1
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Benedict B, Kristensen SM, Duxin JP. What are the DNA lesions underlying formaldehyde toxicity? DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 138:103667. [PMID: 38554505 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde is a highly reactive organic compound. Humans can be exposed to exogenous sources of formaldehyde, but formaldehyde is also produced endogenously as a byproduct of cellular metabolism. Because formaldehyde can react with DNA, it is considered a major endogenous source of DNA damage. However, the nature of the lesions underlying formaldehyde toxicity in cells remains vastly unknown. Here, we review the current knowledge of the different types of nucleic acid lesions that are induced by formaldehyde and describe the repair pathways known to counteract formaldehyde toxicity. Taking this knowledge together, we discuss and speculate on the predominant lesions generated by formaldehyde, which underly its natural toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Benedict
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Stella Munkholm Kristensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Julien P Duxin
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark.
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2
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Palberg D, Kaszecki E, Dhanjal C, Kisiała A, Morrison EN, Stock N, Emery RJN. Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on phyllospheric Methylobacterium. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:119. [PMID: 38369476 PMCID: PMC10875822 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Symbiotic Methylobacterium comprise a significant portion of the phyllospheric microbiome, and are known to benefit host plant growth, development, and confer tolerance to stress factors. The near ubiquitous use of the broad-spectrum herbicide, glyphosate, in farming operations globally has necessitated a more expansive evaluation of the impacts of the agent itself and formulations containing glyphosate on important components of the plant phyllosphere, including Methylobacterium.This study provides an investigation of the sensitivity of 18 strains of Methylobacterium to glyphosate and two commercially available glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH). Nearly all strains of Methylobacterium showed signs of sensitivity to the popular GBH formulations WeatherMax® and Transorb® in a modified Kirby Bauer experiment. However, exposure to pure forms of glyphosate did not show a significant effect on growth for any strain in both the Kirby Bauer test and in liquid broth, until polysorbate-20 (Tween20) was added as a surfactant. Artificially increasing membrane permeability through the introduction of polysorbate-20 caused a 78-84% reduction in bacterial cell biomass relative to controls containing glyphosate or high levels of surfactant only (0-9% and 6-37% reduction respectively). Concentrations of glyphosate as low as 0.05% w/v (500 µg/L) from both commercial formulations tested, inhibited the culturability of Methylobacterium on fresh nutrient-rich medium.To better understand the compatibility of important phyllospheric bacteria with commercial glyphosate-based herbicides, this study endeavours to characterize sensitivity in multiple strains of Methylobacterium, and explore possible mechanisms by which toxicity may be induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Palberg
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Emma Kaszecki
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Chetan Dhanjal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Anna Kisiała
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Erin N Morrison
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Naomi Stock
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
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3
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Zhao G, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhao N, Mao J, Shang P, Gao K, Meng Y, Tao Y, Wang A, Chen Z, Guo C. Oncoprotein SET dynamically regulates cellular stress response through nucleocytoplasmic transport in breast cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:1795-1814. [PMID: 36534342 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SETβ is the predominant isoform of oncoprotein SE translocation (SET) in various breast cancer cell lines. Interactome-transcriptome analysis has shown that SETβ is intimately associated with cellular stress response. Among various exogenous stimuli, formaldehyde (FA) causes distinct biological effects in a dose-dependent manner. In response to FA at different concentrations, SET dynamically shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, performing diverse biofunctions to restore homeostasis. At a low concentration, FA acts as an epidermal growth factor (EGF) and activates the HER2 receptor and downstream signaling pathways in HER2+ breast cancer cells, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of SETβ is controlled by the PI3K/PKCα/CK2α axis and depletion or blockade of the transport of SETβ suppresses EGF-induced activation of AKT and ERK. SETβ also inhibits not only stress-induced activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway, but also assembly of stress granules by hindering formation of the G3BP1-RNA complex. Our findings suggest that SET functions as an important regulator which modulates cellular stress signaling pathways dynamically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Mao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengzhao Shang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Meng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Tao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlei Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changying Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Meyers LM, Krawic C, Luczak MW, Zhitkovich A. Vulnerability of HIF1α and HIF2α to damage by proteotoxic stressors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 445:116041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Cyran AM, Zhitkovich A. Heat Shock Proteins and HSF1 in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860320. [PMID: 35311075 PMCID: PMC8924369 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fitness of cells is dependent on protein homeostasis which is maintained by cooperative activities of protein chaperones and proteolytic machinery. Upon encountering protein-damaging conditions, cells activate the heat-shock response (HSR) which involves HSF1-mediated transcriptional upregulation of a group of chaperones - the heat shock proteins (HSPs). Cancer cells experience high levels of proteotoxic stress due to the production of mutated proteins, aneuploidy-induced excess of components of multiprotein complexes, increased translation rates, and dysregulated metabolism. To cope with this chronic state of proteotoxic stress, cancers almost invariably upregulate major components of HSR, including HSF1 and individual HSPs. Some oncogenic programs show dependence or coupling with a particular HSR factor (such as frequent coamplification of HSF1 and MYC genes). Elevated levels of HSPs and HSF1 are typically associated with drug resistance and poor clinical outcomes in various malignancies. The non-oncogene dependence ("addiction") on protein quality controls represents a pancancer target in treating human malignancies, offering a potential to enhance efficacy of standard and targeted chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors. In cancers with specific dependencies, HSR components can serve as alternative targets to poorly druggable oncogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Legoretta Cancer Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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6
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Bazurto JV, Nayak DD, Ticak T, Davlieva M, Lee JA, Hellenbrand CN, Lambert LB, Benski OJ, Quates CJ, Johnson JL, Patel JS, Ytreberg FM, Shamoo Y, Marx CJ. EfgA is a conserved formaldehyde sensor that leads to bacterial growth arrest in response to elevated formaldehyde. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001208. [PMID: 34038406 PMCID: PMC8153426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal cellular processes give rise to toxic metabolites that cells must mitigate. Formaldehyde is a universal stressor and potent metabolic toxin that is generated in organisms from bacteria to humans. Methylotrophic bacteria such as Methylorubrum extorquens face an acute challenge due to their production of formaldehyde as an obligate central intermediate of single-carbon metabolism. Mechanisms to sense and respond to formaldehyde were speculated to exist in methylotrophs for decades but had never been discovered. Here, we identify a member of the DUF336 domain family, named efgA for enhanced formaldehyde growth, that plays an important role in endogenous formaldehyde stress response in M. extorquens PA1 and is found almost exclusively in methylotrophic taxa. Our experimental analyses reveal that EfgA is a formaldehyde sensor that rapidly arrests growth in response to elevated levels of formaldehyde. Heterologous expression of EfgA in Escherichia coli increases formaldehyde resistance, indicating that its interaction partners are widespread and conserved. EfgA represents the first example of a formaldehyde stress response system that does not involve enzymatic detoxification. Thus, EfgA comprises a unique stress response mechanism in bacteria, whereby a single protein directly senses elevated levels of a toxic intracellular metabolite and safeguards cells from potential damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannell V. Bazurto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United States of America
- Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United States of America
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JVB); (CJM)
| | - Dipti D. Nayak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tomislav Ticak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Milya Davlieva
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Space Biosciences Research Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
| | - Chandler N. Hellenbrand
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Leah B. Lambert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Olivia J. Benski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Caleb J. Quates
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Jill L. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Jagdish Suresh Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - F. Marty Ytreberg
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Yousif Shamoo
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Marx
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JVB); (CJM)
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7
