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Petrescu AD, Venter J, Danilenko DD, Medina D, Grant S, An SY, Williams E, Mireles P, Rhodes K, Tjahja M, DeMorrow S. Exposure to Gulf war illness-related chemicals exacerbates alcohol-induced liver damage in rodents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14981. [PMID: 38951546 PMCID: PMC11217429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) describes a series of symptoms suffered by veterans of the Gulf war, consisting of cognitive, neurological and gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Two chemicals associated with GWI are the insecticide permethrin (PER) and the nerve gas prophylactic pyridostigmine-bromide (PB). In this study we assessed the effects of PER and PB exposure on the pathology and subsequent alcohol (EtOH)-induced liver injury, and the influence of a macrophage depletor, PLX3397, on EtOH-induced liver damage in PER/PB-treated mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected daily with vehicle or PER/PB for 10 days, followed by 4 months recovery, then treatment with PLX3397 and a chronic-plus-single-binge EtOH challenge for 10 days. PER/PB exposure resulted in the protracted increase in liver transaminases in the serum and induced chronic low-level microvesicular steatosis and inflammation in GWI vs Naïve mice up to 4 months after cessation of exposure. Furthermore, prior exposure to PER/PB also resulted in exacerbated response to EtOH-induced liver injury, with enhanced steatosis, ductular reaction and fibrosis. The enhanced EtOH-induced liver damage in GWI-mice was attenuated by strategies designed to deplete macrophages in the liver. Taken together, these data suggest that exposure to GWI-related chemicals may alter the liver's response to subsequent ethanol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St Bldg. B, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Juliet Venter
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St Bldg. B, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Daria D Danilenko
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St Bldg. B, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Daniela Medina
- Department of Health and Societies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St Bldg. B, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Su Yeon An
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St Bldg. B, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Elaina Williams
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St Bldg. B, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Patrick Mireles
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St Bldg. B, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Kathryn Rhodes
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St Bldg. B, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Matthew Tjahja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St Bldg. B, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Petrescu A, Venter J, Danilenko DD, Medina D, Grant S, An SY, Williams E, Mireles P, Tjahja M, DeMorrow S. Exposure to Gulf war illness-related chemicals exacerbates alcohol- induced liver damage in rodents. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3838282. [PMID: 38313276 PMCID: PMC10836102 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3838282/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) describes a series of symptoms suffered by veterans of the Gulf war consisting of cognitive, neurological and gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Two chemicals associated with GWI are the insecticide permethrin (PER) and the nerve gas prophylactic pyridostigmine-bromide (PB). In this study we assessed the effects of PER and PB exposure on pathology and subsequent alcohol (EtOH)-induced liver injury, and the influence of a macrophage depletor, PLX3397, on EtOH-induced liver damage in PER/PB- treated mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected daily with vehicle or PER/PB for 10 days, followed by 4 months recovery, then treatment with PLX3397 and a chronic-plus-single-binge EtOH challenge for 10 days. PER/PB exposure resulted in the protracted increase in liver transaminases in the serum and induced chronic low-level microvesicular steatosis and inflammation in GWI vs Naïve mice up to 4 months after cessation of exposure. Furthermore, prior exposure to PER/PB also resulted in exacerbated response to EtOH-induced liver injury, with enhanced steatosis, ductular reaction and fibrosis. The enhanced EtOH-induced liver damage in GWI-mice was attenuated by strategies designed to deplete macrophages in the liver. Taken together, these data suggest that exposure to GWI-related chemicals may alter the liver's response to subsequent ethanol exposure.
