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Chua V, Lopez-Anton M, Mizue Terai, Ryota Tanaka, Baqai U, Purwin TJ, Haj JI, Waltrich FJ, Trachtenberg I, Luo K, Tudi R, Jeon A, Han A, Chervoneva I, Davies MA, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Sato T, Aplin AE. Slow proliferation of BAP1-deficient uveal melanoma cells is associated with reduced S6 signaling and resistance to nutrient stress. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadn8376. [PMID: 38861613 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adn8376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the deadliest form of eye cancer in adults. Inactivating mutations and/or loss of expression of the gene encoding BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) in UM tumors are associated with an increased risk of metastasis. To investigate the mechanisms underlying this risk, we explored the functional consequences of BAP1 deficiency. UM cell lines expressing mutant BAP1 grew more slowly than those expressing wild-type BAP1 in culture and in vivo. The ability of BAP1 reconstitution to restore cell proliferation in BAP1-deficient cells required its deubiquitylase activity. Proteomic analysis showed that BAP1-deficient cells had decreased phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 and its upstream regulator, p70S6K1, compared with both wild-type and BAP1 reconstituted cells. In turn, expression of p70S6K1 increased S6 phosphorylation and proliferation of BAP1-deficient UM cells. Consistent with these findings, BAP1 mutant primary UM tumors expressed lower amounts of p70S6K1 target genes, and S6 phosphorylation was decreased in BAP1 mutant patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), which grew more slowly than wild-type PDXs in the liver (the main metastatic site of UM) in mice. BAP1-deficient UM cells were also more resistant to amino acid starvation, which was associated with diminished phosphorylation of S6. These studies demonstrate that BAP1 deficiency slows the proliferation of UM cells through regulation of S6 phosphorylation. These characteristics may be associated with metastasis by ensuring survival during amino acid starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Chua
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, WA 6027 Australia
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, WA 6027 Australia
| | - Melisa Lopez-Anton
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Oncological Sciences, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, 545-8585 Japan
| | - Usman Baqai
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Timothy J Purwin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Jelan I Haj
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Francis J Waltrich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Isabella Trachtenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Kristine Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Rohith Tudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Angela Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Anna Han
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Inna Chervoneva
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Julio A Aguirre-Ghiso
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
- Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
- Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
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2
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van den Bosch QCC, de Klein A, Verdijk RM, Kiliç E, Brosens E. Uveal melanoma modeling in mice and zebrafish. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189055. [PMID: 38104908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research and refined therapeutic options, the survival for metastasized uveal melanoma (UM) patients has not improved significantly. UM, a malignant tumor originating from melanocytes in the uveal tract, can be asymptomatic and small tumors may be detected only during routine ophthalmic exams; making early detection and treatment difficult. UM is the result of a number of characteristic somatic alterations which are associated with prognosis. Although UM morphology and biology have been extensively studied, there are significant gaps in our understanding of the early stages of UM tumor evolution and effective treatment to prevent metastatic disease remain elusive. A better understanding of the mechanisms that enable UM cells to thrive and successfully metastasize is crucial to improve treatment efficacy and survival rates. For more than forty years, animal models have been used to investigate the biology of UM. This has led to a number of essential mechanisms and pathways involved in UM aetiology. These models have also been used to evaluate the effectiveness of various drugs and treatment protocols. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms and pharmacological studies using mouse and zebrafish UM models. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutics and discuss future considerations using UM models such as optimal inoculation sites, use of BAP1mut-cell lines and the rise of zebrafish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy C C van den Bosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Section of Ophthalmic Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emine Kiliç
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Li B, Feng G, Feng L, Feng X, Zhang Q, Zhang C, Yang H, Du Y. Establishment of a rabbit liver metastasis model by percutaneous puncture of the spleen and implantation of the VX2 tumor strain under CT guidance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2802. [PMID: 36797324 PMCID: PMC9935920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the feasibility, success rate, and safety of establishing a rabbit VX2 liver metastasis model by percutaneous splenic implantation under CT guidance and open splenic implantation of the VX2 tumor strain. Fifty-two New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into group A (the percutaneous puncture group) (n = 26) and group B (the laparotomy group) (n = 26). In group A, 26 New Zealand white rabbits were implanted with tumor strains by percutaneous splenic puncture under CT guidance. In group B, 26 New Zealand white rabbits were implanted with tumor strains in the spleen by laparotomy. After 2-3 weeks of implantation, both group A and group B underwent MRI to confirm tumor growth in the spleen and metastasis to the liver. Two experimental rabbits randomly selected from groups A and B were killed for pathological examination. The success rate, complication rate, and operation time in groups A and B were compared and analyzed. A total of 23 rabbits in group A were successfully induced, and the success rate was 88.5% (23/26). The average time of operation was 14.42 ± 3.26 min. A total of 22 rabbits in group B were successfully induced, and the success rate was 84.6% (22/26). The average time of operation in group B was 23.69 ± 5.27 min. There was no significant difference in the success rate of induction between the two groups (P > 0.05). The MRI manifestations of liver metastases were multiple nodular and punctate abnormal signal shadows in the liver. