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Prediction of Potential Biomarkers in Early-Stage Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Based on Platelet RNA Sequencing. Mol Biotechnol 2022:10.1007/s12033-022-00611-z. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00611-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEarly diagnosis is essential for the treatment and prevention of nasopharyngeal cancer. However, there is a lack of effective biological indicators for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Therefore, we explored the potential biomarkers in tumour-educated blood platelet (TEP) RNA in early NPC. Platelets were isolated from blood plasma and their RNA was extracted. High-throughput sequenced data from a total of 33 plasma samples were analysed using DESeq2 to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Subsequently, the DEGs were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), gene ontology (GO) analysis, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis; and Cytoscape, TargetScan, and miRanda software were used for inferring the competing endogenous RNA network. We identified 19 long non-coding (lnc) RNAs (DElncRNAs) and 248 mRNAs (DEmRNAs) that were differentially expressed in the TEP RNA. In addition, SELP gene mRNA and lncRNAs AC092135.3, AC012358.2, AL021807.1, AP001972.5, and GPX1 were found to be down-regulated DEmRNA and DElncRNAs in the early stage of NPC. Bioinformatic analysis showed that these DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs may be involved in regulating the pathogenesis of NPC. Our research may provide new insights for exploring the biological mechanisms of NPC and early diagnosis using potential biomarkers.
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2
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Chen Y, Zhang P, Liao J, Cheng J, Zhang Q, Li T, Zhang H, Jiang Y, Zhang F, Zeng Y, Mo L, Yan H, Liu D, Zhang Q, Zou C, Wei GH, Mo Z. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals cell type diversity of human prostate. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:1002-1015. [PMID: 35395421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have been performed to describe the phenotypic changes occurring during malignant transformation of the prostate. However, the cell types and associated changes that contribute to the development of prostate diseases and cancer remain elusive, largely due to the heterogeneous composition of prostatic tissues. Here, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of four human prostate tissues by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze their cellular compositions. We identify 18 clusters of cell types, each with distinct gene expression profiles and unique features; of these, one cluster of epithelial cells (Ep) is found to be associated with immune function. In addition, we characterize a special cluster of fibroblasts and aberrant signaling changes associated with prostate cancer (PCa). Moreover, we provide insights into the epithelial changes that occur during the cellular senescence and aging. These results expand our understanding of the unique functional associations between the diverse prostatic cell types and the contributions of specific cell clusters to the malignant transformation of prostate tissues and PCa development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jiwen Cheng
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tianyu Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yonghua Jiang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Fangxing Zhang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yanyu Zeng
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Linjian Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Haibiao Yan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Deyun Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qinyun Zhang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Chunlin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-Related Disease of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Gong-Hong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201114, China; Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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3
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LncRNAs in the Regulation of Genes and Signaling Pathways through miRNA-Mediated and Other Mechanisms in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011193. [PMID: 34681854 PMCID: PMC8539140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental novelty in the pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was discovered as a result of the recent identification of the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Here, we discuss several mechanisms for the dysregulation of the expression of protein-coding genes initiated by lncRNAs in the most common and aggressive type of kidney cancer-clear cell RCC (ccRCC). A model of competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) is considered, in which lncRNA acts on genes through the lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA axis. For the most studied oncogenic lncRNAs, such as HOTAIR, MALAT1, and TUG1, several regulatory axes were identified in ccRCC, demonstrating a number of sites for various miRNAs. Interestingly, the LINC00973/miR-7109/Siglec-15 axis represents a novel agent that can suppress the immune response in patients with ccRCC, serving as a valuable target in addition to the PD1/PD-L1 pathway. Other mechanisms of action of lncRNAs in ccRCC, involving direct binding with proteins, mRNAs, and genes/DNA, are also considered. Our review briefly highlights methods by which various mechanisms of action of lncRNAs were verified. We pay special attention to protein targets and signaling pathways with which lncRNAs are associated in ccRCC. Thus, these new data on the different mechanisms of lncRNA functioning provide a novel basis for understanding the pathogenesis of ccRCC and the identification of new prognostic markers and targets for therapy.