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Huber S, Fitzner T, Feichtinger RG, Hochmann S, Kraus T, Sotlar K, Kofler B, Varga M. Galanin System in the Human Bile Duct and Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Cells 2023; 12:1678. [PMID: 37443714 PMCID: PMC10340323 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) is characterised by poor outcomes. Early diagnosis is essential for patient survival. The peptide galanin (GAL) and its receptors GAL1-3 are expressed in various tumours. Detailed characterisation of the GAL system in pCCA is lacking. Our study sought to characterise GAL and GAL1-3 receptor (GAL1-3-R) expression in the healthy human bile duct, in cholestasis and pCCA. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was performed in healthy controls (n = 5) and in the peritumoural tissues (with and without cholestasis) (n = 20) and tumour tissues of pCCA patients (n = 33) using validated antibodies. The score values of GAL and GAL1-3-R expression were calculated and statistically evaluated. RESULTS GAL and GAL1-R were expressed in various bile duct cell types. GAL2-R was only slightly but still expressed in almost all the examined tissues, and GAL3-R specifically in cholangiocytes and capillaries. In a small pCCA patient cohort (n = 18), high GAL expression correlated with good survival, whereas high GAL3-R correlated with poor survival. CONCLUSIONS Our in-depth characterisation of the GAL system in the healthy human biliary duct and pCCA in a small patient cohort revealed that GAL and GAL3-R expression in tumour cells of pCCA patients could potentially represent suitable biomarkers for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Huber
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (T.F.)
| | - Theresia Fitzner
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (T.F.)
| | - René G. Feichtinger
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Sarah Hochmann
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Theo Kraus
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (T.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Karl Sotlar
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (T.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.H.); (T.F.)
| | - Martin Varga
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
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He L, Huang C, Wang H, Yang N, Zhang J, Xu L, Gu T, Li Z, Chen Y. Galanin ameliorates liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice by activating AMPK/ACC signaling and modifying macrophage inflammatory phenotype. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161676. [PMID: 37180164 PMCID: PMC10169601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Galanin is a naturally occurring peptide that plays a critical role in regulating inflammation and energy metabolism, with expression in the liver. The exact involvement of galanin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and related fibrosis remains controversial. Methods The effects of subcutaneously administered galanin were studied in mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, and in mice with liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 for 7 weeks. The underlying mechanism was also studied in vitro on murine macrophage cells (J774A.1 and RAW264.7). Results Galanin reduced inflammation, CD68-positive cell count, MCP-1 level, and mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes in the liver of NASH mice. It also mitigated liver injury and fibrosis caused by CCl4. In vitro, galanin had anti-inflammatory effects on murine macrophages, including reduced phagocytosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Galanin also activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) signaling. Conclusion Galanin ameliorates liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice, potentially by modifying macrophage inflammatory phenotype and activating AMPK/ACC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingnan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endoscopic, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Naibin Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leiming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanwen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Li B, Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhou T, Zhou B, Zhang Y, Chen R, Xing J, He L, Salinas JM, Koyama S, Meng F, Wan Y. Current Perspectives of Neuroendocrine Regulation in Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233783. [PMID: 36497043 PMCID: PMC9736734 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complicated process that involves different cell types and pathological factors. The excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the formation of fibrotic scar disrupt the tissue homeostasis of the liver, eventually leading to cirrhosis and even liver failure. Myofibroblasts derived from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to the development of liver fibrosis by producing ECM in the area of injuries. It has been reported that the secretion of the neuroendocrine hormone in chronic liver injury is different from a healthy liver. Activated HSCs and cholangiocytes express specific receptors in response to these neuropeptides released from the neuroendocrine system and other neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine hormones and their receptors form a complicated network that regulates hepatic inflammation, which controls the progression of liver fibrosis. This review summarizes neuroendocrine regulation in liver fibrosis from three aspects. The first part describes the mechanisms of liver fibrosis. The second part presents the neuroendocrine sources and neuroendocrine compartments in the liver. The third section discusses the effects of various neuroendocrine factors, such as substance P (SP), melatonin, as well as α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP), on liver fibrosis and the potential therapeutic interventions for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yudian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tiejun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bingru Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Juan Xing
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Longfei He
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jennifer Mata Salinas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sachiko Koyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (Y.W.)