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed a large number of tumor cells in the tumor area. CT-guided percutaneous splenic implantation of the VX2 tumor strain to establish a rabbit liver metastasis model is a minimally invasive and feasible inducing method. The success rate of this technique is not lower than that of open splenic implantation, with low incidence of complications, and short operation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiling Feng
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Feng
- Department of Pain, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, 1 South Maoyuan Road, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of YiBin, 96 North Street, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanfeng Yang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Ramos R, Cabré E, Vinyals A, Lorenzo D, Ferreres JR, Varela M, Gomá M, Paules MJ, Gutierrez C, Piulats JM, Fabra À, Caminal JM. Orthotopic murine xenograft model of uveal melanoma with spontaneous liver metastasis. Melanoma Res 2023; 33:1-11. [PMID: 36302215 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Despite the effective primary treatment, up to 50% of patients with uveal melanoma will develop metastatic lesions mainly in the liver, which are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and lead to patient's death. To date, no orthotopic murine models of uveal melanoma which can develop spontaneous metastasis are available for preclinical studies. Here, we describe a spontaneous metastatic model of uveal melanoma based on the orthotopic injection of human uveal melanoma cells into the suprachoroidal space of immunodeficient NSG mice. All mice injected with bioluminescent OMM2.5 ( n = 23) or MP41 ( n = 19) cells developed a primary tumor. After eye enucleation, additional bioluminescence signals were detected in the lungs and in the liver. At necropsy, histopathological studies confirmed the presence of lung metastases in 100% of the mice. Liver metastases were assessed in 87 and in 100% of the mice that received OMM2.5 or MP41 cells, respectively. All tumors and metastatic lesions expressed melanoma markers and the signaling molecules insulin-like growth factor type I receptor and myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate, commonly activated in uveal melanoma. The novelty of this orthotopic mouse xenograft model is the development of spontaneous metastases in the liver from the primary site, reproducing the organoespecificity of metastasis observed in uveal melanoma patients. The faster growth and the high metastatic incidence may be attributed at least in part, to the severe immunodeficiency of NSG mice. This model may be useful for preclinical testing of targeted therapies with potential uveal melanoma antimetastatic activity and to study the mechanisms involved in liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ramos
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
| | - Eduard Cabré
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
| | - Antònia Vinyals
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
| | - Daniel Lorenzo
- Ophthalmology Department, Spanish Ocular Oncology National referal center (CSUR) and Ocular Translational Eye Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB)-IDIBELL
| | | | - Mar Varela
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge
| | - Montse Gomá
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge
| | | | - Cristina Gutierrez
- Radiotherapy Department, Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), Hospital Duran Reynals
| | - Josep M Piulats
- Medical Oncology, Institut Catalá d'Oncologia (ICO), Hospital Duran Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Fabra
- Ophthalmology Department, Spanish Ocular Oncology National referal center (CSUR) and Ocular Translational Eye Research Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge (HUB)-IDIBELL
| | - José M Caminal
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)
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5
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Aumiller JL, Wedegaertner PB. Disruption of the interaction between mutationally activated Gα q and Gβγ attenuates aberrant signaling. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102880. [PMID: 36626984 PMCID: PMC9926304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein stimulation via G protein-coupled receptors promotes downstream proliferative signaling. Mutations can occur in Gα proteins which prevent GTP hydrolysis; this allows the G proteins to signal independently of G protein-coupled receptors and can result in various cancers, such as uveal melanoma (UM). Most UM cases harbor Q209L, Q209P, or R183C mutations in Gαq/11 proteins, rendering the proteins constitutively active (CA). Although it is generally thought that active, GTP-bound Gα subunits are dissociated from and signal independently of Gβγ, accumulating evidence indicates that some CA Gα mutants, such as Gαq/11, retain binding to Gβγ, and this interaction is necessary for signaling. Here, we demonstrate that disrupting the interaction between Gβγ and Gαq is sufficient to inhibit aberrant signaling driven by CA Gαq. Introduction of the I25A point mutation in the N-terminal α helical domain of CA Gαq to inhibit Gβγ binding, overexpression of the G protein Gαo to sequester Gβγ, and siRNA depletion of Gβ subunits inhibited or abolished CA Gαq signaling to the MAPK and YAP pathways. Moreover, in HEK 293 cells and in UM cell lines, we show that Gαq-Q209P and Gαq-R183C are more sensitive to the loss of Gβγ interaction than Gαq-Q209L. Our study challenges the idea that CA Gαq/11 signals independently of Gβγ and demonstrates differential sensitivity between the Gαq-Q209L, Gαq-Q209P, and Gαq-R183C mutants.