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Wu T, Wang W, Wang Y, Yao M, Du L, Zhang X, Huang Y, Wang J, Yu H, Bian X. Comprehensive analysis of alternative splicing profiling reveals novel events associated with prognosis and the infiltration of immune cells in prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:3056-3068. [PMID: 34430408 PMCID: PMC8350246 DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative splicing (AS) is believed to play a vital role in tumor development. Therefore, comprehensive investigation of AS and its biological function in prostate cancer (PCa) is crucial. Methods The AS profiling of 489 patients with PCa was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) SpliceSeq database. Bioinformatics tools were used to describe splicing associations and build prognostic models. Unsupervised clustering of the determined prognostic AS events and the relationship with immune characteristics were also explored. Results In total, 20,723 AS events were detected and 2,805 were identified in PCa. In the regulatory networks, the data suggested a significant correlation between splicing factor (SF) expression and AS events. To stratify the progression risk of PCa patients, prognostic models were constructed using splicing patterns. Six AS events were screened out as independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival. Based on the gene features, we constructed the combined prognostic predictors model, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for this model reached a high area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.729793, indicating a favorable ability to predict patient outcomes. Through unsupervised clustering analysis, the correlations between AS-based clusters and prognosis as well as immune characteristics were revealed. The correlation analysis on TIMER revealed the relationship between gene expression and immune cell infiltration. Conclusions This in-depth genome-wide analysis of the AS profiling in PCa revealed unique AS events associated with cancer progression and the infiltration of immune cells, with potential for predicting outcomes and therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Wu
- Shanghai Urological Cancer Institute, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfeng Wang
- Shanghai Urological Cancer Institute, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhao Wang
- Shanghai Urological Cancer Institute, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengfei Yao
- Shanghai Urological Cancer Institute, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Du
- Shanghai Urological Cancer Institute, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingming Zhang
- Shanghai Urological Cancer Institute, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqiang Huang
- Shanghai Urological Cancer Institute, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Shanghai Urological Cancer Institute, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan, China
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Mingji Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojie Bian
- Shanghai Urological Cancer Institute, Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
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5
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Zhang Q, Shi R, Bai Y, Meng L, Hu J, Zhu H, Liu T, De X, Wang S, Wang J, Xu L, Zhou G, Yin R. Meiotic nuclear divisions 1 (MND1) fuels cell cycle progression by activating a KLF6/E2F1 positive feedback loop in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:492-510. [PMID: 33734616 PMCID: PMC8211349 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering the increase in the proportion of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cases among all lung cancers and its considerable contribution to cancer‐related deaths worldwide, we sought to identify novel oncogenes to provide potential targets and facilitate a better understanding of the malignant progression of LUAD. Methods The results from the screening of transcriptome and survival analyses according to the integrated Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data were combined, and a promising risk biomarker called meiotic nuclear divisions 1 (MND1) was selectively acquired. Cell viability assays and subcutaneous xenograft models were used to validate the oncogenic role of MND1 in LUAD cell proliferation and tumor growth. A series of assays, including mass spectrometry, co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP), and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), were performed to explore the underlying mechanism. Results MND1 up‐regulation was identified to be an independent risk factor for overall survival in LUAD patients evaluated by both tissue microarray staining and third party data analysis. In vivo and in vitro assays showed that MND1 promoted LUAD cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle. The results of the Co‐IP, ChIP and dual‐luciferase reporter assays validated that MND1 competitively bound to tumor suppressor Kruppel‐like factor 6 (KLF6), and thereby protecting E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) from KLF6‐induced transcriptional repression. Luciferase reporter and ChIP assays found that E2F1 activated MND1 transcription by binding to its promoter in a feedback manner. Conclusions MND1, KLF6, and E2F1 form a positive feedback loop to regulate cell cycle and confer DDP resistance in LUAD. MND1 is crucial for malignant progression and may be a potential therapeutic target in LUAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanli Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China.,Department of Scientific Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Run Shi
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, München, Bayern, D-80539, Germany
| | - Yongkang Bai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Meng
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China.,Department of Scientific Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Tongyan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China.,Department of Scientific Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng De