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Formaldehyde-responsive proteins, TtmR and EfgA, reveal a tradeoff between formaldehyde resistance and efficient transition to methylotrophy in Methylorubrum extorquens. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00589-20. [PMID: 33619153 PMCID: PMC8092166 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00589-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For bacteria to thrive they must be well-adapted to their environmental niche, which may involve specialized metabolism, timely adaptation to shifting environments, and/or the ability to mitigate numerous stressors. These attributes are highly dependent on cellular machinery that can sense both the external and intracellular environment. Methylorubrum extorquens is an extensively studied facultative methylotroph, an organism that can use single-carbon compounds as their sole source of carbon and energy. In methylotrophic metabolism, carbon flows through formaldehyde as a central metabolite; thus, formaldehyde is both an obligate metabolite and a metabolic stressor. Via the one-carbon dissimilation pathway, free formaldehyde is rapidly incorporated by formaldehyde activating enzyme (Fae), which is constitutively expressed at high levels. In the presence of elevated formaldehyde levels, a recently identified formaldehyde-sensing protein, EfgA, induces growth arrest. Herein, we describe TtmR, a formaldehyde-responsive transcription factor that, like EfgA, modulates formaldehyde resistance. TtmR is a member of the MarR family of transcription factors and impacts the expression of 75 genes distributed throughout the genome, many of which are transcription factors and/or involved in stress response, including efgA Notably, when M. extorquens is adapting its metabolic network during the transition to methylotrophy, efgA and ttmR mutants experience an imbalance in formaldehyde production and a notable growth delay. Although methylotrophy necessitates that M. extorquens maintain a relatively high level of formaldehyde tolerance, this work reveals a tradeoff between formaldehyde resistance and the efficient transition to methylotrophic growth and suggests that TtmR and EfgA play a pivotal role in maintaining this balance.Importance: All organisms produce formaldehyde as a byproduct of enzymatic reactions and as a degradation product of metabolites. The ubiquity of formaldehyde in cellular biology suggests all organisms have evolved mechanisms of mitigating formaldehyde toxicity. However, formaldehyde-sensing is poorly described and prevention of formaldehyde-induced damage is primarily understood in the context of detoxification. Here we use an organism that is regularly exposed to elevated intracellular formaldehyde concentrations through high-flux one-carbon utilization pathways to gain insight into the role of formaldehyde-responsive proteins that modulate formaldehyde resistance. Using a combination of genetic and transcriptomic analyses, we identify dozens of genes putatively involved in formaldehyde resistance, determined the relationship between two different formaldehyde response systems and identified an inherent tradeoff between formaldehyde resistance and optimal transition to methylotrophic metabolism.
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8
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Morellato AE, Umansky C, Pontel LB. The toxic side of one-carbon metabolism and epigenetics. Redox Biol 2021; 40:101850. [PMID: 33418141 PMCID: PMC7804977 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One-carbon metabolism is a central metabolic hub that provides one-carbon units for essential biosynthetic reactions and for writing epigenetics marks. The leading role in this hub is performed by the one-carbon carrier tetrahydrofolate (THF), which accepts formaldehyde usually from serine generating one-carbon THF intermediates in a set of reactions known as the folate or one-carbon cycle. THF derivatives can feed one-carbon units into purine and thymidine synthesis, and into the methionine cycle that produces the universal methyl-donor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). AdoMet delivers methyl groups for epigenetic methylations and it is metabolized to homocysteine (Hcy), which can enter the transsulfuration pathway for the production of cysteine and lastly glutathione (GSH), the main cellular antioxidant. This vital role of THF comes to an expense. THF and other folate derivatives are susceptible to oxidative breakdown releasing formaldehyde, which can damage DNA -a consequence prevented by the Fanconi Anaemia DNA repair pathway. Epigenetic demethylations catalysed by lysine-specific demethylases (LSD) and Jumonji histone demethylases can also release formaldehyde, constituting a potential threat for genome integrity. In mammals, the toxicity of formaldehyde is limited by a metabolic route centred on the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5/GSNOR), which oxidizes formaldehyde conjugated to GSH, lastly generating formate. Remarkably, this formate can be a significant source of one-carbon units, thus defining a formaldehyde cycle that likely restricts the toxicity of one-carbon metabolism and epigenetic demethylations. This work describes recent advances in one-carbon metabolism and epigenetics, focusing on the steps that involve formaldehyde flux and that might lead to cytotoxicity affecting human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín E Morellato
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA), CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Umansky
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA), CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas B Pontel