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6
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Piquet L, Coutant K, Mitchell A, Ben Anes A, Bollmann E, Schoonjans N, Bérubé J, Bordeleau F, Brisson A, Landreville S. Extracellular Vesicles from Ocular Melanoma Have Pro-Fibrotic and Pro-Angiogenic Properties on the Tumor Microenvironment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233828. [PMID: 36497088 PMCID: PMC9736613 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor and often spreads to the liver. Intercellular communication though extracellular vesicles (EVs) plays an important role in several oncogenic processes, including metastasis, therapeutic resistance, and immune escape. This study examines how EVs released by UM cells modify stellate and endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment. The surface markers, and the concentration and size of EVs derived from UM cells or choroidal melanocytes were characterized by high-resolution flow cytometry, electron microscopy, and Western blotting. The selective biodistribution of EVs was studied in mice by fluorescence imaging. The activation/contractility of stellate cells and the tubular organization of endothelial cells after exposure to melanomic EVs were determined by traction force microscopy, collagen gel contraction, or endothelial tube formation assays. We showed that large EVs from UM cells and healthy melanocytes are heterogenous in size, as well as their expression of phosphatidylserine, tetraspanins, and Tsg101. Melanomic EVs mainly accumulated in the liver and lungs of mice. Hepatic stellate cells with internalized melanomic EVs had increased contractility, whereas EV-treated endothelial cells developed more capillary-like networks. Our study demonstrates that the transfer of EVs from UM cells leads to a pro-fibrotic and pro-angiogenic phenotype in hepatic stellate and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Piquet
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kelly Coutant
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andrew Mitchell
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Amel Ben Anes
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Enola Bollmann
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nathan Schoonjans
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Julie Bérubé
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - François Bordeleau
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alain Brisson
- UMR-CBMN, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IPB, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Solange Landreville
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l’Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-682-7693
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Intra-Abdominal Malignant Melanoma: Challenging Aspects of Epidemiology, Clinical and Paraclinical Diagnosis and Optimal Treatment—A Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12092054. [PMID: 36140455 PMCID: PMC9498106 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
According to European consensus-based interdisciplinary guidelines for melanoma, cutaneous melanoma (CM) is the most deadly form of dermatological malignancy, accounting for 90% of the deaths of skin cancer patients. In addition to cutaneous melanoma, mucosal melanoma occurs in four major anatomical sites, including the upper respiratory tract, the conjunctiva, the anorectal region, and the urogenital area. As this cancer type metastasizes, a classification used in the current medical literature is the distinction between secondary lesions and primary malignant melanoma of the abdominal cavity. Given that malignant melanoma is the most common cancer that spreads to the gastrointestinal tract, different imaging modalities compete to diagnose the phenomenon correctly and to measure its extension. Treatment is primarily surgery-based, supported by immunotherapy, and prolongs survival, even when performed at stage IV illness. In the end, special forms of malignant melanoma are discussed, such as melanoma of the genito-urinary tract and amelanotic/achromic melanoma. The importance of this present literature review relies on yielding and grouping consistent and relevant, updated information on the many aspects and challenges that a clinician might encounter during the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with intra-abdominal melanoma.