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China.,Department of Scientific Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Siwei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China.,The Fourth Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Biobank of Clinical Resources, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Guoren Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Biobank of Clinical Resources, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China
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6
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Samaržija I. Post-Translational Modifications That Drive Prostate Cancer Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:247. [PMID: 33572160 PMCID: PMC7915076 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While a protein primary structure is determined by genetic code, its specific functional form is mostly achieved in a dynamic interplay that includes actions of many enzymes involved in post-translational modifications. This versatile repertoire is widely used by cells to direct their response to external stimuli, regulate transcription and protein localization and to keep proteostasis. Herein, post-translational modifications with evident potency to drive prostate cancer are explored. A comprehensive list of proteome-wide and single protein post-translational modifications and their involvement in phenotypic outcomes is presented. Specifically, the data on phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, and lipidation in prostate cancer and the enzymes involved are collected. This type of knowledge is especially valuable in cases when cancer cells do not differ in the expression or mutational status of a protein, but its differential activity is regulated on the level of post-translational modifications. Since their driving roles in prostate cancer, post-translational modifications are widely studied in attempts to advance prostate cancer treatment. Current strategies that exploit the potential of post-translational modifications in prostate cancer therapy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Samaržija
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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7
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Richters A, Doyle SK, Freeman DB, Lee C, Leifer BS, Jagannathan S, Kabinger F, Koren JV, Struntz NB, Urgiles J, Stagg RA, Curtin BH, Chatterjee D, Mathea S, Mikochik PJ, Hopkins TD, Gao H, Branch JR, Xin H, Westover L, Bignan GC, Rupnow BA, Karlin KL, Olson CM, Westbrook TF, Vacca J, Wilfong CM, Trotter BW, Saffran DC, Bischofberger N, Knapp S, Russo JW, Hickson I, Bischoff JR, Gottardis MM, Balk SP, Lin CY, Pop MS, Koehler AN. Modulating Androgen Receptor-Driven Transcription in Prostate Cancer with Selective CDK9 Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 28:134-147.e14. [PMID: 33086052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancers (CRPCs) lose sensitivity to androgen-deprivation therapies but frequently remain dependent on oncogenic transcription driven by the androgen receptor (AR) and its splice variants. To discover modulators of AR-variant activity, we used a lysate-based small-molecule microarray assay and identified KI-ARv-03 as an AR-variant complex binder that reduces AR-driven transcription and proliferation in prostate cancer cells. We deduced KI-ARv-03 to be a potent, selective inhibitor of CDK9, an important cofactor for AR, MYC, and other oncogenic transcription factors. Further optimization resulted in KB-0742, an orally bioavailable, selective CDK9 inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activity in CRPC models. In 22Rv1 cells, KB-0742 rapidly downregulates nascent transcription, preferentially depleting short half-life transcripts and AR-driven oncogenic programs. In vivo, oral administration of KB-0742 significantly reduced tumor growth in CRPC, supporting CDK9 inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy to target AR dependence in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Richters
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Shelby K Doyle
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Becky S Leifer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sajjeev Jagannathan
- Therapeutic Innovation Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Florian Kabinger
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jošt Vrabič Koren
- Therapeutic Innovation Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas B Struntz
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Julie Urgiles
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan A Stagg
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brice H Curtin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Deep Chatterjee
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Hua Gao
- Kronos Bio, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Hong Xin
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Lori Westover
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - Brent A Rupnow
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Kristen L Karlin
- Therapeutic Innovation Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Calla M Olson
- Therapeutic Innovation Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas F Westbrook
- Therapeutic Innovation Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Knapp
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joshua W Russo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ian Hickson
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA; Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | | | - Steven P Balk
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charles Y Lin
- Kronos Bio, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Therapeutic Innovation Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Angela N Koehler
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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8
