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Mosquera-Sulbaran JA, Pedreañez A, Carrero Y, Hernandez-Fonseca JP. Angiotensin II and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:359-374. [PMID: 38170299 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a consequence of the infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. During this infection, various immunological processes generated by streptococcal antigens are triggered, such as the induction of antibodies and immune complexes. This activation of the immune system involves both innate and acquired immunity. The immunological events that occur at the renal level lead to kidney damage with chronic renal failure as well as resolution of the pathological process (in most cases). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a molecule with vasopressor and pro-inflammatory capacities, being an important factor in various inflammatory processes. During PSGN some events are defined that make Ang II conceivable as a molecule involved in the inflammatory processes during the disease. CONCLUSION This review is focused on defining which reported events would be related to the presence of this hormone in PSGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Mosquera-Sulbaran
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela.
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Facultad de Medicina, Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yenddy Carrero
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela
| | - Juan Pablo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Bharati J, Chander PN, Singhal PC. Parietal Epithelial Cell Behavior and Its Modulation by microRNA-193a. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020266. [PMID: 36830635 PMCID: PMC9953542 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) have been increasingly recognized to have crucial functions. Lineage tracking in animal models showed the expression of a podocyte phenotype by PECs during normal glomerular growth and after acute podocyte injury, suggesting a reparative role of PECs. Conversely, activated PECs are speculated to be pathogenic and comprise extracapillary proliferation in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and crescentic glomerulonephritis (CrescGN). The reparative and pathogenic roles of PECs seem to represent two sides of PEC behavior directed by the local milieu and mediators. Recent studies suggest microRNA-193a (miR193a) is involved in the pathogenesis of FSGS and CrescGN. In a mouse model of primary FSGS, the induction of miR193a caused the downregulation of Wilms' tumor protein, leading to the dedifferentiation of podocytes. On the other hand, the inhibition of miR193a resulted in reduced crescent lesions in a mouse model of CrescGN. Interestingly, in vitro studies report that the downregulation of miR193a induces trans-differentiation of PECs into a podocyte phenotype. This narrative review highlights the critical role of PEC behavior in health and during disease and its modulation by miR193a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyita Bharati
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Praveen N. Chander
- New York Medical College, Touro College and University System Valhalla, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Pravin C. Singhal
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
- Correspondence:
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Huang Y, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Yang X, Hou G, Peng C, Jia M, Zhou L, Yamamoto T, Zheng J. Novel therapeutic perspectives for crescentic glomerulonephritis through targeting parietal epithelial cell activation and proliferation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:55-69. [PMID: 36738160 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2177534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kidney injury is clinically classified as crescentic glomerulonephritis (CrGN) when ≥50% of the glomeruli in a biopsy sample contain crescentic lesions. However, current strategies, such as systemic immunosuppressive therapy and plasmapheresis for CrGN, are partially effective, and these drugs have considerable systemic side effects. Hence, targeted therapy to prevent glomerular crescent formation and expansion remains an unmet clinical need. AREAS COVERED Hyperproliferative parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are the main constituent cells of the glomerular crescent with cell-tracing evidence. Crescents obstruct the flow of primary urine, pressure the capillaries, and degenerate the affected nephrons. We reviewed the markers of PEC activation and proliferation, potential therapeutic effects of thrombin and thrombin receptor inhibitors, and how podocytes cross-talk with PECs. These experiments may help identify potential early specific targets for the prevention and treatment of glomerular crescentic injury. EXPERT OPINION Inhibiting PEC activation and proliferation in CrGN can alleviate glomerular crescent progression, which has been supported by preclinical studies with evidence of genetic deletion. Clarifying the outcome of PEC transformation to the podocyte phenotype and suppressing thrombin, thrombin receptors, and PEC hyperproliferation in early therapeutic strategies will be the research goals in the next ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Huang
