epigenetic mechanisms in human prostate cancer cells. More specifically, we have demonstrated that silibinin reduces gene expression levels of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) members Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2), Suppressor of Zeste Homolog 12 (SUZ12), and Embryonic Ectoderm Development (EED) in DU145 and PC3 human prostate cancer cells, as evidenced by Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that silibinin-mediated reduction of EZH2 levels was accompanied by an increase in trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine (Κ)-27 residue (H3K27me3) levels and that such response was, in part, dependent on decreased expression levels of phosphorylated Akt (ser473) (pAkt) and phosphorylated EZH2 (ser21) (pEZH2). Additionally silibinin exerted other epigenetic effects involving an increase in total DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity while it decreased histone deacetylases 1-2 (HDACs1-2) expression levels. We conclude that silibinin induces epigenetic alterations in human prostate cancer cells, suggesting that subsequent disruptions of central processes in chromatin conformation may account for some of its diverse anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Anestopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Aristeidis P Sfakianos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Katerina Chlichlia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - David J Kroll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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25
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Asano N, Yoshida A, Ichikawa H, Mori T, Nakamura M, Kawai A, Hiraoka N. Immunohistochemistry for trimethylated H3K27 in the diagnosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours. Histopathology 2016; 70:385-393. [PMID: 27580378 DOI: 10.1111/his.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The diagnosis of a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) can be challenging, as the morphological criteria and existing immunohistochemical markers are not entirely specific. The recent discovery of frequent inactivation of polycomb repressive complex 2 in MPNSTs suggests that immunohistochemical detection of histone 3 trimethylated on lysine 27 (H3K27me3) could be of diagnostic help. This study aimed to clarify the utility of this marker. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed immunostaining studies, with monoclonal (C36B11) and polyclonal antibodies in parallel. With the monoclonal antibody, 56% of 54 conventional MPNSTs showed complete loss of staining, whereas 17% showed mosaic loss and 28% showed intact staining. Three MPNSTs showed a novel geographical pattern of complete loss. All three epithelioid MPNSTs retained intact staining. Among 232 non-MPNSTs, only two (0.9%) showed complete loss of staining. Mosaic loss was observed in 38% of non-MPNSTs, whereas the remaining 61% retained intact staining. For conventional MPNSTs, complete loss of H3K27me3 was significantly associated with a higher TNM stage (P = 0.013), a deeper location (P = 0.004), and the presence of heterologous differentiation (P = 0.003). Polyclonal antibodies did not recognize 34% of cases that showed complete loss with the use of monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that complete loss of H3K27me3 immunohistochemical staining is moderately sensitive and highly specific for MPNSTs. In contrast to prior studies, we found that mosaic loss of H3K27me3 staining is non-specific, and caution that such a pattern should not be considered to be diagnostic. We recommend the use of a monoclonal antibody to obtain better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Asano
- Division of Rare Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Rare Cancer Centre, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Clinical Genomics, National Cancer Centre Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Mori
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawai
- Rare Cancer Centre, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Centre Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Abstract
The Polycomb group of proteins (PcGs) are transcriptional repressor complexes that regulate important biological processes and play critical roles in cancer. Mutating or deleting EZH2 can have both oncogenic and tumor suppressive functions by increasing or decreasing H3K27me3. In contrast, mutations of SUZ12 and EED are reported to have tumor suppressive functions. EZH2 is overexpressed in many cancers, including prostate cancer, which can lead to silencing of tumor suppressors, genes regulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and interferon signaling. In some cases, EZH2 overexpression also leads to its use of non-histone substrates. Lastly, PRC2 associated factors can influence the progression of cancer through progressive mutations or by specific binding to certain target genes. Here, we discuss which mutations and deletions of the PRC2 complex have been detected in different cancers, with a specific focus on the overexpression of EZH2 in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Jain