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8
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Aprilliantina YS, Novita HD, Sadono EG, Aldina R. Protective Effect of Genistein on Cyclin D1 Expression in Malignant Ocular Melanoma Cells. Med Arch 2021; 75:180-183. [PMID: 34483446 PMCID: PMC8385747 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2021.75.180-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ocular melanoma is a disorder that is rarely found but is deadly. Four tissues in the eye that can be attacked by melanoma include the uveal tract, conjunctiva, eyelids, and orbit. Uveal melanoma is the most common case, while melanoma conjunctiva is very rare. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of giving genistein on cyclin D1 expression in malignant melanoma. Methods: When confluent, CRL1872 malignant melanoma cells will be divided into treatment groups, the group giving genistein dose 25 μM, the group giving genistein a dose of 50 μM, and the group giving genistein a dose of 100 μM. Cyclin D1 analysis was measured by immunofluorescence using confocal laser scan microscopy. Results: There was a significant increase in the expression of cyclin D1, in the group given genistein 25 μM and 50 μM (p < 0.05). For the administration of the genistein dose of 100 μM, cyclin D1 expression decreased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that genistein had a biphasic effect on cyclin D1 expression in malignant melanoma cells. Thus, genistein at the right dose can be a treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Sani Aprilliantina
- Department of Ophtalmology, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Hera Dwi Novita
- Department of Ophtalmology, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Elfina G Sadono
- Department of Ophtalmology, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Rosy Aldina
- Department of Ophtalmology, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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9
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Patton EE, Mueller KL, Adams DJ, Anandasabapathy N, Aplin AE, Bertolotto C, Bosenberg M, Ceol CJ, Burd CE, Chi P, Herlyn M, Holmen SL, Karreth FA, Kaufman CK, Khan S, Kobold S, Leucci E, Levy C, Lombard DB, Lund AW, Marie KL, Marine JC, Marais R, McMahon M, Robles-Espinoza CD, Ronai ZA, Samuels Y, Soengas MS, Villanueva J, Weeraratna AT, White RM, Yeh I, Zhu J, Zon LI, Hurlbert MS, Merlino G. Melanoma models for the next generation of therapies. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:610-631. [PMID: 33545064 PMCID: PMC8378471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of appropriate melanoma models that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic modalities. Here, we discuss the current state of the art of melanoma models including genetically engineered mouse, patient-derived xenograft, zebrafish, and ex vivo and in vitro models. We also identify five major challenges that can be addressed using such models, including metastasis and tumor dormancy, drug resistance, the melanoma immune response, and the impact of aging and environmental exposures on melanoma progression and drug resistance. Additionally, we discuss the opportunity for building models for rare subtypes of melanomas, which represent an unmet critical need. Finally, we identify key recommendations for melanoma models that may improve accuracy of preclinical testing and predict efficacy in clinical trials, to help usher in the next generation of melanoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Kristen L Mueller
- Melanoma Research Alliance, 730 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Meyer Cancer Center, Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; INSERM, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team 1, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2020, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Pathology, and Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Biology, and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 918, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ping Chi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sheri L Holmen
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Florian A Karreth
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Charles K Kaufman
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Department of Developmental Biology, McDonnell Science Building, 4518 McKinley Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shaheen Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eleonora Leucci
- Laboratory for RNA Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, LKI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Trace, Department of Oncology, LKI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmit Levy
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Gerontology, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kerrie L Marie
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard Marais
- CRUK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Martin McMahon
- Department of Dermatology & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Mexico; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maria S Soengas
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessie Villanueva
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc S Hurlbert
- Melanoma Research Alliance, 730 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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10
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Bustamante P, Piquet L, Landreville S, Burnier JV. Uveal melanoma pathobiology: Metastasis to the liver. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 71:65-85. [PMID: 32450140 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is a type of intraocular tumor with a propensity to disseminate to the liver. Despite the identification of the early driver mutations during the development of the pathology, the process of UM metastasis is still not fully comprehended. A better understanding of the genetic, molecular, and environmental factors participating to its spread and metastatic outgrowth could provide additional approaches for UM treatment. In this review, we will discuss the advances made towards the understanding of the pathogenesis of metastatic UM, summarize the current and prospective treatments, and introduce some of the ongoing research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca Bustamante
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada; Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Léo Piquet
- Département d'ophtalmologie et d'ORL-CCF, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; CUO-Recherche and Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Solange Landreville