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xueru Zhao
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiushuang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gailing Hou
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chaoqun Peng
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengzhen Jia
- School of Pediatric Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tatsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Nephrology, Fujieda Municipal General Hospital, 4-1-11 Surugadai, Fujieda, Japan
| | - Jian Zheng
- Institute of Pediatrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Add-On Cyclic Angiotensin-(1-7) with Cyclophosphamide Arrests Progressive Kidney Disease in Rats with ANCA Associated Glomerulonephritis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152434. [PMID: 35954280 PMCID: PMC9368583 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA-GN) is a major cause of renal failure. Current immunosuppressive therapies are associated with severe side effects, intensifying the need for new therapeutic strategies. The activation of Mas receptor/Angiotensin-(1-7) axis exerted renoprotection in chronic kidney disease. Here, we investigated the effect of adding the lanthionine-stabilized cyclic form of angiotensin-1-7 [cAng-(1-7)] to cyclophosphamide in a rat model of ANCA-GN. At the onset of proteinuria, Wistar Kyoto rats with ANCA-GN received vehicle or a single bolus of cyclophosphamide, with or without daily cAng-(1-7). Treatment with cAng-(1-7) plus cyclophosphamide reduced proteinuria by 85% vs. vehicle, and by 60% vs. cyclophosphamide, and dramatically limited glomerular crescents to less than 10%. The addition of cAng-(1-7) to cyclophosphamide protected against glomerular inflammation and endothelial rarefaction and restored the normal distribution of parietal epithelial cells. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a preserved GBM, glomerular endothelium and podocyte structure, demonstrating that combination therapy provided an additional layer of renoprotection. This study demonstrates that adding cAng-(1-7) to a partially effective dose of cyclophosphamide arrests the progression of renal disease in rats with ANCA-GN, suggesting that cAng-(1-7) could be a novel clinical approach for sparing immunosuppressants.
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Crescents in primary glomerulonephritis: a pattern of injury with dissimilar actors. A pathophysiologic perspective. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:1205-1214. [PMID: 34312722 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular crescents are defined as two or more layers of proliferating cells in Bowman's space and are a hallmark of inflammatory active glomerulonephritis and a histologic marker of severe glomerular injury. In general, the percentage of glomeruli that exhibit crescents correlates with the severity of kidney failure and other clinical manifestations of nephritic syndrome. In general, a predominance of active crescents is associated with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and a poor outcome. The duration and potential reversibility of the underlying disease correspond with the relative predominance of cellular or fibrous components in the crescents, the initial location of the immunologic insult inside the glomerulus, and the sort of involved cells and inflammatory mediators. However, the presence of active crescents may not have the same degree of significance in the different types of glomerulopathies. The pathophysiology of parietal cell proliferation may have dissimilar origins, underscoring the fact that the resultant crescents are a non-specific morphological pattern of glomerular injury with different implications in clinical prognosis in the scope of glomerular diseases.
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Li ZH, Guo XY, Quan XY, Yang C, Liu ZJ, Su HY, An N, Liu HF. The Role of Parietal Epithelial Cells in the Pathogenesis of Podocytopathy. Front Physiol 2022; 13:832772. [PMID: 35360248 PMCID: PMC8963495 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.832772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytopathy is the most common feature of glomerular disorder characterized by podocyte injury- or dysfunction-induced excessive proteinuria, which ultimately develops into glomerulosclerosis and results in persistent loss of renal function. Due to the lack of self-renewal ability of podocytes, mild podocyte depletion triggers replacement and repair processes mostly driven by stem cells or resident parietal epithelial cells (PECs). In contrast, when podocyte recovery fails, activated PECs contribute to the establishment of glomerular lesions. Increasing evidence suggests that PECs, more than just bystanders, have a crucial role in various podocytopathies, including minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, and lupus podocytopathy. In this review, we attempt to dissect the diverse role of PECs in the pathogenesis of podocytopathy based on currently available information.