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Liu C, Li S, Dai X, Ma J, Wan J, Jiang H, Wang P, Liu Z, Zhang H. PRC2 regulates RNA polymerase III transcribed non-translated RNA gene transcription through EZH2 and SUZ12 interaction with TFIIIC complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6270-84. [PMID: 26038315 PMCID: PMC4513857 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repression complex 2 (PRC2) component EZH2 tri-methylates H3K27 and exerts epigenetic repression on target gene expression. EZH2-mediated epigenetic control of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcribed coding gene transcription has been well established. However, little is known about EZH2-mediated epigenetic regulation of RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcription. Here we present a paradigm that EZH2 is involved in the repression of Pol III transcription via interaction with transcriptional factor complex IIIC (TFIIIC). EZH2 and H3K27me3 co-occupy the promoter of tRNATyr, 5S rRNA and 7SL RNA genes. Depletion of EZH2 or inhibition of EZH2 methyltransferase activity led to upregulation of Pol III target gene transcription. EZH2-mediated repression of Pol III transcribed gene expression requires presence of SUZ12. SUZ12 was able to interact with TFIIIC complex and knockdown of SUZ12 decreased occupancy of EZH2 and H3K27me3 at the promoter of Pol III target genes. Our findings pointed out a previously unidentified role of PRC2 complex in suppressing transcription of Pol III transcribed non-translated RNA genes, putting Pol III on a new layer of epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ji Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junhu Wan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhaoli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, #38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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28
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Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic changes are at the root of all cancers. The epigenetic component involves alterations of the post-synthetic modifications of DNA (methylation) and histones (histone posttranslational modifications, PTMs) as well as of those of their molecular "writers," "readers," and "erasers." Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) can also play a role. Here, we focus on the involvement of histone alterations in cancer, in particular that of the histone variant H2A.Z in the etiology of prostate cancer. The structural mechanisms putatively responsible for the contribution of H2A.Z to oncogenic gene expression programs are first described, followed by what is currently known about the involvement of this histone variant in the regulation of androgen receptor regulated gene expression. The implications of this and their relevance to oncogene deregulation in different stages of prostate cancer, including the progression toward androgen independence, are discussed. This review underscores the increasing awareness of the epigenetic contribution of histone variants to oncogenic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Dryhurst
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Petch building, 258a, Victoria, British Columbia Canada V8W 3P6
- ImmunoPrecise Antibodies Ltd., 3204-4464 Markham St., Victoria, British Columbia Canada V8Z 7X8
| | - Juan Ausió
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Petch building, 258a, Victoria, British Columbia Canada V8W 3P6
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29
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Fontana L, Adelaiye RM, Rastelli AL, Miles KM, Ciamporcero E, Longo VD, Nguyen H, Vessella R, Pili R. Dietary protein restriction inhibits tumor growth in human xenograft models. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2451-61. [PMID: 24353195 PMCID: PMC3926840 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Data from epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that dietary protein intake may play a role in inhibiting prostate and breast cancer by modulating the IGF/AKT/mTOR pathway. In this study we investigated the effects of diets with different protein content or quality on prostate and breast cancer. Experimental Design: To test our hypothesis we assessed the inhibitory effect of protein diet restriction on prostate and breast cancer growth, serum PSA and IGF-1 concentrations, mTOR activity and epigenetic markers, by using human xenograft cancer models. Results: Our results showed a 70% inhibition of tumor growth in the castrate-resistant LuCaP23.1 prostate cancer model and a 56% inhibition in the WHIM16 breast cancer model fed with a 7% protein diet when compared to an isocaloric 21% protein diet. Inhibition of tumor growth correlated, in the LuCaP23.1 model, with decreased serum PSA and IGF-1 levels, down-regulation of mTORC1 activity, decreased cell proliferation as indicated by Ki67 staining, and reduction in epigenetic markers of prostate cancer progression, including the histone methyltransferase EZH2 and the associated histone mark H3K27me3. In addition, we observed that modifications of dietary protein quality, independently of protein quantity, decreased tumor growth. A diet containing 20% plant protein inhibited tumor weight by 37% as compared to a 20% animal dairy protein diet. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a reduction in dietary protein intake is highly effective in inhibiting tumor growth in human xenograft prostate and breast cancer models, possibly through the inhibition of the IGF/AKT/mTOR pathway and epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Fontana
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA
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30