- Département d'ophtalmologie et d'ORL-CCF, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; CUO-Recherche and Axe médecine régénératrice, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada; Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Julia V Burnier
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada; Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department Of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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11
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Sugase T, Lam BQ, Danielson M, Terai M, Aplin AE, Gutkind JS, Sato T. Development and optimization of orthotopic liver metastasis xenograft mouse models in uveal melanoma. J Transl Med 2020; 18:208. [PMID: 32434572 PMCID: PMC7240939 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM) in the liver usually die within 1 year. The development of new treatments for MUM has been limited by the lack of diverse MUM cell lines and appropriate animal models. We previously reported that orthotopic xenograft mouse models established by direct injection of MUM cells into the liver were useful for the analysis associated with tumor microenvironment in the liver. However, considering that patients with UM metastasize to the liver hematogenously, direct liver injection model might not be suitable for investigation on various mechanisms of liver metastasis. Here, we aim to establish new orthotopic xenograft models via hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells to the liver, and to compare their characteristics with the hepatic injection model. We also determine if hepatic tumors could be effectively monitored with non-invasive live imaging. METHODS tdtTomate-labeled, patient-derived MUM cells were injected into the liver, spleen or tail vein of immunodeficient NSG mice. Tumor growth was serially assessed with In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) images once every week. Established hepatic tumors were evaluated with CT scan and then analyzed histologically. RESULTS We found that splenic injection could consistently establish hepatic tumors. Non-invasive imaging showed that the splenic injection model had more consistent and stronger fluorescent intensity compared to the hepatic injection model. There were no significant differences in tumor growth between splenic injection with splenectomy and without splenectomy. The splenic injection established hepatic tumors diffusely throughout the liver, while the hepatic injection of tumor cells established a single localized tumor. Long-term monitoring of tumor development showed that tumor growth, tumor distribution in the liver, and overall survival depended on the number of tumor cells injected to the spleen. CONCLUSION We established a new orthotopic hepatic metastatic xenograft mouse model by splenic injection of MUM cells. The growth of orthotopic hepatic tumors could be monitored with non-invasive IVIS imaging. Moreover, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of a MEK inhibitor by using this model. Our findings suggest that our new orthotopic liver metastatic mouse model may be useful for preclinical drug screening experiments and for the analysis of liver metastasis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Sugase
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bao Q Lam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meggie Danielson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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12
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Li Y, Luo JT, Liu YM, Wei WB. miRNA-145/miRNA-205 inhibits proliferation and invasion of uveal melanoma cells by targeting NPR1/CDC42. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:718-724. [PMID: 32420217 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of microRNA-145 (miRNA-145) and microRNA-205 (miRNA-205) in proliferation and invasion of uveal melanoma (UM) cells. METHODS The expression level of miRNA-145 and miRNA-205 from samples of UM patients were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The growth and invasion inhibitory effects were observed by the transfection of UM cells with miRNA-145 and miRNA-205. Several epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins were screened by Western blotting. UM clinical samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were applied to search for potential protein interaction. Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to estimate co-expression between genes. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the binding sites on target protein for miRNA-145 and miRNA-205. RESULTS The expression levels of miRNA-145 and miRNA-205 in the samples from patients with UM were significantly lower than those in the normal tissue samples. Significant growth and invasion inhibitory effects were observed in human UM cells with miRNA-145 and miRNA-205 overexpression. The miRNA-145 and miRNA-205 could decrease the expression level of cell division control protein 42 (CDC42). After database searching and sequence alignment, we identified that Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) had binding sites for both miRNA-145 and miRNA-205. CONCLUSION The miRNA-145 and miRNA-205 can reduce the proliferation, migration and invasion of UM cells by targeting the mRNA of its upstream protein NRP1 to down-regulate the expression level of CDC42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing-Ting Luo
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yue-Ming Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
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13
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Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. UMs are usually initiated by a mutation in GNAQ or GNA11, unlike cutaneous melanomas, which usually harbour a BRAF or NRAS mutation. The annual incidence in Europe and the USA is ~6 per million population per year. Risk factors include fair skin, light-coloured eyes, congenital ocular melanocytosis, ocular melanocytoma and the BAP1-tumour predisposition syndrome. Ocular treatment aims at preserving the eye and useful vision and, if possible, preventing metastases. Enucleation has largely been superseded by various forms of radiotherapy, phototherapy and local tumour resection, often administered in combination. Ocular outcomes are best with small tumours not extending close to the optic disc and/or fovea. Almost 50% of patients develop metastatic disease, which usually involves the liver, and is usually fatal within 1 year. Although UM metastases are less responsive than cutaneous melanoma to chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitors, encouraging results have been reported with partial hepatectomy for solitary metastases, with percutaneous hepatic perfusion with melphalan or with tebentafusp. Better insight into tumour immunology and metabolism may lead to new treatments.