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA), CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, C1425FQD, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Cheung BB, Kleynhans A, Mittra R, Kim PY, Holien JK, Nagy Z, Ciampa OC, Seneviratne JA, Mayoh C, Raipuria M, Gadde S, Massudi H, Wong IPL, Tan O, Gong A, Suryano A, Diakiw SM, Liu B, Arndt GM, Liu T, Kumar N, Sangfelt O, Zhu S, Norris MD, Haber M, Carter DR, Parker MW, Marshall GM. A novel combination therapy targeting ubiquitin-specific protease 5 in MYCN-driven neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:2367-2381. [PMID: 33658627 PMCID: PMC8016666 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01712-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are effective in MYCN-driven cancers, because of a unique need for HDAC recruitment by the MYCN oncogenic signal. However, HDAC inhibitors are much more effective in combination with other anti-cancer agents. To identify novel compounds which act synergistically with HDAC inhibitor, such as suberanoyl hydroxamic acid (SAHA), we performed a cell-based, high-throughput drug screen of 10,560 small molecule compounds from a drug-like diversity library and identified a small molecule compound (SE486-11) which synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effects of SAHA. Effects of drug combinations on cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and colony forming were assessed in a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines. Treatment with SAHA and SE486-11 increased MYCN ubiquitination and degradation, and markedly inhibited tumorigenesis in neuroblastoma xenografts, and, MYCN transgenic zebrafish and mice. The combination reduced ubiquitin-specific protease 5 (USP5) levels and increased unanchored polyubiquitin chains. Overexpression of USP5 rescued neuroblastoma cells from the cytopathic effects of the combination and reduced unanchored polyubiquitin, suggesting USP5 is a therapeutic target of the combination. SAHA and SE486-11 directly bound to USP5 and the drug combination exhibited a 100-fold higher binding to USP5 than individual drugs alone in microscale thermophoresis assays. MYCN bound to the USP5 promoter and induced USP5 gene expression suggesting that USP5 and MYCN expression created a forward positive feedback loop in neuroblastoma cells. Thus, USP5 acts as an oncogenic cofactor with MYCN in neuroblastoma and the novel combination of HDAC inhibitor with SE486-11 represents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of MYCN-driven neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belamy B Cheung
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ane Kleynhans
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rituparna Mittra
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Y Kim
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica K Holien
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivia C Ciampa
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Janith A Seneviratne
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chelsea Mayoh
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mukesh Raipuria
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Satyanarayana Gadde
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hassina Massudi
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iris Poh Ling Wong
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Owen Tan
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Gong
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aldwin Suryano
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonya M Diakiw
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bing Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Greg M Arndt
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tao Liu
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olle Sangfelt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shizhen Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Murray D Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel R Carter
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn M Marshall
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
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10
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Bazurto JV, Riazi S, D’Alton S, Deatherage DE, Bruger EL, Barrick JE, Marx CJ. Global Transcriptional Response of Methylorubrum extorquens to Formaldehyde Stress Expands the Role of EfgA and Is Distinct from Antibiotic Translational Inhibition. Microorganisms 2021; 9:347. [PMID: 33578755 PMCID: PMC7916467 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potency and indiscriminate nature of formaldehyde reactivity upon biological molecules make it a universal stressor. However, some organisms such as Methylorubrum extorquens possess means to rapidly and effectively mitigate formaldehyde-induced damage. EfgA is a recently identified formaldehyde sensor predicted to halt translation in response to elevated formaldehyde as a means to protect cells. Herein, we investigate growth and changes in gene expression to understand how M. extorquens responds to formaldehyde with and without the EfgA-formaldehyde-mediated translational response, and how this mechanism compares to antibiotic-mediated translation inhibition. These distinct mechanisms of translation inhibition have notable differences: they each involve different specific players and in addition, formaldehyde also acts as a general, multi-target stressor and a potential carbon source. We present findings demonstrating that in addition to its characterized impact on translation, functional EfgA allows for a rapid and robust transcriptional response to formaldehyde and that removal of EfgA leads to heightened proteotoxic and genotoxic stress in the presence of increased formaldehyde levels. We also found that many downstream consequences of translation inhibition were shared by EfgA-formaldehyde- and kanamycin-mediated translation inhibition. Our work uncovered additional layers of regulatory control enacted by functional EfgA upon experiencing formaldehyde stress, and further demonstrated the importance this protein plays at both transcriptional and translational levels in this model methylotroph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannell V. Bazurto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.V.B.); (S.R.); (E.L.B.)