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Healey MA, Hu R, Beck AH, Collins LC, Schnitt SJ, Tamimi RM, Hazra A. Association of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 repressive histone marks with breast cancer subtypes in the Nurses' Health Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 147:639-51. [PMID: 25224916 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Repressive histone tail modifications have been associated with molecular breast cancer subtypes. We investigated whether histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) were associated with tumor features and subtypes while adjusting for prospectively collected reproductive and lifestyle breast cancer risk factors. We have tissue microarray data with immunohistochemical marker information on 804 incident cases of invasive breast cancer diagnosed from 1976-2000 in the Nurses' Health Study. Tissue microarray sections were stained for global H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, and scored into four categories. Multivariate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression models for tumor features and subtypes, adjusting for breast cancer risk factors. While there were no significant associations between H3K9me3 and tumor features, H3K27me3 was significantly associated with lower grade tumors compared to high grade tumors in the multivariate model (OR = 1.95, 95 % CI 1.35-2.81, p = 0.0004). H3K27me3 was suggestively associated with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors (OR = 1.47, 95 % CI 0.97-2.23, p = 0.07). In subtype analyses, H3K27me3 was positively associated with the luminal A subtype compared to all other subtypes (OR = 1.42, 95 % CI 1.14-1.77, p = 0.002), and was inversely associated with HER2-type (OR = 0.58, 95 % CI 0.37-0.91, p = 0.02) and basal-like breast cancer (OR = 0.52, 95 % CI 0.36-0.76, p = 0.0006). In the largest immunohistochemical examination of H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 in breast cancer, we found that H3K27me3 positivity, but not H3K9me3, was associated with lower grade tumors and the luminal A subtype after adjusting for reproductive and lifestyle breast cancer risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Healey
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Sowalsky AG, Xia Z, Wang L, Zhao H, Chen S, Bubley GJ, Balk SP, Li W. Whole transcriptome sequencing reveals extensive unspliced mRNA in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 13:98-106. [PMID: 25189356 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Men with metastatic prostate cancer who are treated with androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) usually relapse within 2 to 3 years with disease that is termed castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To identify the mechanism that drives these advanced tumors, paired-end RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed on a panel of CRPC bone marrow biopsy specimens. From this genome-wide approach, mutations were found in a series of genes with prostate cancer relevance, including AR, NCOR1, KDM3A, KDM4A, CHD1, SETD5, SETD7, INPP4B, RASGRP3, RASA1, TP53BP1, and CDH1, and a novel SND1:BRAF gene fusion. Among the most highly expressed transcripts were 10 noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including MALAT1 and PABPC1, which are involved in RNA processing. Notably, a high percentage of sequence reads mapped to introns, which were determined to be the result of incomplete splicing at canonical splice junctions. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), a series of genes (AR, KLK2, KLK3, STEAP2, CPSF6, and CDK19) were confirmed to have a greater proportion of unspliced RNA in CRPC specimens than in normal prostate epithelium, untreated primary prostate cancer, and cultured prostate cancer cells. This inefficient coupling of transcription and mRNA splicing suggests an overall increase in transcription or defect in splicing. IMPLICATIONS Inefficient splicing in advanced prostate cancer provides a selective advantage through effects on microRNA networks but may render tumors vulnerable to agents that suppress rate-limiting steps in splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Sowalsky
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Xia
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Liguo Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hao Zhao
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn J Bubley
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P Balk
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Biostatistics, Dan L Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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32
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Yao Y, Des Marais TL, Costa M. Chromatin Memory in the Development of Human Cancers. GENE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 3:114. [PMID: 25606572 PMCID: PMC4297643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease with acquired genomic and epigenomic alterations that affect cell proliferation, viability and invasiveness. Almost all the epigenetic mechanisms including cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs have been found associate with carcinogenesis and cancer specific expression profile. Altered histone modification as an epigenetic hallmark is frequently found in tumors. Understanding the epigenetic alterations induced by carcinogens or infectious agents may help us understand early epigenetic changes prior to the development of cancer. In this review, we focus on chromatin remodeling and the associated histone modifiers in the development of cancer; the application of these modifiers as a cancer therapy target in different clinical trial phases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Yao
- Department of Environmental Medicine New York University, New York, USA,Corresponding author: Yixin Yao, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, USA; Tel: 845-731-3517;
| | | | - Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine New York University, New York, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, Tuxedo, New York, USA
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33