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Sun X, Zeng C, Wang F, Zhang Z, Yang F, Liu ZP, Li K, Zhang GM. Neuromedin S Regulates Steroidogenesis through Maintaining Mitochondrial Morphology and Function via NMUR2 in Goat Ovarian Granulosa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13402. [PMID: 36362185 PMCID: PMC9655409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromedin S (NMS) plays various roles in reproductive regulation, while the mechanism by which NMS regulates ovarian steroidogenesis remains unclear. In the current study, we confirmed the enhancement role of NMS in steroidogenesis in goat ovarian granulosa cells (GCs). To further explore the specific mechanism, we conducted a knockdown of NMUR2 in GCs followed by treatment with NMS and determined the effects of NMS treatment on mitochondrial morphology and function. The results found that NMS treatment increased the production of estrogen and up-regulated the expression of STAR, CYP11A1, 3BHSD, and CYP19A1, while the effects of NMS treatment were blocked by the knockdown of NMUR2 in goat GCs. Moreover, NMS treatment enhanced the fusion of mitochondria and up-regulated the expression of OPA1, MFN1, and MFN2, and increased mitochondrial membrane potential, the activity of respiratory chain enzymes and ATP production by maintaining a low expression level of mitochondrial unfolded protein response markers. The effects of NMS treatment on mitochondria were reversed by NMUR2 knockdown and NMS cotreatment. The possible mechanism of the results above was revealed by NMS treatment activating the Hippo pathway effector YAP1 and then managing the expression of phosphorylation PPARGC1A (Ser571). Together, these data showed that NMS promoted the fusion of mitochondria and protected mitochondrial function from mitochondrial unfolded protein response possibly via the NMUR2/YAP1/PPARGC1A pathway, thereby affecting the steroidogenesis of goat GCs. By elaborating the potential mechanism of NMS in regulating estrogen production in goat GCs, our results can serve as the mechanism reference for follicular growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Sun
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Liu
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kang Li
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guo-Min Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Williams E, An SY, Seth N, Shell M, Amundsen T, Tan C, Nadeem Y, Tjahja M, Weld L, Chu CS, Venter J, Frampton G, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Leptin Enhances Hepatic Fibrosis and Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Cholestasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:484-502. [PMID: 34896073 PMCID: PMC8895426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine with roles in food intake and energy metabolism through its actions on neurons in the hypothalamus. The role of leptin in obesity and cardiovascular disorders is well documented. However, its influence on liver conditions such as cholestasis is poorly understood. The effects of exogenous leptin and leptin-neutralizing antibody on biliary hyperplasia, hepatic fibrosis, and inflammation in the multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2KO) mouse model of cholestasis were assessed by quantifying markers specific for cholangiocytes, activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and cytokines. Serum and hepatic leptin were increased in Mdr2KO mice compared with FVB/NJ (FVBN) controls, and exogenous leptin enhanced biliary hyperplasia and liver fibrosis in Mdr2KO and FVBN mice. Leptin administration increased hepatic expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and IL-6 in Mdr2KO mice. In contrast, leptin-neutralizing antibody reduced intrahepatic bile duct mass and decreased HSC activation in Mdr2KO mice compared with FVBN controls. Sex-related differences were noted, with female Mdr2KO mice having more leptin than males. In cholangiocytes and LX2 cells in vitro, leptin increased phosphorylated Akt and stimulated cell proliferation. Leptin receptor siRNA and inhibitors of Akt phosphorylation impaired leptin-induced cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokines. The current data suggest that leptin is abnormally increased in cholestatic mice, and excess leptin increases ductular reaction, hepatic fibrosis, and inflammation via leptin receptor-mediated phosphorylation of Akt in cholangiocytes and HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Elaina Williams
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Su Yeon An
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Nikhil Seth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Mark Shell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tyson Amundsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Christopher Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Yusra Nadeem
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Matthew Tjahja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Lancaster Weld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Christopher S Chu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Julie Venter
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas.
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8
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Novel Role of miR-18a-5p and Galanin in Rat Lung Ischemia Reperfusion-Mediated Response. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6621921. [PMID: 34497682 PMCID: PMC8420977 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6621921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lung ischemia reperfusion (IR) is known to occur after lung transplantation or cardiac bypass. IR leads to tissue inflammation and damage and is also associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Various receptors are known to partake in activation of the innate immune system, but the downstream mechanism of tissue damage and inflammation is yet unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are in the forefront in regulating ischemia reperfusion injury and are involved in inflammatory response. Here, we have identified by high-throughput approach and evaluated a distinct set of miRNAs that may play a role in response to IR in rat lung tissue. The top three differentially expressed miRNAs were validated through quantitative PCRs in the IR rat lung model and an in vitro model of IR of hypoxia and reoxygenation exposed type II alveolar cells. Among the miRNAs, miR-18a-5p showed consistent downregulation in both the model systems on IR. Cellular and molecular analysis brought to light a crucial role of this miRNA in ischemia reperfusion. miR-18a-5p plays a role in IR-mediated apoptosis and ROS production and regulates the expression of neuropeptide Galanin. It also influences the nuclear localization of transcription factor: nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) which in turn may regulate the expression of the miR-18a gene. Thus, we have not only established a rat model for lung IR and enumerated the important miRNAs involved in IR but have also extensively characterized the role of miR-18a-5p. This study will have important clinical and therapeutic implications for and during transplantation procedures.