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Wu X, Ren L, Yang Q, Song H, Tang Q, Zhang M, Zhang J, Tang Z, Shi S. Glucocorticoids Inhibit EGFR Signaling Activation in Podocytes in Anti-GBM Crescentic Glomerulonephritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:697443. [PMID: 35223886 PMCID: PMC8866651 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.697443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are commonly used to treat anti-GBM crescentic glomerulonephritis, however, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effectiveness is not completely understood. Since podocyte EGFR/STAT3 signaling is known to mediate the development of anti-GBM glomerulonephritis, we investigated the effect of glucocorticoids on EGFR/STAT3 signaling in podocytes. We found that the levels of phosphorylated (activated) EGFR and STAT3 in podocytes were markedly elevated in anti-GBM patients without glucocorticoids treatment, but were normalized in patients with glucocorticoids treatment. In a rat model of anti-GBM glomerulonephritis, glucocorticoids treatment significantly attenuated the proteinuria, crescent formation, parietal epithelial cell (PEC) activation and proliferation, accompanied by elimination of podocyte EGFR/STAT3 signaling activation. In cultured podocytes, glucocorticoids were found to inhibit HB-EGF-induced EGFR and STAT3 activation. The conditioned medium from podocytes treated with HB-EGF in the absence but not presence of glucocorticoids was capable of activating Notch signaling (which is known to be involved in PEC proliferation and crescent formation) and enhancing proliferative activity in primary PECs, suggesting that glucocorticoids prevent podocytes from producing secreted factors that cause PEC proliferation and crescent formation. Furthermore, we found that glucocorticoids can downregulate the expression of EGFR ligands, EGF and HB-EGF, while upregulate the expression of EGFR inhibitor, Gene 33, explaining how glucocorticoids suppress EGFR signaling. Taken together, glucocorticoids exert therapeutic effect on anti-GBM crescentic glomerulonephritis through inhibiting podocyte EGFR/STAT3 signaling and the downstream pathway that leads to PEC proliferation and crescent formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Ren
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoli Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiong Zhang
| | - Zheng Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Zheng Tang
| | - Shaolin Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Jingling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Shaolin Shi
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Rana N, Privitera G, Kondolf HC, Bulek K, Lechuga S, De Salvo C, Corridoni D, Antanaviciute A, Maywald RL, Hurtado AM, Zhao J, Huang EH, Li X, Chan ER, Simmons A, Bamias G, Abbott DW, Heaney JD, Ivanov AI, Pizarro TT. GSDMB is increased in IBD and regulates epithelial restitution/repair independent of pyroptosis. Cell 2022; 185:283-298.e17. [PMID: 35021065 PMCID: PMC8879997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gasdermins are a family of structurally related proteins originally described for their role in pyroptosis. Gasdermin B (GSDMB) is currently the least studied, and while its association with genetic susceptibility to chronic mucosal inflammatory disorders is well established, little is known about its functional relevance during active disease states. Herein, we report increased GSDMB in inflammatory bowel disease, with single-cell analysis identifying epithelial specificity to inflamed colonocytes/crypt top colonocytes. Surprisingly, mechanistic experiments and transcriptome profiling reveal lack of inherent GSDMB-dependent pyroptosis in activated epithelial cells and organoids but instead point to increased proliferation and migration during in vitro wound closure, which arrests in GSDMB-deficient cells that display hyper-adhesiveness and enhanced formation of vinculin-based focal adhesions dependent on PDGF-A-mediated FAK phosphorylation. Importantly, carriage of disease-associated GSDMB SNPs confers functional defects, disrupting epithelial restitution/repair, which, altogether, establishes GSDMB as a critical factor for restoration of epithelial barrier function and the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Rana
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Giuseppe Privitera
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hannah C Kondolf
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Katarzyna Bulek
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Carlo De Salvo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Daniele Corridoni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Agne Antanaviciute
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Maywald
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander M Hurtado
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Emina H Huang
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Colon & Rectal Surgery, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - E Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Ethnikon & Kapodistriakon University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Theresa T Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Ni L, Yuan C, Wu X. The recruitment mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of podocytes from parietal epithelial cells. J Transl Med 2021; 19:441. [PMID: 34674704 PMCID: PMC8529729 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are differentiated postmitotic cells which cannot be replaced after podocyte injury. The mechanism of podocyte repopulation after injury has aroused wide concern. Parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are heterogeneous and only a specific subpopulation of PECs has the capacity to replace podocytes. Major progress has been achieved in recent years regarding the role and function of a subset of PECs which could transdifferentiate toward podocytes. Additionally, several factors, such as Notch, Wnt/ß-catenin, Wilms’ tumor-1, miR-193a and growth arrest-specific protein 1, have been shown to be involved in these processes. Finally, PECs serve as a potential therapeutic target in the conditions of podocyte loss. In this review, we discuss the latest observations and concepts about the recruitment of podocytes from PECs in glomerular diseases as well as newly identified mechanisms and the most recent treatments for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Ni
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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Interplay between extracellular matrix components and cellular and molecular mechanisms in kidney fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1999-2029. [PMID: 34427291 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in renal structures. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is observed in glomerular diseases as well as in the regeneration failure of acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, finding antifibrotic therapies comprises an intensive research field in Nephrology. Nowadays, ECM is not only considered as a cellular scaffold, but also exerts important cellular functions. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in kidney fibrosis, paying particular attention to ECM components, profibrotic factors and cell-matrix interactions. In response to kidney damage, activation of glomerular and/or tubular cells may induce aberrant phenotypes characterized by overproduction of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors, and thus contribute to CKD progression. Among ECM components, matricellular proteins can regulate cell-ECM interactions, as well as cellular phenotype changes. Regarding kidney fibrosis, one of the most studied matricellular proteins is cellular communication network-2 (CCN2), also called connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), currently considered as a fibrotic marker and a potential therapeutic target. Integrins connect the ECM proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and several downstream signaling pathways that enable cells to respond to external stimuli in a coordinated manner and maintain optimal tissue stiffness. In kidney fibrosis, there is an increase in ECM deposition, lower ECM degradation and ECM proteins cross-linking, leading to an alteration in the tissue mechanical properties and their responses to injurious stimuli. A better understanding of these complex cellular and molecular events could help us to improve the antifibrotic therapies for CKD.