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Berger PL, Frank SB, Schulz VV, Nollet EA, Edick MJ, Holly B, Chang TTA, Hostetter G, Kim S, Miranti CK. Transient induction of ING4 by Myc drives prostate epithelial cell differentiation and its disruption drives prostate tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3357-68. [PMID: 24762396 PMCID: PMC4066454 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which Myc overexpression or Pten loss promotes prostate cancer development are poorly understood. We identified the chromatin remodeling protein, ING4, as a crucial switch downstream of Myc and Pten that is required for human prostate epithelial differentiation. Myc-induced transient expression of ING4 is required for the differentiation of basal epithelial cells into luminal cells, while sustained ING4 expression induces apoptosis. ING4 expression is lost in >60% of human primary prostate tumors. ING4 or Pten loss prevents epithelial cell differentiation, which was necessary for tumorigenesis. Pten loss prevents differentiation by blocking ING4 expression, which is rescued by ING4 re-expression. Pten or ING4 loss generates tumor cells that co-express basal and luminal markers, indicating prostate oncogenesis occurs through disruption of an intermediate step in the prostate epithelial differentiation program. Thus, we identified a new epithelial cell differentiation switch involving Myc, Pten, and ING4, which when disrupted leads to prostate tumorigenesis. Myc overexpression and Pten loss are common genetic abnormalities in prostate cancer, whereas loss of the tumor suppressor ING4 has not been reported. This is the first demonstration that transient ING4 expression is absolutely required for epithelial differentiation, its expression is dependent on Myc and Pten, and it is lost in the majority of human prostate cancers. This is the first demonstration that loss of ING4, either directly or indirectly through loss of Pten, promotes Myc-driven oncogenesis by deregulating differentiation. The clinical implication is that Pten/ING4 negative and ING4-only negative tumors may reflect two distinct subtypes of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny L Berger
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Sander B Frank
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, ArizonaAuthors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Veronique V Schulz
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Eric A Nollet
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, ArizonaAuthors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Mathew J Edick
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Brittany Holly
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Ting-Tung A Chang
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Galen Hostetter
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Suwon Kim
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Cindy K Miranti
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Integrin Signaling; Laboratory of Translational Imaging; and Laboratory of Analytical Pathology; and Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan; and Tranlational Genomics Research Institute and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
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34
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Prostate cancer epigenetic biomarkers: next-generation technologies. Oncogene 2014; 34:1609-18. [PMID: 24837368 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is caused by a combination of genetic alterations and gross changes to the epigenetic landscape that together result in aberrant cancer gene regulation. Therefore, we need to fully sequence both the cancer genome and the matching cancer epigenomes before we can fully integrate the suite of molecular mechanisms involved in initiation and progression of cancer. A further understanding of epigenetic aberrations has a great potential in the next era of molecular genomic pathology in cancer detection and treatment in all types of cancer, including prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the most common epigenetic aberrations identified in prostate cancer with the biomarker potential. We also describe the innovative and current epigenomic technologies used for the identification of epigenetic-associated changes in prostate cancer and future translational applications in molecular pathology for cancer detection and prognosis.
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35
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Ellinger J, Bachmann A, Göke F, Behbahani TE, Baumann C, Heukamp LC, Rogenhofer S, Müller SC. Alterations of Global Histone H3K9 and H3K27 Methylation Levels in Bladder Cancer. Urol Int 2014; 93:113-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000355467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Benetatos L, Vartholomatos G, Hatzimichael E. Polycomb group proteins and MYC: the cancer connection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:257-69. [PMID: 23897499 PMCID: PMC11113285 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb group proteins (PcGs) are transcriptional repressors involved in physiological processes whereas PcG deregulation might result in oncogenesis. MYC oncogene is able to regulate gene transcription, proliferation, apoptosis, and malignant transformation. MYC deregulation might result in tumorigenesis with tumor maintenance properties in both solid and blood cancers. Although the interaction of PcG and MYC in cancer was described years ago, new findings are reported every day to explain the exact mechanisms and results of such interactions. In this review, we summarize recent data on the PcG and MYC interactions in cancer, and the putative involvement of microRNAs in the equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Benetatos