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9
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Xie J, Fan Y, Jia R, Yang F, Ma L, Li L. Yes-associated protein regulates the hepatoprotective effect of vitamin D receptor activation through promoting adaptive bile duct remodeling in cholestatic mice. J Pathol 2021; 255:95-106. [PMID: 34156701 DOI: 10.1002/path.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mounting clinical evidence has revealed that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is associated with cholestatic liver injury, although the functions of VDR in this condition remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the effects of VDR activation on bile duct ligation (BDL) mice, and the underlying mechanisms were further investigated. A low-calcemic VDR agonist, paricalcitol (PAL, 200 ng/kg), was intraperitoneally injected into BDL mice every other day for 5 days or 28 days. Liver histology, liver function indicators, cholangiocyte proliferation, fibrosis scores, and inflammation were evaluated. Mice treated with PAL were rescued from the decreased survival rate induced by BDL and liver damage was reduced. Mechanistically, PAL promoted cholangiocyte proliferation, which was likely conducive to proliferating bile duct maturation and increased branching of bile ducts. PAL treatment also increased the expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its target protein epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCam) and decreased the level of inactive cytoplasmic phosphorylated YAP. YAP knockdown abrogated PAL-induced primary bile duct epithelial cell proliferation, confirmed with YAP inhibitor administration. In addition, BDL-induced liver fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration were reduced by PAL treatment at both day 5 and day 28 post-BDL. In conclusion, VDR activation mitigates cholestatic liver injury by promoting adaptive bile duct remodeling through cholangiocytic YAP upregulation. Because PAL is an approved clinical drug, it may be useful for treatment of cholestatic liver disease. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Yonggang Fan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of the Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Rongjun Jia
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, PR China
| | - Liman Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, PR China
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Oliveira Volpe CM, Vaz T, Rocha-Silva F, Villar-Delfino PH, Nogueira-Machado JA. Is Galanin a Promising Therapeutic Resource for Neural and Nonneural Diseases? Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:922-929. [PMID: 32096740 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200225112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galanin (GAL) constitutes a family of neuropeptides composed of four peptides: (i) galanin (GAL), (ii) galanin-message associated peptide (GAMP), (iii) galanin-like peptide (GALP), and (iv) alarin. GAL contains 29/30 amino acids, and its biological action occurs through the interactions with its various receptors (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3). The neuropeptide GAL regulates several physiological and pathophysiological functions in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the peripheral organs. GAL is secreted mainly by oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and the gastrointestinal tract, and its effect depends on the interaction with its different receptors. These receptors are expressed mainly in the central, peripheral nervous systems and the intestines. OBJECTIVE The present review evaluates the role of GAL family in inflammatory diseases. An overview is given of the signaling and pharmacological effects due to the interaction between GAL and GALR in different cell types. The potential use of GAL as a therapeutic resource is critically discussed. CONCLUSION GAL is suggested to have an anti-inflammatory function in some situations and a proinflammatory function in others. The literature on GAL is controversial and currently not conclusive. This could be due to the complexity of the metabolic network signaling induced by the interactions between GAL and GALR. In the next future, GAL might be a promising therapeutic resource for several diseases, but its practical use for disease control is presently not advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Oliveira Volpe
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Vaz
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Rocha-Silva
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Villar-Delfino
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Nogueira-Machado
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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11
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Williams E, Frampton G, Reinhart EH, Nguyen A, An S, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Ghrelin reverses ductular reaction and hepatic fibrosis in a rodent model of cholestasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16024. [PMID: 32994489 PMCID: PMC7525536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic peptide ghrelin (Ghr) stimulates hunger signals in the hypothalamus via growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). Gastric Ghr is synthetized as a preprohormone which is proteolytically cleaved, and acylated by a membrane-bound acyl transferase (MBOAT). Circulating Ghr is reduced in cholestatic injuries, however Ghr's role in cholestasis is poorly understood. We investigated Ghr's effects on biliary hyperplasia and hepatic fibrosis in Mdr2-knockout (Mdr2KO) mice, a recognized model of cholestasis. Serum, stomach and liver were collected from Mdr2KO and FVBN control mice treated with Ghr, des-octanoyl-ghrelin (DG) or vehicle. Mdr2KO mice had lower expression of Ghr and MBOAT in the stomach, and lower levels of circulating Ghr compared to WT-controls. Treatment of Mdr2KO mice with Ghr improved plasma transaminases, reduced biliary and fibrosis markers. In the liver, GHS-R1a mRNA was expressed predominantly in cholangiocytes. Ghr but not DG, decreased cell proliferation via AMPK activation in cholangiocytes in vitro. AMPK inhibitors prevented Ghr-induced FOXO1 nuclear translocation and negative regulation of cell proliferation. Ghr treatment reduced ductular reaction and hepatic fibrosis in Mdr2KO mice, regulating cholangiocyte proliferation via GHS-R1a, a G-protein coupled receptor which causes increased intracellular Ca2+ and activation of AMPK and FOXO1, maintaining a low rate of cholangiocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Elaina Williams