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Xu M, Yi M, Li N. MicroRNA-17-5p restrains the dysfunction of Ang-II induced podocytes by suppressing secreted modular calcium-binding protein 2 via NF-κB and TGFβ signaling. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1402-1411. [PMID: 33835671 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis, also known as nephritis syndrome (nephritis for short), is a common kidney disease. Previous research has proved that microRNAs (miRNAs) frequently regulate various diseases including nephritis. Nonetheless, the biological function and molecular mechanism of miR-17-5p are unclear in nephritis. In the current study, RT-qPCR analysis showed that miR-17-5p was downregulated in Ang II-induced podocytes. Also, according to the results from RT-qPCR analysis, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometric analysis, western blot analysis, and ELISA miR-17-5p elevation alleviated Ang II-induced podocyte injury. Besides, luciferase reporter assay, western blot and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that SMOC2 was targeted by miR-17-5p in Ang II-induced podocytes. Additionally, rescue assays demonstrated that overexpressed SMOC2 counteracted the influence of overexpressed miR-17-5p on cell injury of Ang II-induced podocytes. Moreover, our data suggested that miR-17-5p-SMOC2 axis regulated TGFβ and NF-κB signaling activation in Ang II-induced podocytes. SMOC2 regulated cell viability, apoptosis and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in Ang II-induced podocytes via TGFβ signaling, and SMOC2 regulated inflammation in Ang II-induced podocytes through NF-κB signaling. Overall, our study demonstrated that miRNA-17-5p restrained the dysfunction of Ang-II induced podocytes by suppressing SMOC2 via the NF-κB and TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Xu
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Mengqiu Yi
- Intensive Care Unit, Songyuan Jilin Oilfield Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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12
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Cerullo D, Rottoli D, Corna D, Rizzo P, Abbate M, Macconi D, Benigni A, Remuzzi G, Zoja C. Characterization of a Rat Model of Myeloperoxidase-Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Crescentic Glomerulonephritis. Nephron Clin Pract 2021; 145:428-444. [PMID: 33910203 DOI: 10.1159/000515421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a devastating disease that quickly progresses to kidney failure. Current therapies are broadly immunosuppressive and associated with adverse effects. We wanted to set up a model that could be suitable for testing narrowly targeted therapies. METHODS The model was constructed in male Wistar Kyoto rats through injections of human MPO (hMPO) and pertussis toxin, followed by a sub-nephritogenic dose of sheep anti-rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM) serum to boost the disease. Rats were monitored for 35 days. Rats given hMPO alone, saline, or human serum albumin with or without anti-GBM serum were also studied. RESULTS Rats receiving hMPO developed circulating anti-hMPO and anti-rat MPO antibodies. Challenging hMPO-immunized rats with the anti-GBM serum led to more glomerular neutrophil infiltration and MPO release, and severe haematuria, heavy proteinuria, and higher blood urea nitrogen than hMPO alone. Pauci-immune GN developed with crescents, affecting 25% of glomeruli. The majority of crescents were fibrocellular. Necrotizing lesions and Bowman capsule ruptures were detected. Cells double positive for claudin-1 (a marker of parietal epithelial cells [PECs]) and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM; progenitor PECs) were present in crescents. Double staining for NCAM and Ki-67 established proliferative status of progenitor PECs. Podocyte damage was associated with endothelial and GBM changes by electron microscopy. Monocyte/macrophages and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells accumulated in glomeruli and the surrounding area and in the tubulointerstitium. Lung haemorrhage also manifested. CONCLUSION This model reflects histological lesions of human ANCA-associated rapidly progressive GN and may be useful for investigating new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Cerullo
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Rottoli
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Corna
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Mauro Abbate
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Macconi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Carlamaria Zoja
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo, Italy
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Parietal epithelial cells role in repair versus scarring after glomerular injury. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021; 29:293-301. [PMID: 32235272 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The recent years have been marked by the publication of several articles highlighting the pathophysiological role of glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PEC) and refining their phenotypic heterogeneity. RECENT FINDINGS The present review synthetizes recent findings on (i) the potential regenerative role of PEC in glomerular diseases, and (ii) the mechanisms and signaling of leading to PEC pathogenic involvement in crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). SUMMARY The debate is still open regarding the podocyte regenerative properties of PEC in glomerular disease, whereas the pathogenic involvement of PEC activation in glomerular disease is increasingly admitted. Recent highlights on the podocyte regenerative role of PEC, on one hand, and on their pathological function, on the other hand, for sure will feed the debate in the kidney community for the next years. Nevertheless, from a therapeutic perspective, the two options, boosting cellular regeneration and blocking PECs pathogenicity, should not be seen as antagonistic but, rather, complementary.