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
- Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Siavash Riazi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.V.B.); (S.R.); (E.L.B.)
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Simon D’Alton
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.D.); (D.E.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Daniel E. Deatherage
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.D.); (D.E.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Eric L. Bruger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.V.B.); (S.R.); (E.L.B.)
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Barrick
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (S.D.); (D.E.D.); (J.E.B.)
| | - Christopher J. Marx
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (J.V.B.); (S.R.); (E.L.B.)
- Institute for Modeling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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11
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Zhao S, Kieser A, Li HY, Reinking HK, Weickert P, Euteneuer S, Yaneva D, Acampora AC, Götz MJ, Feederle R, Stingele J. A ubiquitin switch controls autocatalytic inactivation of the DNA-protein crosslink repair protease SPRTN. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:902-915. [PMID: 33348378 PMCID: PMC7826251 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of covalent DNA–protein crosslinks (DPCs) by the metalloprotease SPRTN prevents genome instability, premature aging and carcinogenesis. SPRTN is specifically activated by DNA structures containing single- and double-stranded features, but degrades the protein components of DPCs promiscuously and independent of amino acid sequence. This lack of specificity is useful to target diverse protein adducts, however, it requires tight control in return, in order to prohibit uncontrolled proteolysis of chromatin proteins. Here, we discover the components and principles of a ubiquitin switch, which negatively regulates SPRTN. We demonstrate that monoubiquitylation is induced in an E3 ligase-independent manner and, in contrast to previous assumptions, does not control chromatin access of the enzyme. Data obtained in cells and in vitro reveal that monoubiquitylation induces inactivation of the enzyme by triggering autocatalytic cleavage in trans while also priming SPRTN for proteasomal degradation in cis. Finally, we show that the deubiquitylating enzyme USP7 antagonizes this negative control of SPRTN in the presence of DPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Kieser
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hao-Yi Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah K Reinking
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Pedro Weickert
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Euteneuer
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Denitsa Yaneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Aleida C Acampora
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Götz
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julian Stingele
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
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12
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Zhang S, Chen H, Zhang J, Li J, Hou H, Hu Q. The multiplex interactions and molecular mechanism on genotoxicity induced by formaldehyde and acrolein mixtures on human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105943. [PMID: 32659531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are common air pollutants with carcinogenicity. Genotoxicity of single aldehyde has been studied well, but the combined genotoxicity is rarely known. Here, we evaluated the combined genotoxicity of formaldehyde and acrolein on BEAS-2B cells in terms of DNA strands breakage, chromosome damage and gene mutation below subcytotoxic concentrations covering smoking-related concentrations. Meanwhile, the molecular mechanism was investigated further based on oxidative stress, DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs), cell cycle and DNA damage-repair pathway. Co-exposure to formaldehyde and acrolein mixtures showed significantly synergistic interaction on DNA strands breakage and chromosome damage in a concentration/time-dependent manner, while antagonism was shown on the late genotoxic endpoints (e.g. cytoplasmic block micronucleus (CBMN) and HPRT gene mutation). Moreover, formaldehyde synergistically potentiated acrolein-induced S-phase arrest, inhibition of DNA repair and up-regulation of genes related to cell stress, which conversely strengtherned mixture-induced DNA/chromosome damage and finally resulted in antagonism on late genotoxic events. Additionally, formaldehyde-induced DNA damage mainly resulted from the direct covalent bonding (e.g. DPCs), while acrolein-induced DNA damage mainly generated from oxidative damage (e.g. oxidative stress), which dominated the synergistic DNA strand breakage induced by mixtures. Summarily, aldehyde mixtures (formaldehyde and acrolein) induced multiplex combined genotoxicity on BEAS-2B cells even at smoking-related concentrations, which was dependent on genotoxic endpoints and closely related to that formaldehyde potentiated acrolein-induced cell stress, S-phase arrest and inhibition of DNA repair. So prolonged exposure to aldehyde mixtures may have a more serious risk to respiratory system in animal and human than the expectation based on the toxicity of single aldehyde even at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jingni Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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13