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Lakshmanan VK, Ojha S, Jung YD. A modern era of personalized medicine in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of prostate cancer. Comput Biol Med 2020; 126:104020. [PMID: 33039808 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present era is witnessing rapid advancements in the field of medical informatics and modern healthcare management. The role of translational bioinformatics (TBI), an infant discipline in the field of medical informatics, is pivotal in this revolution. The development of high-throughput technologies [e.g., microarrays, next-generation sequencing (NGS)] has propelled TBI to the next stage in this modern era of medical informatics. In this review, we assess the promising translational outcomes of microarray- and NGS-based discovery of genes, proteins, micro RNAs, and other active biological compounds aiding in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of prostate cancer (PCa) to improve treatment strategies at the localized and/or metastatic stages in patients. Several promising candidate biomarkers in circulating blood (miR-25-3p and miR-18b-5p), urine (miR-95, miR-21, miR-19a, and miR-19b), and prostatic secretions (miR-203) have been identified. AURKA and MYCN, novel candidate biomarkers, were found to be specifically expressed in neuroendocrine PCa. The use of BTNL2 gene mutations and inflammasomes as biomarkers in immune function-mediated, inherited PCa has also been elucidated based on NGS data. Although TBI discoveries can benefit clinical performance metrics, the translational potential and the in vivo performance of TBI outcomes need to be verified. In conclusion, TBI aids in the effective clinical management of PCa; furthermore, the fate of personalized/precision medicine mostly relies on the enhanced diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth-Kumar Lakshmanan
- Centre for Preclinical and Translational Medical Research (CPTMR), Central Research Facility (CRF), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India; Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, 4184, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Young Do Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baeksuh-Roh, Dong Gu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
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9
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Sydor S, Manka P, van Buren L, Theurer S, Schwertheim S, Best J, Heegsma J, Saeed A, Vetter D, Schlattjan M, Dittrich A, Fiel MI, Baba HA, Dechêne A, Cubero FJ, Gerken G, Canbay A, Moshage H, Friedman SL, Faber KN, Bechmann LP. Hepatocyte KLF6 expression affects FXR signalling and the clinical course of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver Int 2020; 40:2172-2181. [PMID: 32462764 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is characterized by chronic cholestasis and inflammation, which promotes cirrhosis and an increased risk of cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCA). The transcription factor Krueppel-like-factor-6 (KLF6) is a mediator of liver regeneration, steatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but no data are yet available on its potential role in cholestasis. Here, we aimed to identify the impact of hepatic KLF6 expression on cholestatic liver injury and PSC and identify potential effects on farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) signalling. METHODS Hepatocellular KLF6 expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in liver biopsies of PSC patients and correlated with serum parameters and clinical outcome. Liver injury was analysed in hepatocyte-specific Klf6-knockout mice following bile duct ligation (BDL). Chromatin-immunoprecipitation-assays (ChIP) and KLF6-overexpressing HepG2 cells were used to analyse the interaction of KLF6 and FXR target genes such as NR0B2. RESULTS Based on IHC, PSC patients could be subdivided into two groups showing either low (<80%) or high (>80%) hepatocellular KLF6 expression. In patients with high KLF6 expression, we observed a superior survival in Kaplan-Meier analysis. Klf6-knockout mice showed reduced hepatic necrosis following BDL when compared to controls. KLF6 suppressed NR0B2 expression in HepG2 cells mediated through binding of KLF6 to the NR0B2 promoter region. CONCLUSION Here, we show an association between KLF6 expression and the clinical course and overall survival in PSC patients. Mechanistically, we identified a direct interaction of KLF6 with the FXR target gene NR0B2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Sydor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Paul Manka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lea van Buren
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sarah Theurer
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Suzan Schwertheim
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Best
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Janette Heegsma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Saeed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Vetter
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schlattjan
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Dittrich
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria I Fiel
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hideo A Baba
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dechêne
- Nürnberg Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine 6, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Francisco J Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Opthalmology and ORL, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas 12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guido Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ali Canbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Department of Systems Biology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars P Bechmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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11