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Renal Progenitor Regulation: How Many Pieces in the Puzzle? Cells 2021; 10:cells10010059. [PMID: 33401654 PMCID: PMC7823786 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys of mice, rats and humans possess progenitors that maintain daily homeostasis and take part in endogenous regenerative processes following injury, owing to their capacity to proliferate and differentiate. In the glomerular and tubular compartments of the nephron, consistent studies demonstrated that well-characterized, distinct populations of progenitor cells, localized in the parietal epithelium of Bowman capsule and scattered in the proximal and distal tubules, could generate segment-specific cells in physiological conditions and following tissue injury. However, defective or abnormal regenerative responses of these progenitors can contribute to pathologic conditions. The molecular characteristics of renal progenitors have been extensively studied, revealing that numerous classical and evolutionarily conserved pathways, such as Notch or Wnt/β-catenin, play a major role in cell regulation. Others, such as retinoic acid, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2) and leptin, are also important in this process. In this review, we summarize the plethora of molecular mechanisms directing renal progenitor responses during homeostasis and following kidney injury. Finally, we will explore how single-cell RNA sequencing could bring the characterization of renal progenitors to the next level, while knowing their molecular signature is gaining relevance in the clinic.
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Dylewski JF, Tonsawan P, Garcia G, Lewis L, Blaine J. Podocyte-specific knockout of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) results in differential protection depending on the model of glomerulonephritis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230401. [PMID: 33370294 PMCID: PMC7769425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes have been proposed to be antigen presenting cells (APCs). In traditional APCs, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is required for antigen presentation and global knockout of FcRn protects against glomerulonephritis. Since podocytes express FcRn, we sought to determine whether the absence of podocyte FcRn ameliorates immune-mediated disease. We examined MHCII and costimulatory markers expression in cultured wild type (WT) and FcRn knockout (KO) podocytes. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) induced MHCII expression in both WT and KO podocytes but did not change CD80 expression. Neither WT nor KO expressed CD86 or inducible costimulatory ligand (ICOSL) at baseline or with IFNγ. Using an antigen presentation assay, WT podocytes but not KO treated with immune complexes induced a modest increase in IL-2. Induction of the anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) model resulted in a significant decrease in glomerular crescents in podocyte-specific FcRn knockout mouse (podFcRn KO) versus controls but the overall percentage of crescents was low. To examine the effects of the podocyte-specific FcRn knockout in a model with a longer autologous phase, we used the nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTS) model. We found that the podFcRn KO mice had significantly reduced crescent formation and glomerulosclerosis compared to control mice. This study demonstrates that lack of podocyte FcRn is protective in immune mediated kidney disease that is dependent on an autologous phase. This study also highlights the difference between the anti-GBM model and NTS model of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Dylewski
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Nephrology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Pantipa Tonsawan
- Division of Nephrology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Gabriela Garcia
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Linda Lewis
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Judith Blaine
- Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States of America
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Cassis P, Zoja C, Perico L, Remuzzi G. A preclinical overview of emerging therapeutic targets for glomerular diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:593-606. [PMID: 31150308 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1626827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Animal models have provided significant insights into the mechanisms responsible for the development of glomerular lesions and proteinuria; they have also helped to identify molecules that control the podocyte function as suitable target-specific therapeutics. Areas covered: We discuss putative therapeutic targets for proteinuric glomerular diseases. An exhaustive search for eligible studies was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE. Most of the selected reports were published in the last decade, but we did not exclude older relevant milestone publications. We consider the molecules that regulate podocyte cytoskeletal dynamics and the transcription factors that regulate the expression of slit-diaphragm proteins. There is a focus on SGLT2 and sirtuins which have recently emerged as mediators of podocyte injury and repair. We also examine paracrine signallings involved in the cross-talk of injured podocytes with the neighbouring glomerular endothelial cells and parietal epithelial cells. Expert opinion: There is a need to discover novel therapeutic moleecules with renoprotective effects for those patients with glomerular diseases who do not respond completely to standard therapy. Emerging strategies targeting components of the podocyte cytoskeleton or signallings that regulate cellular communication within the glomerulus are promising avenues for treating glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cassis