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Travers A, Muskhelishvili G. Chromosomal Organization and Regulation of Genetic Function in Escherichia coli Integrates the DNA Analog and Digital Information. EcoSal Plus 2020; 9:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0016-2019. [PMID: 32056535 PMCID: PMC11168577 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0016-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we summarize our current understanding of the bacterial genetic regulation brought about by decades of studies using the Escherichia coli model. It became increasingly evident that the cellular genetic regulation system is organizationally closed, and a major challenge is to describe its circular operation in quantitative terms. We argue that integration of the DNA analog information (i.e., the probability distribution of the thermodynamic stability of base steps) and digital information (i.e., the probability distribution of unique triplets) in the genome provides a key to understanding the organizational logic of genetic control. During bacterial growth and adaptation, this integration is mediated by changes of DNA supercoiling contingent on environmentally induced shifts in intracellular ionic strength and energy charge. More specifically, coupling of dynamic alterations of the local intrinsic helical repeat in the structurally heterogeneous DNA polymer with structural-compositional changes of RNA polymerase holoenzyme emerges as a fundamental organizational principle of the genetic regulation system. We present a model of genetic regulation integrating the genomic pattern of DNA thermodynamic stability with the gene order and function along the chromosomal OriC-Ter axis, which acts as a principal coordinate system organizing the regulatory interactions in the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Travers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Zhang S, Zhang J, Chen H, Wang A, Liu Y, Hou H, Hu Q. Combined cytotoxicity of co-exposure to aldehyde mixtures on human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:650-661. [PMID: 31035147 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes are well-known air pollutants and often studied alone, while co-exposure to aldehyde mixtures is more common than single aldehydes. Unfortunately, it has been very little known about the (mechanism of) combined toxicity of aldehyde mixtures. Here, formaldehyde and acrolein were selected as the typical representatives of common aldehydes, and were used to explore to get in-depth insight into the mechanism of combined toxicity of aldehyde mixtures. The NOECs (non-observed effect concentrations) are 60 μmoL/L for formaldehyde, and 0.5 μmoL/L for acrolein, so acrolein is more toxic than formaldehyde. Formaldehyde and acrolein mixtures showed significant cytotoxicity and synergistic effects in a concentration/time-dependent way on BEAS-2B cells based on acute and chronic cytotoxicity assay. Acrolein was dominant in aldehyde mixtures in inducing cytotoxicity at environmentally relevant doses because of higher toxicity. Moreover, aldehyde mixtures significantly synergistically increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, while caused an antagonistic effects on glutathione (GSH). Besides, formaldehyde could significantly potentiated the activation of environmental stress sensitive Nrf2 pathway induced by acrolein, even at doses at which formaldehyde treatment alone had no any response. Furthermore, as the downstream components of Nrf2 pathway, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were significantly synergistically induced by formaldehyde and acrolein mixtures. Antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and reduced glutathione could significantly suppress the acute and chronic combined cytotoxicity of acrolein and formaldehyde mixtures, and changed their interactions (synergism) on cytotoxicity. Taken together, aldehyde mixtures have higher toxicity than that expected for additivity based on single aldehydes even at environmentally relevant concentrations, and the combined cytotoxicity may be enhanced through oxidative stress and the related Nrf2 pathway. Prolonged exposure to pollutants containing aldehyde mixtures through inhalation may have more serious threat to respiratory system in animal and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Jingni Zhang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - An Wang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
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15