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14
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Richards JR, Yoo JH, Shin D, Odelberg SJ. Mouse models of uveal melanoma: Strengths, weaknesses, and future directions. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:264-278. [PMID: 31880399 PMCID: PMC7065156 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignancy of the eye, and a number of discoveries in the last decade have led to a more thorough molecular characterization of this cancer. However, the prognosis remains dismal for patients with metastases, and there is an urgent need to identify treatments that are effective for this stage of disease. Animal models are important tools for preclinical studies of uveal melanoma. A variety of models exist, and they have specific advantages, disadvantages, and applications. In this review article, these differences are explored in detail, and ideas for new models that might overcome current challenges are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson R. Richards
- Department of Oncological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Jae Hyuk Yoo
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Donghan Shin
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Shannon J. Odelberg
- Program in Molecular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
- Department of Neurobiology and AnatomyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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15
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Kageyama K, Ozaki S, Sato T. Generation of a Liver Orthotopic Human Uveal Melanoma Xenograft Platform in Immunodeficient Mice. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31762467 DOI: 10.3791/59941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, subcutaneously implanted patient-derived xenograft tumors or cultured human cell lines have been increasingly recognized as more representative models to study human cancers in immunodeficient mice than traditional established human cell lines in vitro. Recently, orthotopically implanted patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models in mice have been developed to better replicate features of patient tumors. A liver orthotopic xenograft mouse model is expected to be a useful cancer research platform, providing insights into tumor biology and drug therapy. However, liver orthotopic tumor implantation is generally complicated. Here we describe our protocols for the orthotopic implantation of patient-derived liver-metastatic uveal melanoma tumors. We cultured human liver metastatic uveal melanoma cell lines into immunodeficient mice. The protocols can result in consistently high technical success rates using either a surgical orthotopic implantation technique with chunks of patient-derived uveal melanoma tumor or a needle injection technique with cultured human cell line. We also describe protocols for CT scanning to detect interior liver tumors and for re-implantation techniques using cryopreserved tumors to achieve re-engraftment. Together, these protocols provide a better platform for liver orthotopic tumor mouse models of liver metastatic uveal melanoma in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kageyama
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine; Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University
| | - Shinji Ozaki
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Cancer Center; Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University;
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16
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Chua V, Orloff M, Teh JL, Sugase T, Liao C, Purwin TJ, Lam BQ, Terai M, Ambrosini G, Carvajal RD, Schwartz G, Sato T, Aplin AE. Stromal fibroblast growth factor 2 reduces the efficacy of bromodomain inhibitors in uveal melanoma. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:emmm.201809081. [PMID: 30610113 PMCID: PMC6365926 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in transcriptional programs promote tumor development and progression and are targetable by bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein inhibitors. However, in a multi‐site clinical trial testing the novel BET inhibitor, PLX51107, in solid cancer patients, liver metastases of uveal melanoma (UM) patients progressed rapidly following treatment. Mechanisms of resistance to BET inhibitors in UM are unknown. We show that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) rescued UM cells from growth inhibition by BET inhibitors, and FGF2 effects were reversible by FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitors. BET inhibitors also increased FGFR protein expression in UM cell lines and in patient tumor samples. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) secrete FGF2, and HSC‐conditioned medium provided resistance of UM cells to BET inhibitors. PLX51107 was ineffective in vivo, but the combination of a FGFR inhibitor, AZD4547, and PLX51107 significantly suppressed the growth of xenograft UM tumors formed from subcutaneous inoculation of UM cells with HSCs and orthotopically in the liver. These results suggest that co‐targeting of FGFR signaling is required to increase the responses of metastatic UM to BET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Chua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marlana Orloff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Lf Teh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Takahito Sugase
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Connie Liao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy J Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bao Q Lam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grazia Ambrosini
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard D Carvajal
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary Schwartz
