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Chen K, Wei X, Zhang W, Wang R, Wang Y, Yang L. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 derived from the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with postherpetic neuralgia induces allodynia via the crosstalk between microglia and astrocyte. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:836-850. [PMID: 38735405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) possesses the capability to trigger glial activation and inflammation, yet the specific changes in its composition remain unclear. Recent findings from our research indicate elevations of central bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) during neuropathic pain (NP), serving as an independent modulator of glial cells. Herein, the aim of the present study is to test the CSF-BMP4 expressions and its role in the glial modulation in the process of PHN. METHODS CSF samples were collected from both PHN patients and non-painful individuals (Control) to assess BMP4 and its antagonist Noggin levels. Besides, intrathecal administration of both CSF types was conducted in normal rats to evaluate the impact on pain behavior, glial activity, and inflammation.; Additionally, both Noggin and STAT3 antagonist-Stattic were employed to treat the PHN-CSF or exogenous BMP4 challenged cultured astrocytes to explore downstream signals. Finally, microglial depletion was performed prior to the PHN-CSF intervention so as to elucidate the microglia-astrocyte crosstalk. RESULTS BMP4 levels were significantly higher in PHN-CSF compared to Control-CSF (P < 0.001), with a positive correlation with pain duration (P < 0.05, r = 0.502). Comparing with the Control-CSF producing moderate paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) decline and microglial activation, PHN-CSF further exacerbated allodynia and triggered both microglial and astrocytic activation (P < 0.05). Moreover, PHN-CSF rather than Control-CSF evoked microglial proliferation and pro-inflammatory transformation, reinforced iron storage, and activated astrocytes possibly through both SMAD159 and STAT3 signaling, which were all mitigated by the Noggin application (P < 0.05). Next, both Noggin and Stattic effectively attenuated BMP4-induced GFAP and IL-6 upregulation, as well as SMAD159 and STAT3 phosphorylation in the cultured astrocytes (P < 0.05). Finally, microglial depletion diminished PHN-CSF induced astrogliosis, inflammation and endogenous BMP4 expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study highlights the role of CSF-BMP4 elevation in glial activation and allodynia during PHN, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Pain Management, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaojin Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Pain Management, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of the Laboratory, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruixuan Wang
- Bourns Engineering, The University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Pain Management, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Pain Management, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China; Clinical Research Center for Pain Medicine in Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Zhang H, Yang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Niu Y, Chen H, Liu Q, Wang R. Oligodendrocytes Play a Critical Role in White Matter Damage of Vascular Dementia. Neuroscience 2024; 538:1-10. [PMID: 37913862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
With the deepening of population aging, the treatment of cognitive impairment and dementia is facing increasing challenges. Vascular dementia (VaD) is a cognitive dysfunction caused by brain blood flow damage and one of the most common causes of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. White matter damage in patients with chronic ischemic dementia often occurs before cognitive impairment, and its pathological changes include leukoaraiosis, myelin destruction and oligodendrocyte death. The pathophysiology of vascular dementia is complex, involving a variety of neuronal and vascular lesions. The current proposed mechanisms include calcium overload, oxidative stress, nitrative stress and inflammatory damage, which can lead to hypoxia-ischemia and demyelination. Oligodendrocytes are the only myelinating cells in the central nervous system and closely associated with VaD. In this review article, we intend to further discuss the role of oligodendrocytes in white matter and myelin injury in VaD and the development of anti-myelin injury target drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Yanrong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Modernization of Minority Medicine, Ministry of Education, Ningxia medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Qibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
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Fornari Laurindo L, Aparecido Dias J, Cressoni Araújo A, Torres Pomini K, Machado Galhardi C, Rucco Penteado Detregiachi C, Santos de Argollo Haber L, Donizeti Roque D, Dib Bechara M, Vialogo Marques de Castro M, de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira E, José Tofano R, Jasmin Santos German Borgo I, Maria Barbalho S. Immunological dimensions of neuroinflammation and microglial activation: exploring innovative immunomodulatory approaches to mitigate neuroinflammatory progression. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1305933. [PMID: 38259497 PMCID: PMC10800801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing life expectancy has led to a higher incidence of age-related neurodegenerative conditions. Within this framework, neuroinflammation emerges as a significant contributing factor. It involves the activation of microglia and astrocytes, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system (CNS). These instances result in neuronal damage and neurodegeneration through activated nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) family pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathways and decreased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity. Due to limited effectiveness regarding the inhibition of neuroinflammatory targets using conventional drugs, there is challenging growth in the search for innovative therapies for alleviating neuroinflammation in CNS diseases or even before their onset. Our results indicate that interventions focusing on Interleukin-Driven Immunomodulation, Chemokine (CXC) Receptor Signaling and Expression, Cold Exposure, and Fibrin-Targeted strategies significantly promise to mitigate neuroinflammatory processes. These approaches demonstrate potential anti-neuroinflammatory effects, addressing conditions such as Multiple Sclerosis, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Parkinson's Disease, and Alzheimer's Disease. While the findings are promising, immunomodulatory therapies often face limitations due to Immune-Related Adverse Events. Therefore, the conduction of randomized clinical trials in this matter is mandatory, and will pave the way for a promising future in the development of new medicines with specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (FAMEMA), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Aparecido Dias
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano Cressoni Araújo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Machado Galhardi
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudia Rucco Penteado Detregiachi
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luíza Santos de Argollo Haber
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Domingos Donizeti Roque
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dib Bechara
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Vialogo Marques de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Tofano
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iris Jasmin Santos German Borgo
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo (FOB-USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lozano-Ros A, Martínez-Ginés ML, García-Domínguez JM, Salvador-Martín S, Goicochea-Briceño H, Cuello JP, Meldaña-Rivera A, Higueras-Hernández Y, Sanjurjo-Sáez M, Álvarez-Sala-Walther LA, López-Fernández LA. Changes in the Expression of TGF-Beta Regulatory Pathway Genes Induced by Vitamin D in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14447. [PMID: 37833895 PMCID: PMC10572771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an environmental factor related to multiple sclerosis that plays a significant role in immune regulation. TGF-β is a superfamily of cytokines with an important dual effect on the immune system. TGF-β inhibits the Th1 response while facilitating the preservation of regulatory T cells (FOXP3+) in an immunoregulatory capacity. However, when IL-6 is present, it stimulates the Th17 response. Our aim was to analyze the regulatory effect of vitamin D on the in vivo TGF-β signaling pathway in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). A total of 21 patients with vitamin D levels < 30 ng/mL were recruited and supplemented with oral vitamin D. All patients were receiving disease-modifying therapy, with the majority being on natalizumab. Expression of SMAD7, ERK1, ZMIZ1, BMP2, BMPRII, BMP4, and BMP5 was measured in CD4+ lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood at baseline and one and six months after supplementation. SMAD7 was overexpressed at six months with respect to baseline and month one. ERK1 was overexpressed at six months with respect to month one of treatment. No significant differences in expression were observed for the remaining genes. No direct correlation was found with serum vitamin D levels. BMPRII expression changed differentially in non-natalizumab- versus natalizumab-treated patients. Changes were observed in the expression of ERK1, BMP2, and BMP5 based on disease activity measured using the Rio-Score, BMP2 in patients who had relapses, and BMP5 in those whose EDSS worsened. Our results suggest indirect regulation of vitamin D in TGF-β pathway genes in patients with RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lozano-Ros
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.M.-G.); (J.M.G.-D.); (H.G.-B.); (J.P.C.); (A.M.-R.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - María L. Martínez-Ginés
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.M.-G.); (J.M.G.-D.); (H.G.-B.); (J.P.C.); (A.M.-R.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - José M. García-Domínguez
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.M.-G.); (J.M.G.-D.); (H.G.-B.); (J.P.C.); (A.M.-R.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Sara Salvador-Martín
- Servicio de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (S.S.-M.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Haydee Goicochea-Briceño
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.M.-G.); (J.M.G.-D.); (H.G.-B.); (J.P.C.); (A.M.-R.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Juan P. Cuello
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.M.-G.); (J.M.G.-D.); (H.G.-B.); (J.P.C.); (A.M.-R.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Ariana Meldaña-Rivera
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.M.-G.); (J.M.G.-D.); (H.G.-B.); (J.P.C.); (A.M.-R.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - Yolanda Higueras-Hernández
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.L.M.-G.); (J.M.G.-D.); (H.G.-B.); (J.P.C.); (A.M.-R.); (Y.H.-H.)