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Urbanski L, Leclair N, Anczuków O. Alternative-splicing defects in cancer: Splicing regulators and their downstream targets, guiding the way to novel cancer therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2018; 9:e1476. [PMID: 29693319 PMCID: PMC6002934 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Defects in alternative splicing are frequently found in human tumors and result either from mutations in splicing-regulatory elements of specific cancer genes or from changes in the regulatory splicing machinery. RNA splicing regulators have emerged as a new class of oncoproteins and tumor suppressors, and contribute to disease progression by modulating RNA isoforms involved in the hallmark cancer pathways. Thus, dysregulation of alternative RNA splicing is fundamental to cancer and provides a potentially rich source of novel therapeutic targets. Here, we review the alterations in splicing regulatory factors detected in human tumors, as well as the resulting alternatively spliced isoforms that impact cancer hallmarks, and discuss how they contribute to disease pathogenesis. RNA splicing is a highly regulated process and, as such, the regulators are themselves tightly regulated. Differential transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of splicing factors modulates their levels and activities in tumor cells. Furthermore, the composition of the tumor microenvironment can also influence which isoforms are expressed in a given cell type and impact drug responses. Finally, we summarize current efforts in targeting alternative splicing, including global splicing inhibition using small molecules blocking the spliceosome or splicing-factor-modifying enzymes, as well as splice-switching RNA-based therapeutics to modulate cancer-specific splicing isoforms. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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12
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Antonopoulou E, Ladomery M. Targeting Splicing in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051287. [PMID: 29693622 PMCID: PMC5983716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 95% of human genes are alternatively spliced, expressing splice isoforms that often exhibit antagonistic functions. We describe genes whose alternative splicing has been linked to prostate cancer; namely VEGFA, KLF6, BCL2L2, ERG, and AR. We discuss opportunities to develop novel therapies that target specific splice isoforms, or that target the machinery of splicing. Therapeutic approaches include the development of small molecule inhibitors of splice factor kinases, splice isoform specific siRNAs, and splice switching oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effrosyni Antonopoulou
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Michael Ladomery
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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Overexpression of the Oncogenic Variant (KLF6-SV1) in Young NPC Patients and Correlation with Lack of E-Cadherin. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2018; 2018:9654067. [PMID: 29854578 PMCID: PMC5964540 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9654067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) regulates various cellular functions, such as metabolism, cell proliferation, and differentiation. KLF6 plays a key role in the development and progression of multiple human cancers. Methods Fifty primary biopsies and 10 normal nasopharyngeal mucosae were used to analyze by RT-QPCR the expression and the copy number of wtKLF6 and the spliced variants (KLF6-SV1, KLF6-SV2, and KLF6-SV3) in Tunisian patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The expression analysis of E-cadherin and cyclin D1 was conducted by RT-QPCR and Western blot, respectively. Results The wtKLF6 was significantly downexpressed in tumors compared to normal tissues (p = 0.0015), whereas KLF6-SV1 and KLF6-SV2 were overexpressed in tumors compared to wtKLF6 and KLF6-SV3 (p < 0.0001). Copy number variation was reduced in tumors compared to normal tissues (p = 0.0071). Interestingly, KLF6-SV1 is associated with the juvenile form (p = 0.0003) which is more aggressive than the adult form of NPC. Furthermore, the oncogenic variant KLF6-SV1 was overexpressed in tumors lacking the expression of E-cadherin (p = 0.0022) suggesting its role in metastasis and tumor progression. The wtKLF6 is associated negatively with cyclin D1 in tumor tissues (p = 0.048). Conclusion The wtKLF6 was downexpressed in contrast with the oncogenic variants. Overexpression of KLF6-SV1 is associated with young patients, and loss of E-cadherin suggests that this variant correlated with the aggressiveness of NPC.
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14
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Genetic heterogeneity of primary lesion and metastasis in small intestine neuroendocrine tumors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3811. [PMID: 29491456 PMCID: PMC5830878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on intratumoral heterogeneity of small intestine neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) and related liver metastasis are limited. The aim of this study was to characterize genetic heterogeneity of 5 patients with SI-NETs. Therefore, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of primary and metastatic lesions as well as benign liver of five patients with synchronously metastasized, well differentiated SI-NETs were analyzed with whole exome sequencing. For one patient, chip based 850k whole DNA methylome analysis was performed of primary and metastatic tumor tissue as well as control tissue. Thereby, 156 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in 150 genes were identified and amount of mutations per sample ranged from 9–34 (mean 22). The degree of common (0–94%) and private mutations per sample was strongly varying (6–100%). In all patients, copy number variations (CNV) were found and the degree of intratumoral heterogeneity of CNVs corresponded to SNV analysis. DNA methylation analysis of a patient without common SNVs revealed a large overlap of common methylated CpG sites. In conclusion, SI-NET primary and metastatic lesions show a highly varying degree of intratumoral heterogeneity. Driver events might not be detectable with exome analysis only, and further comprehensive studies including whole genome and epigenetic analyses are warranted.