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA .,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Chua V, Orloff M, Teh JL, Sugase T, Liao C, Purwin TJ, Lam BQ, Terai M, Ambrosini G, Carvajal RD, Schwartz G, Sato T, Aplin AE. Stromal fibroblast growth factor 2 reduces the efficacy of bromodomain inhibitors in uveal melanoma. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:emmm.201809081. [PMID: 30610113 DOI: 10.1525/emmm.201809081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in transcriptional programs promote tumor development and progression and are targetable by bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein inhibitors. However, in a multi-site clinical trial testing the novel BET inhibitor, PLX51107, in solid cancer patients, liver metastases of uveal melanoma (UM) patients progressed rapidly following treatment. Mechanisms of resistance to BET inhibitors in UM are unknown. We show that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) rescued UM cells from growth inhibition by BET inhibitors, and FGF2 effects were reversible by FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitors. BET inhibitors also increased FGFR protein expression in UM cell lines and in patient tumor samples. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) secrete FGF2, and HSC-conditioned medium provided resistance of UM cells to BET inhibitors. PLX51107 was ineffective in vivo, but the combination of a FGFR inhibitor, AZD4547, and PLX51107 significantly suppressed the growth of xenograft UM tumors formed from subcutaneous inoculation of UM cells with HSCs and orthotopically in the liver. These results suggest that co-targeting of FGFR signaling is required to increase the responses of metastatic UM to BET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Chua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marlana Orloff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Lf Teh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Takahito Sugase
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Connie Liao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy J Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bao Q Lam
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grazia Ambrosini
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard D Carvajal
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary Schwartz
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Ladarixin, a dual CXCR1/2 inhibitor, attenuates experimental melanomas harboring different molecular defects by affecting malignant cells and tumor microenvironment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14428-14442. [PMID: 28129639 PMCID: PMC5362416 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR1 and CXCR2 chemokine receptors and their ligands (CXCL1/2/3/7/8) play an important role in tumor progression. Tested to date CXCR1/2 antagonists and chemokine-targeted antibodies were reported to affect malignant cells in vitro and in animal models. Yet, redundancy of chemotactic signals and toxicity hinder further clinical development of these approaches. In this pre-clinical study we investigated the capacity of a novel small molecule dual CXCR1/2 inhibitor, Ladarixin (LDX), to attenuate progression of experimental human melanomas. Our data showed that LDX-mediated inhibition of CXCR1/2 abrogated motility and induced apoptosis in cultured cutaneous and uveal melanoma cells and xenografts independently of the molecular defects associated with the malignant phenotype. These effects were mediated by the inhibition of AKT and NF-kB signaling pathways. Moreover, systemic treatment of melanoma-bearing mice with LDX also polarized intratumoral macrophages to M1 phenotype, abrogated intratumoral de novo angiogenesis and inhibited melanoma self-renewal. Collectively, these studies outlined the pre-requisites of the successful CXCR1/2 inhibition on malignant cells and demonstrated multifactorial effects of Ladarixin on cutaneous and uveal melanomas, suggesting therapeutic utility of LDX in treatment of various melanoma types.
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19
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Kageyama K, Ohara M, Saito K, Ozaki S, Terai M, Mastrangelo MJ, Fortina P, Aplin AE, Sato T. Establishment of an orthotopic patient-derived xenograft mouse model using uveal melanoma hepatic metastasis. J Transl Med 2017. [PMID: 28645290 PMCID: PMC5481921 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic uveal melanoma is a highly fatal disease; most patients die from their hepatic metastasis within 1 year. A major drawback in the development of new treatments for metastatic uveal melanoma is the difficulty in obtaining appropriate cell lines and the lack of appropriate animal models. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor models, bearing ectopically implanted tumors at a subcutaneous site, have been developed. However, these ectopically implanted PDX models have obstacles to translational research, including a low engraftment rate, slow tumor growth, and biological changes after multiple passages due to the different microenvironment. To overcome these limitations, we developed a new method to directly transplant biopsy specimens to the liver of immunocompromised mice. Results By using two metastatic uveal melanoma cell lines, we demonstrated that the liver provides a more suitable microenvironment for tumor growth compared to subcutaneous sites and that surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) of tumor pieces allows the creation of a liver tumor in immunocompromised mice. Subsequently, 10 of 12 hepatic metastasis specimens from patients were successfully xenografted into the immunocompromised mice (83.3% success rate) using SOI, including 8 of 10 needle biopsy specimens (80%). Additionally, four cryopreserved PDX tumors were re-implanted to new mice and re-establishment of PDX tumors was confirmed in all four mice. The serially passaged xenograft tumors as well as the re-implanted tumors after cryopreservation were similar to the original patient tumors in histologic, genomic, and proteomic expression profiles. CT imaging was effective for detecting and monitoring PDX tumors in the liver of living mice. The expression of Ki67 in original patient tumors was a predictive factor for implanted tumor growth and the success of serial passages in PDX mice. Conclusions Surgical orthotopic implantation of hepatic metastasis from uveal melanoma is highly successful in the establishment of orthotopic PDX models, enhancing their practical utility for research applications. By using CT scan, tumor growth can be monitored, which is beneficial to evaluate treatment effects in interventional studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1247-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kageyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.,Department of Radiology, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi Abenoku, Osaka, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Kengo Saito