| | - María Sanjurjo-Sáez
- Servicio de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (S.S.-M.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Luis A. Álvarez-Sala-Walther
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Luis A. López-Fernández
- Servicio de Farmacia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (S.S.-M.); (M.S.-S.)
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Shen W, Liu S, Wei X, Wang Y, Yang L. Infiltrating circulating monocytes provide an important source of BMP4 at the early stage of spinal cord injury. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:286061. [PMID: 36518009 PMCID: PMC9884123 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)4 plays a critical role in regulating neuronal and glial activity in the course of spinal cord injury (SCI). The underlying cause and cellular source of BMP4 accumulation at the injured spinal cord remain unclear. Here, we observed that plasma BMP4 levels are statistically higher in SCI patients than in healthy donors. When comparing rats in the sham group (T9 laminectomy without SCI) with rats in the SCI group, we found a persistent decline in BBB scores, together with necrosis and mononuclear cell accumulation at the contusion site. Moreover, during 2 weeks after SCI both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of BMP4 displayed notable elevation, and a positive correlation. Importantly, percentages of circulating BMP4-positive (BMP4+) monocytes and infiltrating MDMs were higher in the SCI group than in the sham group. Finally, in the SCI+clodronate liposome group, depletion of monocytes effectively attenuated the accumulation of both BMP4+ MDMs and BMP4 in the injured spinal cord. Our results indicated that, following SCI, infiltrating MDMs provide an important source of BMP4 in the injured spinal cord and, therefore, might serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shuxin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Department of Pain Management, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, China,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, China,Authors for correspondence (; )
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Liu C, Sun Q, Xu J, Shen W, Li H, Yang L. The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in Microglial Polarization in the Process of Neuropathic Pain. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2803-2817. [PMID: 35535051 PMCID: PMC9078433 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s356531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain (NP) is known to be highly correlated with microglial polarization, of which the regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, the aim of this study is to further investigate the relationship between bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and microglial polarization in the process of NP. Methods Firstly, normal adult rats received intrathecal BMP4 administration to assess BMP4ʹs effect on microglial polarization. Secondly, a BMP4 antagonist – Noggin – was applied to a rat NP model achieved by L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) to investigate whether antagonizing BMP4 signaling could alleviate allodynia by reversing the imbalance of the M1/M2 polarization ratio. In both experiments, Von-Frey filaments were used to test the changes in the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), and Western blotting, immuno-fluorescence, PCR and flow cytometry were further performed to investigate microglial activity and the expression patterns of M1 and M2 markers, respectively. Results Firstly, BMP4 administration induced a significant PWT decrease and microglial activation in normal rats; Western blotting, PCR and flow cytometry further revealed that M1 markers including CD16, MHCII, and TNF-α showed a marked elevation after BMP4 application; while M2 markers, such as Arg-1, CD204 and IL-4, peaked at an early stage (P1 or P4) and then fell to the Sham level on P7, leading to a persistent imbalance of the M1/M2 ratio throughout the 1st week. Secondly, Noggin treatment significantly relieved allodynia and microglial activation in SNL rats. Moreover, Noggin persistently downregulated the M1 marker levels and simultaneously induced a late-stage elevation of M2 markers expressions, thereby reversing the imbalance of the M1/M2 polarization ratio. Conclusion Our results indicate that BMP4 has the ability to induce microglial polarization. Antagonizing BMP4 signaling can relieve pain behavior via mitigating microglial activation and reversing the imbalance of the M1/M2 polarization ratio in the process of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junmei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyun Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hui Li, Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China, Fax +86 85295970, Email
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Lin Yang, Department of Anesthesiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China, Fax +86 85295970, Email