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15
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The molecular biology of prostate cancer: current understanding and clinical implications. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2017; 21:22-36. [PMID: 29282359 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-017-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With continuous progress over the past few decades in understanding diagnosis, treatment, and genetics, much has been learned about the prostate cancer-diagnosed genome. METHODS A comprehensive MEDLINE® and Google scholar literature search was conducted using keyword variations relating to the genetics of prostate cancer such as chromosomal alterations, androgen receptor, castration-resistant, inheritance, polymorphisms, oncogenes, metastasis, biomarkers, and immunotherapy. RESULTS Traditionally, androgen receptors (AR) have been the focus of research. Recently, identification of recurrent chromosomal alterations that lead to either multiplication of regions (gain-of-function) or deletion of regions (loss-of-function) has opened the door to greater genetic accessibility. These chromosomal aberrations lead to variation in copy number and gene expression. Some of these chromosomal alterations are inherited, while others undergo somatic mutations during disease progression. Inherited gene mutations that make one susceptible to prostate cancer have been identified with familial-linked studies. Somatic genes that progress tumorigenesis have also been identified. Research on the molecular biology of prostate cancer has characterized these genes into tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. Additionally, genome-wide assay studies have identified many high-risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms recurrent throughout the prostate cancer-diagnosed genome. Castration-resistant prostate cancer is the most aggressive form of prostate cancer, and its research has elucidated many types of mutations associated with AR itself, including enhanced expression and amplification, point mutations, and alternative splicing. Understanding the molecular biology of prostate cancer has permitted more accurate identification using advanced biomarkers and therapy for aggressive forms using immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS An age-related disease, prostate cancer commands profound attention. With increasing life expectancy and the continuous pursuit of it, prostate cancer is a powerful obstacle best defeated using targeted therapies specifically designed for the unique molecular profile of the malignancy.
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Lei Z, Ma X, Li H, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Fan Y, Li X, Chen L, Xie Y, Chen J, Wu S, Tang L, Zhang X. Up-regulation of miR-181a in clear cell renal cell carcinoma is associated with lower KLF6 expression, enhanced cell proliferation, accelerated cell cycle transition, and diminished apoptosis. Urol Oncol 2017; 36:93.e23-93.e37. [PMID: 29066014 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysregulated expression of miR-181a accompanies tumorigenesis in many human cancers. However, in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the role of miR-181a remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate biological functions of miR-181a and its expression levels in ccRCC tissues and cancer cell lines. MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression levels of miR-181a in samples of ccRCC tumors and adjacent nontumor tissues from 42 patients as well as in 786-O, 769-P, A498, and CAKI-1 ccRCC cell lines were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Potential targets of miR-181a were predicted using bioinformatic approaches and then verified by using the luciferase reporter assay. The effects of miR-181a on cell proliferation, colony formation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis were investigated in ccRCC cell lines transfected with specific miR-181a mimic and inhibitor. RESULTS We found that miR-181a expression was up-regulated in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. The expression level of miR-181a significantly correlated with the tumor size, tumor/node/metastasis staging, and Fuhrman grade. Luciferase assays showed that KLF6 was a target of miR-181a. KLF6 expression was inversely correlated with the level of miR-181a. Overexpression of miR-181a led to reduced KLF6 mRNA and protein levels, whereas mutations of the potential miR-181a binding sites in the KLF6 gene abrogated this inhibitory effect. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-181a promoted proliferation and G1/S cell cycle transition, as well as inhibited apoptosis by down-regulating KLF6 in ccRCC cells. CONCLUSIONS miR-181a is up-regulated in ccRCC and may act as a tumor promoting factor by targeting KLF6 expression. Manipulating miR-181a may provide a beneficial effect in the treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Lei
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xintao Li
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Luyao Chen
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongpeng Xie
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shengpan Wu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, PR China.
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Barfeld SJ, Urbanucci A, Itkonen HM, Fazli L, Hicks JL, Thiede B, Rennie PS, Yegnasubramanian S, DeMarzo AM, Mills IG. c-Myc Antagonises the Transcriptional Activity of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Affecting Key Gene Networks. EBioMedicine 2017; 18:83-93. [PMID: 28412251 PMCID: PMC5405195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men. The androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, constitutes the main drug target for advanced cases of the disease. However, a variety of other transcription factors and signaling networks have been shown to be altered in patients and to influence AR activity. Amongst these, the oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc has been studied extensively in multiple malignancies and elevated protein levels of c-Myc are commonly observed in PCa. Its impact on AR activity, however, remains elusive. In this study, we assessed the impact of c-Myc overexpression on AR activity and transcriptional output in a PCa cell line model and validated the antagonistic effect of c-MYC on AR-targets in patient samples. We found that c-Myc overexpression partially reprogrammed AR chromatin occupancy and was associated with altered histone marks distribution, most notably H3K4me1 and H3K27me3. We found c-Myc and the AR co-occupy a substantial number of binding sites and these exhibited enhancer-like characteristics. Interestingly, c-Myc overexpression antagonised clinically relevant AR target genes. Therefore, as an example, we validated the antagonistic relationship between c-Myc and two AR target genes, KLK3 (alias PSA, prostate specific antigen), and Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT), in patient samples. Our findings provide unbiased evidence that MYC overexpression deregulates the AR transcriptional program, which is thought to be a driving force in PCa. c-MYC and AR share one third of chromatin binding with enhancer-like features. c-MYC can repress the expression of a subset prostate cancer biomarkers, including PSA. c-MYC and AR antagonize the expression of, Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT), responsible for sarcosine biosynthesis.
Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease. The most frequently used biomarker in clinical setting, a well described androgen receptor target gene, PSA, still performs poorly in stratifying patients at real risk of death due to the disease. Despite this, therapeutic approaches focus on suppressing androgen receptor signaling. However, this is only one of the recurrent alterations found in patients. This study focuses on c-MYC and the effects of its deregulation in advanced prostate cancer. We find that there is an inverse relationship between established biomarkers expression, including PSA. This inverse relationship could be used in clinics to select beneficial therapeutic approaches for a subset of prostate cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J Barfeld
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Harri M Itkonen
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Bernd Thiede
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul S Rennie
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Angelo M DeMarzo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ian G Mills
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; PCUK/Movember Centre of Excellence, CCRCB, Queen's University, Belfast, UK.
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Gao Y, Li H, Ma X, Fan Y, Ni D, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Liu K, Li X, Wang L, Gu L, Yao Y, Ai Q, Du Q, Song E, Zhang X. KLF6 Suppresses Metastasis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma via Transcriptional Repression of E2F1. Cancer Res 2016; 77:330-342. [PMID: 27780824 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongzhao Li
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dong Ni
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qingbo Huang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kan Liu
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xintao Li
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liangyou Gu
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuanxin Yao
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qingshan Du
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
| | - Erlin Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital/Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, PR China
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Simmen RCM, Heard ME, Simmen AM, Montales MTM, Marji M, Scanlon S, Pabona JMP. The Krüppel-like factors in female reproductive system pathologies. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:R89-R101. [PMID: 25654975 PMCID: PMC4369192 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Female reproductive tract pathologies arise largely from dysregulation of estrogen and progesterone receptor signaling, leading to aberrant cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The signaling pathways orchestrated by these nuclear receptors are complex, require the participation of many nuclear proteins serving as key binding partners or targets, and involve a range of paracrine and autocrine regulatory circuits. The members of the Krüppel-like factor (KLF) family of transcription factors are ubiquitously expressed in reproductive tissues and have been increasingly implicated as critical co-regulators and integrators of steroid hormone actions. Herein, we explore the involvement of KLF family members in uterine pathology, describe their currently known molecular mechanisms, and discuss their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia C M Simmen
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - Melissa E Heard
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - Angela M Simmen
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - Maria Theresa M Montales
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - Meera Marji
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - Samantha Scanlon
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
| | - John Mark P Pabona
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USADepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USADepartment of Internal MedicineHarlem Hospital Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10037, USA
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20
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Wu J, Yu E. Insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-IR) as a target for prostate cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:607-17. [PMID: 24414227 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men each year. Androgen deprivation therapy is and has been the gold standard of care for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer for decades. While this treatment strategy initially shows benefit, eventually tumors recur as castration-resistant prostate cancer for which there are limited treatment options with only modest survival benefit. Upregulation of the insulin-like growth factor receptor type I (IGF-IR) signaling axis has been shown to drive the survival of prostate cancer cells in many studies. As many IGF-IR blockades have been developed, few have been tested preclinically and even fewer have entered clinical trials for prostate cancer therapy. In this review, we will update the most recent preclinical and clinical studies of IGF-IR therapy for prostate cancer. We will also discuss the challenges for IGF-IR targeted therapies to achieve clinical benefit for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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21