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Liu L, Huang Y, Feng X, Chen J, Duan Y. Overexpressed Hsp70 alleviated formaldehyde-induced apoptosis partly via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:495-504. [PMID: 30600586 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, which can induce apoptosis in lung cell and is related to the pathogenesis of asthma, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone and exhibits an anti-apoptosis ability in a variety of cells. Previous studies reported that the expression of Hsp70 was induced when organisms were exposed to FA. Whether Hsp70 plays a role in the FA-induced apoptosis and the involved cell signaling pathway remain largely unknown. In this study, human bronchial epithelial cells with overexpressed Hsp70 and the control were exposed to different concentrations of FA (0, 40, 80, and 160 μmol/L) for 24 hours. Apoptosis and the expression levels of PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, MEK, p-MEK, and GLI2 were detected by Annexin-APC/7AAD double-labeled flow cytometry and western blot. The results showed that overexpression of Hsp70 decreased the apoptosis induced by FA and alleviated the decline of PI3k and p-Akt significantly. Inhibitor (LY 294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K-Akt) test result indicated that PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was involved in the inhibition of FA-induced apoptosis by Hsp70 overexpression and also active in the maintenance of GLI2 level. However, it also suggested that other signaling pathways activated by overexpressed Hsp70 participated in this process, which was needed to be elucidated in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Experimental Center for Preventive Medicine, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jihua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanying Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Huang J, Lu Y, Zhang B, Yang S, Zhang Q, Cui H, Lu X, Zhao Y, Yang X, Li R. Antagonistic effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on neurotoxicity induced by formaldehyde. Toxicology 2019; 412:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Trypanosoma brucei PRMT1 Is a Nucleic Acid Binding Protein with a Role in Energy Metabolism and the Starvation Stress Response. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.02430-18. [PMID: 30563898 PMCID: PMC6299225 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02430-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Trypanosoma brucei and related kinetoplastid parasites, transcription of protein coding genes is largely unregulated. Rather, mRNA binding proteins, which impact processes such as transcript stability and translation efficiency, are the predominant regulators of gene expression. Arginine methylation is a posttranslational modification that preferentially targets RNA binding proteins and is, therefore, likely to have a substantial impact on T. brucei biology. The data presented here demonstrate that cells depleted of T. brucei PRMT1 (TbPRMT1), a major type I protein arginine methyltransferase, exhibit decreased virulence in an animal model. To understand the basis of this phenotype, quantitative global proteomics was employed to measure protein steady-state levels in cells lacking TbPRMT1. The approach revealed striking changes in proteins involved in energy metabolism. Most prominent were a decrease in glycolytic enzyme abundance and an increase in proline degradation pathway components, changes that resemble the metabolic remodeling that occurs during T. brucei life cycle progression. The work describes several RNA binding proteins whose association with mRNA was altered in TbPRMT1-depleted cells, and a large number of TbPRMT1-interacting proteins, thereby highlighting potential TbPRMT1 substrates. Many proteins involved in the T. brucei starvation stress response were found to interact with TbPRMT1, prompting analysis of the response of TbPRMT1-depleted cells to nutrient deprivation. Indeed, depletion of TbPRMT1 strongly hinders the ability of T. brucei to form cytoplasmic mRNA granules under starvation conditions. Finally, this work shows that TbPRMT1 itself binds nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo, a feature completely novel to protein arginine methyltransferases.IMPORTANCE Trypanosoma brucei infection causes human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, a disease with a nearly 100% fatality rate when untreated. Current drugs are expensive, toxic, and highly impractical to administer, prompting the community to explore various unique aspects of T. brucei biology in search of better treatments. In this study, we identified the protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT), TbPRMT1, as a factor that modulates numerous aspects of T. brucei biology. These include glycolysis and life cycle progression signaling, both of which are being intensely researched toward identification of potential drug targets. Our data will aid research in those fields. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time a direct association of a PRMT with nucleic acids, a finding we believe could translate to other organisms, including humans, thereby impacting research in fields as distant as human cancer biology and immune response modulation.