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Shinji Ozaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.,Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center/Chugoku Cancer Center, 3-1 Aoyamacho Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0023, Japan
| | - Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Michael J Mastrangelo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Ste. 1024, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM), a rare cancer of the eye, is distinct from cutaneous melanoma by its etiology, the mutation frequency and profile, and its clinical behavior including resistance to targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockers. Primary disease is efficiently controlled by surgery or radiation therapy, but about half of UMs develop distant metastasis mostly to the liver. Survival of patients with metastasis is below 1 year and has not improved in decades. Recent years have brought a deep understanding of UM biology characterized by initiating mutations in the G proteins GNAQ and GNA11. Cytogenetic alterations, in particular monosomy of chromosome 3 and amplification of the long arm of chromosome 8, and mutation of the BRCA1-associated protein 1, BAP1, a tumor suppressor gene, or the splicing factor SF3B1 determine UM metastasis. Cytogenetic and molecular profiling allow for a very precise prognostication that is still not matched by efficacious adjuvant therapies. G protein signaling has been shown to activate the YAP/TAZ pathway independent of HIPPO, and conventional signaling via the mitogen-activated kinase pathway probably also contributes to UM development and progression. Several lines of evidence indicate that inflammation and macrophages play a pro-tumor role in UM and in its hepatic metastases. UM cells benefit from the immune privilege in the eye and may adopt several mechanisms involved in this privilege for tumor escape that act even after leaving the niche. Here, we review the current knowledge of the biology of UM and discuss recent approaches to UM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Amaro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, L.go Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gangemi
- Laboratory of Biotherapies, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Piaggio
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, L.go Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Angelini
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, L.go Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gaia Barisione
- Laboratory of Biotherapies, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvano Ferrini
- Laboratory of Biotherapies, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ulrich Pfeffer
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Integrated Oncology Therapies, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, L.go Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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21
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Süsskind D, Hurst J, Rohrbach JM, Schnichels S. Novel mouse model for primary uveal melanoma: a pilot study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 45:192-200. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Süsskind
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - José Hurst
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Jens Martin Rohrbach
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Sven Schnichels
- Department of Ophthalmology; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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22
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Animal Models of Uveal Melanoma: Methods, Applicability, and Limitations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4521807. [PMID: 27366747 PMCID: PMC4913058 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4521807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Animal models serve as powerful tools for investigating the pathobiology of cancer, identifying relevant pathways, and developing novel therapeutic agents. They have facilitated rapid scientific progress in many tumor entities. However, for establishing a powerful animal model of uveal melanoma fundamental challenges remain. To date, no animal model offers specific genetic attributes as well as histologic, immunologic, and metastatic features of uveal melanoma. Syngeneic models with intraocular injection of cutaneous melanoma cells may suit best for investigating immunologic/tumor biology aspects. However, differences between cutaneous and uveal melanoma regarding genetics and metastasis remain problematic. Human xenograft models are widely used for evaluating novel therapeutics but require immunosuppression to allow tumor growth. New approaches aim to establish transgenic mouse models of spontaneous uveal melanoma which recently provided preliminary promising results. Each model provides certain benefits and may render them suitable for answering a respective scientific question. However, all existing models also exhibit relevant limitations which may have led to delayed research progress. Despite refined therapeutic options for the primary ocular tumor, patients' prognosis has not improved since the 1970s. Basic research needs to further focus on a refinement of a potent animal model which mimics uveal melanoma specific mechanisms of progression and metastasis. This review will summarise and interpret existing animal models of uveal melanoma including recent advances in the field.
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