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Liang WC, Wang Y, Xiao LJ, Wang YB, Fu WM, Wang WM, Jiang HQ, Qi W, Wan DCC, Zhang JF, Waye MMY. Identification of miRNAs that specifically target tumor suppressive KLF6-FL rather than oncogenic KLF6-SV1 isoform. RNA Biol 2014; 11:845-54. [PMID: 24921656 DOI: 10.4161/rna.29356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Krüppel like factor 6 (KLF6) gene encodes multiple protein isoforms derived from alternative mRNA splicing, most of which are intimately involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and tumor progression. Recent bioinformatics analysis shows that alternative mRNA splicing of the KLF6 gene produces around 16 alternatively spliced variants with divergent or even opposing functions. Intriguingly, the full-length KLF6 (KLF6-FL) is a tumor suppressor gene frequently inactivated in liver cancer, whereas KLF6 splice variant 1 (KLF6-SV1) is an oncogenic isoform with antagonistic function against KLF6-FL. Compelling evidence indicates that miRNA, the small endogenous non-coding RNA (ncRNA), acts as a vital player in modulating a variety of cellular biological processes through targeting different mRNA regions of protein-coding genes. To identify the potential miRNAs specifically targeting KLF6-FL, we utilized bioinformatics analysis in combination with the luciferase reporter assays and screened out two miRNAs, namely miR-210 and miR-1301, specifically targeted the tumor suppressive KLF6-FL rather than the oncogenic KLF6-SV1. Our in vitro experiments demonstrated that stable expression of KLF6-FL inhibited cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis while overexpression of miR-1301 promoted cell migration and angiogenesis. Further experiments demonstrated that miR-1301 was highly expressed in liver cancer cell lines as well as clinical specimens and we also identified the potential methylation and histone acetylation for miR-1301 gene. To sum up, our findings unveiled a novel molecular mechanism that specific miRNAs promoted tumorigenesis by targeting the tumor suppressive isoform KLF6-FL rather than its oncogenic isoform KLF6-SV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Liang
- Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jia Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanshan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518052, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Bing Wang
- Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ming Fu
- Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Mao Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Qing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 230000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 230000, P.R. China
| | - David Chi-Cheong Wan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Fang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Mary Miu-Yee Waye
- Croucher Laboratory for Human Genomics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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22
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Abstract
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of DNA-binding transcriptional regulators with diverse and essential functions in a multitude of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, inflammation and pluripotency. In this Review, we discuss the roles and regulation of the 17 known KLFs in various cancer-relevant processes. Importantly, the functions of KLFs are context dependent, with some KLFs having different roles in normal cells and cancer, during cancer development and progression and in different cancer types. We also identify key questions for the field that are likely to lead to important new translational research and discoveries in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Tetreault
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 913 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia PA 19104-6144, USA
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23
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Molecular pathology of prostate cancer revealed by next-generation sequencing: opportunities for genome-based personalized therapy. Curr Opin Urol 2013; 23:189-93. [PMID: 23385974 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e32835e9ef4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews recently identified genomic mutations in prostate cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Advanced sequencing technologies have made it possible to obtain large amounts of data on genomes and transcriptomes of cancers. Such technologies have been used to sequence prostate cancer of different stages, from treatment-naive cancers, to advanced, castration-resistant cancers to the aggressive small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. For each category of prostate cancer, distinct and overlapping DNA sequence alterations were discovered, including point mutations, small insertions or deletions, copy number changes and chromosomal rearrangements. There appears to be a stepwise increase in genomic alterations from low risk to high risk to advanced cancers. SUMMARY These novel findings have significantly increased our knowledge of the genetic basis of human prostate cancer and the molecular mechanisms responsible for disease progression and treatment resistance. Some of the lesions are potential therapeutic targets. Studies along this direction will eventually make it possible to design personalized management plans for individual patients.
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24
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Sette C. Alternative splicing programs in prostate cancer. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:458727. [PMID: 23983695 PMCID: PMC3747374 DOI: 10.1155/2013/458727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the most frequent causes of death for cancer in the male population. Although the initial antiandrogenic therapies are efficacious, PCa often evolves into a hormone-resistant, incurable disease. The genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of this type of cancer renders its diagnosis and cure particularly challenging. Mounting evidence indicates that alternative splicing, the process that allows production of multiple mRNA variants from each gene, contributes to the heterogeneity of the disease. Key genes for the biology of normal and neoplastic prostate cells, such as those encoding for the androgen receptor and cyclin D1, are alternatively spliced to yield protein isoforms with different or even opposing functions. This review illustrates some examples of genes whose alternative splicing regulation is relevant to PCa biology and discusses the possibility to exploit alternative splicing regulation as a novel tool for prognosis, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches to PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Sette
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Urol 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e3283605159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Effects of Kruppel-like factor 6 on osteosarcoma cell biological behavior. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1097-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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