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Evan H Reinhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Amy Nguyen
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Suyeon An
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
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12
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Williams E, Frampton G, Parks N, Blaney H, Davies M, John R, Reinhart EH, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Coordinated Targeting of Galanin Receptors on Cholangiocytes and Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis in Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 Knockout Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:586-601. [PMID: 31953035 PMCID: PMC7074378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galanin (Gal) is a peptide with a role in neuroendocrine regulation of the liver. In this study, we assessed the role of Gal and its receptors, Gal receptor 1 (GalR1) and Gal receptor 2 (GalR2), in cholangiocyte proliferation and liver fibrosis in multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2KO) mice as a model of chronic hepatic cholestasis. The distribution of Gal, GalR1, and GalR2 in specific liver cell types was assessed by laser-capture microdissection and confocal microscopy. Galanin immunoreactivity was detected in cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and hepatocytes. Cholangiocytes expressed GalR1, whereas HSCs and hepatocytes expressed GalR2. Strategies were used to either stimulate or block GalR1 and GalR2 in FVB/N (wild-type) and Mdr2KO mice and measure biliary hyperplasia and hepatic fibrosis by quantitative PCR and immunostaining of specific markers. Galanin treatment increased cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrogenesis in both FVB/N and Mdr2KO mice. Suppression of GalR1, GalR2, or both receptors in Mdr2KO mice resulted in reduced bile duct mass and hepatic fibrosis. In vitro knockdown of GalR1 in cholangiocytes reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression in LX-2 cells treated with cholangiocyte-conditioned media. A GalR2 antagonist inhibited HSC activation when Gal was administered directly to LX-2 cells, but not via cholangiocyte-conditioned media. These data demonstrate that Gal contributes not only to cholangiocyte proliferation but also to liver fibrogenesis via the coordinate activation of GalR1 in cholangiocytes and GalR2 in HSCs.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- Animals
- Bile Ducts/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cholestasis/metabolism
- Cholestasis/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Galanin/genetics
- Galanin/metabolism
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/metabolism
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/pathology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Elaina Williams
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | - Hanna Blaney
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Marcus Davies
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Rebekah John
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Evan H Reinhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
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13
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Sato K, Glaser S, Kennedy L, Liangpunsakul S, Meng F, Francis H, Alpini G. Preclinical insights into cholangiopathies: disease modeling and emerging therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:461-472. [PMID: 30990740 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1608950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The common predominant clinical features of cholangiopathies such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), and biliary atresia (BA) are biliary damage/senescence and liver fibrosis. Curative therapies are lacking, and liver transplantation is the only option. An understanding of the mechanisms and pathogenesis is needed to develop novel therapies. Previous studies have developed various disease-based research models and have identified candidate therapeutic targets. Areas covered: This review summarizes recent studies performed in preclinical models of cholangiopathies and the current understanding of the pathophysiology representing potential targets for novel therapies. A literature search was conducted in PubMed using the combination of the searched term 'cholangiopathies' with one or two keywords including 'model', 'cholangiocyte', 'animal', or 'fibrosis'. Papers published within five years were obtained. Expert opinion: Access to appropriate research models is a key challenge in cholangiopathy research; establishing more appropriate models for PBC is an important goal. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated promising results and have led to novel therapeutic approaches, especially for PSC. Further studies on the pathophysiology of PBC and BA are necessary to identify candidate targets. Innovative therapeutic approaches such as stem cell transplantation have been introduced, and those therapies could be applied to PSC, PBC, and BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- c Department of Medical Physiology , Texas A&M University Collage of Medicine , Temple , TX , USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Heather Francis