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS,Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso , Bergamo , Italy
| | - Carlamaria Zoja
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS,Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso , Bergamo , Italy
| | - Luca Perico
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS,Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso , Bergamo , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS,Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso , Bergamo , Italy.,b 'L. Sacco' Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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17
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Lazzeri E, Angelotti ML, Conte C, Anders HJ, Romagnani P. Surviving Acute Organ Failure: Cell Polyploidization and Progenitor Proliferation. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:366-381. [PMID: 30935780 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In acute organ failure, rapid compensation of function loss assures survival. Dedifferentiation and/or proliferation of surviving parenchymal cells could imply a transient (and potentially fatal) impairment of residual functional performance. However, evolution has selected two flexible life-saving mechanisms acting synergistically on organ function recovery. Sustaining residual performance is possible when the remnant differentiated parenchymal cells avoid cell division, but increase function by undergoing hypertrophy via endoreplication, leading to polyploid cells. In addition, tissue progenitors, representing a subset of less-differentiated and/or self-renewing parenchymal cells completing cytokinesis, proliferate and differentiate to regenerate lost parenchymal cells. Here, we review the evolving evidence on polyploidization and progenitor-driven regeneration in acute liver, heart, and kidney failure with evolutionary advantages and trade-offs in organ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lazzeri
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE)
| | - Maria Lucia Angelotti
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE)
| | - Carolina Conte
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE)
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Department of Biological and Experimental Medical Science 'Mario Serio', Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the Development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE); Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy. http://www.twitter.com/PRomagnani
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18
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Expression of the intrarenal angiotensin receptor and the role of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in IgA nephropathy. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 453:103-110. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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19
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Zhao M, Bai M, Ding G, Zhang Y, Huang S, Jia Z, Zhang A. Angiotensin II Stimulates the NLRP3 Inflammasome to Induce Podocyte Injury and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. KIDNEY DISEASES 2018; 4:83-94. [PMID: 29998123 DOI: 10.1159/000488242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously reported that the NLRP3 inflammasome played an important role in mediating the podocyte injury induced by aldosterone. However, more studies on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of podocytopathy are still required. The present study was undertaken to study the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced podocyte injury, as well as the potential mechanisms. Methods In this study, we used an Ang II infusion model in NLRP3-/- mice. In cultured podocytes, we used siRNA to silence NLRP3; then we treated the podocytes with Ang II. Results Following Ang II treatment, we found that the NLRP3 inflammasome was significantly activated in line with mitochondrial dysfunction in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Silencing NLRP3 by siRNA transfection ameliorated podocyte apoptosis, attenuated the loss of the podocyte proteins nephrin and podocin, and protected mitochondrial function. Ang II infusion activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, caused albuminuria, and induced podocyte damage, which was all blocked in the NLRP3-/- mice. At the same time, NLRP3 deletion also ameliorated the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Ang II infusion. However, the deletion of NLRP3 did not affect the Ang II hypertension. Conclusion Taken together, these results demonstrate an important role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in mediating Ang II-induced podocyte injury and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that the NLRP3 inflammasome might be an effective therapeutic target against podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mi Bai
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing, China
| | - Guixia Ding
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Songming Huang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing, China
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