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18
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Krawic C, Zhitkovich A. Toxicological Antagonism among Welding Fume Metals: Inactivation of Soluble Cr(VI) by Iron. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1172-1184. [PMID: 30362728 PMCID: PMC6247247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies in chromate production have established hexavalent chromium as a potent lung carcinogen. Inhalation of chromium(VI) most often occurs in mixtures with other metals as among stainless steel welders, which is the largest occupational group with Cr(VI) exposure. Surprisingly, carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing welding fumes is moderate and not consistently higher than that of Cr-free welding. Here, we investigated interactions between chromate and three other metal ions [Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II)] that are typically released from stainless steel welding particles. In human lung epithelial cells with physiological levels of ascorbate and glutathione, Cr(VI) was by far the most cytotoxic metal in single exposures. Coexposure with Fe(III) suppressed cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of Cr(VI), which resulted from a severe inhibition of Cr uptake by cells and required extracellular ascorbate/glutathione. Chemically, detoxification of Cr(VI) occurred via its rapid extracellular reduction by Fe(II) that primarily originated from ascorbate-reduced Fe(III). Glutathione was a significant contributor to reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe only in the presence of ascorbate. We further found that variability in Cr(VI) metabolism among common cell culture media was caused by their different Fe content. Ni(II) and Mn(II) had no detectable effects on metabolism, cellular uptake or cytotoxicity of Cr(VI). The main biological findings were confirmed in three human lung cell lines, including stem cell-like and primary cells. We discovered extracellular detoxification of carcinogenic chromate in coexposures with Fe(III) ions and identified the underlying chemical mechanism. Our findings established an important case when exposure to mixtures causes inactivation of a potent human carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Krawic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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19
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Rocha Ferreira J, Cardoso Rezende L, Barbosa ADS, De Carvalho P, De Lima NE, Assis Carvalho A. Economic, human and environmental health benefits of replacing formaldehyde in the preservation of corpses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:490-495. [PMID: 28783598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde has been prominent in preserving biological tissues since the nineteenth century. Despite being admittedly harmful to health and to the environment, it is still widely used. The Morphology Department of the University of Brasília - Brazil, applied the rethink, reduce, reuse, recycle and responsibility methodology to their activities in an effort to protect the health of laboratory workers and users, save resources and reduce damage to the environment. Here we evaluate the results obtained a decade after the implementation of this proposal (2005-2015). Formaldehyde was replaced by alcohol and glycerol solutions in corpse conservation. Over five thousand dollars in public funds that would have been destined to buying preserving substances were saved annually, and over a hundred thousand liters of water that would have been contaminated and thrown into the sewage system were spared. The environment used to implement the study was improved and anatomical parts kept for study had their lifespan extended. It is noteworthy that such simple adjustments could cause pronounced changes in laboratory activities. We would avoid contaminating billions of liters of water and it would be possible to save millions if similar practices were implemented in all educational institutions having similar routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussara Rocha Ferreira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Lorenna Cardoso Rezende
- Federal University of Mato Grosso, Alexandre Ferronato Avenue, Setor Industrial, 1200, 78557-267 Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Abel De Souza Barbosa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Phellip De Carvalho
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Natácia Evangelista De Lima
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes Avenue, 3900, 14040-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Assis Carvalho
- Department of Forestry Engineering, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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20
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Ortega-Atienza S, Krawic C, Watts L, McCarthy C, Luczak MW, Zhitkovich A. 20S immunoproteasomes remove formaldehyde-damaged cytoplasmic proteins suppressing caspase-independent cell death. Sci Rep 2017; 7:654. [PMID: 28381880 PMCID: PMC5429636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00757-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoproteasomes are known for their involvement in antigen presentation. However, their broad tissue presence and other evidence are indicative of nonimmune functions. We examined a role for immunoproteasomes in cellular responses to the endogenous and environmental carcinogen formaldehyde (FA) that binds to cytosolic and nuclear proteins producing proteotoxic stress and genotoxic DNA-histone crosslinks. We found that immunoproteasomes were important for suppression of a caspase-independent cell death and the long-term survival of FA-treated cells. All major genotoxic responses to FA, including replication inhibition and activation of the transcription factor p53 and the apical ATM and ATR kinases, were unaffected by immunoproteasome inactivity. Immunoproteasome inhibition enhanced activation of the cytosolic protein damage sensor HSF1, elevated levels of K48-polyubiquitinated cytoplasmic proteins and increased depletion of unconjugated ubiquitin. We further found that FA induced the disassembly of 26S immunoproteasomes, but not standard 26S proteasomes, releasing the 20S catalytic immunoproteasome. FA-treated cells also had higher amounts of small activators PA28αβ and PA28γ bound to 20S particles. Our findings highlight the significance of nonnuclear damage in FA injury and reveal a major role for immunoproteasomes in elimination of FA-damaged cytoplasmic proteins through ubiquitin-independent proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ortega-Atienza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Casey Krawic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Lauren Watts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Caitlin McCarthy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Michal W Luczak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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