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- a Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA.,b Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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14
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Giordano DM, Pinto C, Maroni L, Benedetti A, Marzioni M. Inflammation and the Gut-Liver Axis in the Pathophysiology of Cholangiopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3003. [PMID: 30275402 PMCID: PMC6213589 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the bile ducts, represent the unique target of a group of progressive diseases known as cholangiopathies whose pathogenesis remain largely unknown. In normal conditions, cholangiocytes are quiescent and participate to the final bile volume and composition. Following exogenous or endogenous stimuli, cholangiocytes undergo extensive modifications of their phenotype. Reactive cholangiocytes actively proliferate and release a set of proinflammatory molecules, which act in autocrine/paracrine manner mediating the cross-talk with other liver cell types and innate and adaptive immune cells. Cholangiocytes themselves activate innate immune responses against gut-derived microorganisms or bacterial products that reach the liver via enterohepatic circulation. Gut microbiota has been implicated in the development and progression of the two most common cholangiopathies, i.e., primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), which have distinctive microbiota composition compared to healthy individuals. The impairment of intestinal barrier functions or gut dysbiosis expose cholangiocytes to an increasing amount of microorganisms and may exacerbate inflammatory responses thus leading to fibrotic remodeling of the organ. The present review focuses on the complex interactions between the activation of innate immune responses in reactive cholangiocytes, dysbiosis, and gut permeability to bacterial products in the pathogenesis of PSC and PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Maria Giordano
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Claudio Pinto
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Luca Maroni
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Clinic of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
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15
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Sato K, Meng F, Giang T, Glaser S, Alpini G. Mechanisms of cholangiocyte responses to injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1262-1269. [PMID: 28648950 PMCID: PMC5742086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, epithelial cells that line the biliary epithelium, are the primary target cells for cholangiopathies including primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cholangitis. Quiescent cholangiocytes respond to biliary damage and acquire an activated neuroendocrine phenotype to maintain the homeostasis of the liver. The typical response of cholangiocytes is proliferation leading to bile duct hyperplasia, which is a characteristic of cholestatic liver diseases. Current studies have identified various signaling pathways that are associated with cholangiocyte proliferation/loss and liver fibrosis in cholangiopathies using human samples and rodent models. Although recent studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles and microRNAs could be mediators that regulate these messenger/receptor axes, further studies are required to confirm their roles. This review summarizes current studies of biliary response and cholangiocyte proliferation during cholestatic liver injury with particular emphasis on the secretin/secretin receptor axis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Academic Research Integration, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Thao Giang
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, United States; Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, United States.
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Scrushy M, O'Brien A, Glaser S. Recent advances in understanding bile duct remodeling and fibrosis. F1000Res 2018; 7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1165. [PMID: 30109019 PMCID: PMC6069725 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14578.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestatic liver disease encompasses a detrimental group of diseases that are non-discriminatory in nature. These diseases occur over every age range from infancy (biliary atresia) to geriatrics (hepatitis). They also cover both genders in the form of primary sclerosing cholangitis in men and primary biliary cholangitis in women. Oftentimes, owing to the disease progression and extensive scarring, the treatment of last resort becomes a liver transplant. In this review, we will briefly discuss and explore new avenues of understanding in the progression of cholestatic liver disease and possible therapeutic targets for intervention. The greater our understanding into the idiopathic nature of cholestatic liver disease, the better our chances of discovering treatment options to halt or reverse the progression, reducing or eliminating the need for expensive and risky transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - April O'Brien
- Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Research Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
- Central Texas Veterans Research Center, Temple, TX, USA
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA
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