- Blood Bank, General Hospital of Preveza, Selefkias 2, 48100, Preveza, Greece,
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37
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Frank SB, Miranti CK. Disruption of prostate epithelial differentiation pathways and prostate cancer development. Front Oncol 2013; 3:273. [PMID: 24199173 PMCID: PMC3813973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the foremost problems in the prostate cancer (PCa) field is the inability to distinguish aggressive from indolent disease, which leads to difficult prognoses and thousands of unnecessary surgeries. This limitation stems from the fact that the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in the prostate are poorly understood. Some genetic alterations are commonly reported in prostate tumors, including upregulation of Myc, fusion of Ets genes to androgen-regulated promoters, and loss of Pten. However, the specific roles of these aberrations in tumor initiation and progression are poorly understood. Likewise, the cell of origin for PCa remains controversial and may be linked to the aggressive potential of the tumor. One important clue is that prostate tumors co-express basal and luminal protein markers that are restricted to their distinct cell types in normal tissue. Prostate epithelium contains layer-specific stem cells as well as rare bipotent cells, which can differentiate into basal or luminal cells. We hypothesize that the primary oncogenic cell of origin is a transient-differentiating bipotent cell. Such a cell must maintain tight temporal and spatial control of differentiation pathways, thus increasing its susceptibility for oncogenic disruption. In support of this hypothesis, many of the pathways known to be involved in prostate differentiation can be linked to genes commonly altered in PCa. In this article, we review what is known about important differentiation pathways (Myc, p38MAPK, Notch, PI3K/Pten) in the prostate and how their misregulation could lead to oncogenesis. Better understanding of normal differentiation will offer new insights into tumor initiation and may help explain the functional significance of common genetic alterations seen in PCa. Additionally, this understanding could lead to new methods for classifying prostate tumors based on their differentiation status and may aid in identifying more aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander B Frank
- Laboratory of Integrin Signaling and Tumorigenesis, Van Andel Research Institute , Grand Rapids, MI , USA ; Genetics Graduate Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI , USA
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Lee JK, Kim KC. DZNep, inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, down-regulates expression of SETDB1 H3K9me3 HMTase in human lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:647-52. [PMID: 23933322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep), an epigenetic anticancer drug, leads to the indirect suppression of S-adenosyl methionine-dependent cellular methylations by inhibiting S-adenosyl homocystein (AdoHcy) hydrolase. Although it is well known that DZNep targets the degradation of EZH2 protein, H3K27me3 HMTase, there are still uncertainties about the regulation of other types of HMTases during cell death. In this study, we describe that SETDB1 gene expression was regulated by DZNep treatment in human lung cancer cells. We confirm that DZNep induced growth inhibition and increased the dead cell population of lung cancer cells. DZNep treatment affected histone methylations, including H3K27me3 and H3K9me3, but not H3K4me3. Reduced levels of H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 were related with the decreased EZH2 and SETDB1 proteins. Real time PCR analysis showed that SETDB1 gene expression was decreased by DZNep treatment, but no effect was observed for EZH2 gene expression. We cloned the promoter region of SETDB1 and SUV39H1 genes, and performed luciferase assays. The promoter activity of SETDB1 gene was down regulated by DZNep treatment, whereas no effect on SUV39H1 promoter activity was observed. In conclusion, we suggest that DZNep regulates not only on H3K27me3 HMTase EZH2, but also H3K9 HMTase SETDB1 gene expression at the transcription level, implicating that the mechanism of action of DZNep targets multiple HMTases during the death of lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Kyung Lee
- Medical and Bio-Material Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Guo X, Li X, Wang Y, Tian Z, Duan X, Cai Z. Nicotine induces alteration of H3K27 demethylase UTX in kidney cancer cell. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:264-9. [PMID: 23925944 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113499043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the most important risk factors for kidney cancer, but the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. To examine the expression change of histone H3 on lysine 27 trimethylase (H3K27me3) demethylases ubiquitously transcribed TPR gene on the X chromosome (UTX) in kidney cancer cell line 786-O after nicotine treatment, quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis were carried out. These results showed that nicotine can increase UTX messenger RNA and protein levels and also decrease the content of H3K27me3. The decreased content of H3K27me3 may activate specific gene expression and lead to kidney cancer. Future investigation on nicotine induced UTX expression and its epigenetic effect would deepen our understanding on nicotine toxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry, Bethune Military Medical College, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - X Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Y Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Z Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - X Duan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Z Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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Haffner MC, Pellakuru LG, Ghosh S, Lotan TL, Nelson WG, De Marzo AM, Yegnasubramanian S. Tight correlation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and Polycomb marks in health and disease. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1835-41. [PMID: 23676216 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifications to DNA and histone tails represent key epigenetic marks involved in establishing and maintaining cell identity and can be dysregulated in human diseases, including cancer. Two such modifications, tri-methylation of lysine-27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) mediated by the Polycomb complex and hydroxymethylation of cytosines on DNA, have recently been shown to be dynamically regulated during differentiation. Here, we show that global levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and H3K27me3 are highly correlated across a variety of somatic tissues. In multiple hierarchically organized tissues, both marks showed almost identical cell-by-cell distribution patterns that exhibited a tight association with differentiation. In particular, tissue stem cell compartments were characterized by low levels of both marks, whereas differentiated cell compartments exhibited high levels of 5hmC and H3K27me3. This pattern of correlation between the two marks could be recapitulated in an in vitro model system of induced differentiation in prostate epithelial cells. While the correlation between 5hmC and H3K27me3 levels is also maintained in human cancers, the degree of correlation is reduced. These findings suggest a previously unappreciated link between 5hmC and H3K27me3 regulation that should be explored in future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Haffner
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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MYC, a downstream target of BRD-NUT, is necessary and sufficient for the blockade of differentiation in NUT midline carcinoma. Oncogene 2013; 33:1736-1742. [PMID: 23604113 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is an aggressive type of squamous cell carcinoma that is defined by the presence of BRD-NUT fusion oncogenes, which encode chimeric proteins that block differentiation and maintain tumor growth. BRD-NUT oncoproteins contain two bromodomains whose binding to acetylated histones is required for the blockade of differentiation in NMC, but the mechanisms by which BRD-NUT act remain uncertain. Here, we provide evidence that MYC is a key downstream target of BRD4-NUT. Expression profiling of NMCs shows that the set of genes whose expression is maintained by BRD4-NUT is highly enriched for MYC upregulated genes, and MYC and BRD4-NUT protein expression is strongly correlated in primary NMCs. More directly, we find that BRD4-NUT associates with the MYC promoter and is required to maintain MYC expression in NMC cell lines. Moreover, both siRNA knockdown of MYC and a dominant-negative form of MYC, omomyc, induce differentiation of NMC cells. Conversely, differentiation of NMC cells induced by knockdown of BRD4-NUT is abrogated by enforced expression of MYC. Together, these findings suggest that MYC is a downstream target of BRD4-NUT that is required for maintenance of NMC cells in an undifferentiated, proliferative state. Our findings support a model in which dysregulation of MYC by BRD-NUT fusion proteins has a central role in the pathogenesis of NMC.
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Venneti S, Garimella MT, Sullivan LM, Martinez D, Huse JT, Heguy A, Santi M, Thompson CB, Judkins AR. Evaluation of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and enhancer of Zest 2 (EZH2) in pediatric glial and glioneuronal tumors shows decreased H3K27me3 in H3F3A K27M mutant glioblastomas. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:558-64. [PMID: 23414300 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
H3F3A mutations are seen in ∼30% of pediatric glioblastoma (GBMs) and involve either the lysine residue at position 27 (K27M) or glycine at position 34 (G34R/V). Sixteen genes encode histone H3, each variant differing in only a few amino acids. Therefore, how mutations in a single H3 gene contribute to carcinogenesis is unknown. H3F3A K27M mutations are predicted to alter methylation of H3K27. H3K27me3 is a repressive mark critical to stem cell maintenance and is mediated by EZH2, a member of the polycomb-group (PcG) family. We evaluated H3K27me3 and EZH2 expression using immunohistochemistry in 76 pediatric brain tumors. H3K27me3 was lowered/absent in tumor cells but preserved in endothelial cells and infiltrating lymphocytes in six out of 20 GBMs. H3K27me3 showed strong immunoreactivity in all other tumor subtypes. Sequencing of GBMs showed H3F3A K27M mutations in all six cases with lowered/absent H3K27me3. EZH2 expression was high in GBMs, but absent/focal in other tumors. However, no significant differences in EZH2 expression were observed between H3F3A K27M mutant and wild type GBMs, suggesting that EZH2 mediated trimethylation of H3K27 is inhibited in GBM harboring K27M mutations. Our results indicate that H3F3A K27M mutant GBMs show decreased H3K27me3 that may be of both diagnostic and biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Venneti
- Cancer biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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