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Neurological Benefits, Clinical Challenges, and Neuropathologic Promise of Medical Marijuana: A Systematic Review of Cannabinoid Effects in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Models of Demyelination. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030539. [PMID: 35327341 PMCID: PMC8945692 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite current therapeutic strategies for immunomodulation and relief of symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), remyelination falls short due to dynamic neuropathologic deterioration and relapses, leading to accrual of disability and associated patient dissatisfaction. The potential of cannabinoids includes add-on immunosuppressive, analgesic, neuroprotective, and remyelinative effects. This study evaluates the efficacy of medical marijuana in MS and its experimental animal models. A systematic review was conducted by a literature search through PubMed, ProQuest, and EBSCO electronic databases for studies reported since 2007 on the use of cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in MS and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD), and toxin-induced demyelination models. Study selection and data extraction were performed by 3 reviewers, and 28 studies were selected for inclusion. The certainty of evidence was appraised using the Cochrane GRADE approach. In clinical studies, there was low- and moderate-quality evidence that treatment with ~1:1 CBD/THC mixtures as a nabiximols (Sativex®) oromucosal spray reduced numerical rating scale (NRS) scores for spasticity, pain, and sleep disturbance, diminished bladder overactivity, and decreased proinflammatory cytokine and transcription factor expression levels. Preclinical studies demonstrated decreases in disease severity, hindlimb stiffness, motor function, neuroinflammation, and demyelination. Other experimental systems showed the capacity of cannabinoids to promote remyelination in vitro and by electron microscopy. Modest short-term benefits were realized in MS responders to adjunctive therapy with CBD/THC mixtures. Future studies are recommended to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cannabinoid effects on MS lesions and to evaluate whether medical marijuana can accelerate remyelination and retard the accrual of disability over the long term.
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Profiling Microglia in a Mouse Model of Machado–Joseph Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020237. [PMID: 35203447 PMCID: PMC8869404 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and specific disease associated microglia (DAM) profiles have been defined for several of these NDs. Yet, the microglial profile in Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) remains unexplored. Here, we characterized the profile of microglia in the CMVMJD135 mouse model of MJD. This characterization was performed using primary microglial cultures and microglial cells obtained from disease-relevant brain regions of neonatal and adult CMVMJD135 mice, respectively. Machine learning models were implemented to identify potential clusters of microglia based on their morphological features, and an RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to identify molecular perturbations and potential therapeutic targets. Our findings reveal morphological alterations that point to an increased activation state of microglia in CMVMJD135 mice and a disease-specific transcriptional profile of MJD microglia, encompassing a total of 101 differentially expressed genes, with enrichment in molecular pathways related to oxidative stress, immune response, cell proliferation, cell death, and lipid metabolism. Overall, these results allowed us to define the cellular and molecular profile of MJD-associated microglia and to identify genes and pathways that might represent potential therapeutic targets for this disorder.
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9
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Huang L, Fung E, Bose S, Popp A, Böser P, Memmott J, Kutskova YA, Miller R, Tarcsa E, Klein C, Veldman GM, Mueller BK, Cui YF. Elezanumab, a clinical stage human monoclonal antibody that selectively targets repulsive guidance molecule A to promote neuroregeneration and neuroprotection in neuronal injury and demyelination models. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 159:105492. [PMID: 34478849 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Repulsive guidance molecule A (RGMa) is a potent inhibitor of axonal growth and a regulator of neuronal cell death. It is up-regulated following neuronal injury and accumulates in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Neutralizing RGMa has the potential to promote neuroregeneration and neuroprotection. Previously we reported that a rat anti-N terminal RGMa (N-RGMa) antibody r5F9 and its humanized version h5F9 (ABT-207) promote neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in preclinical neurodegenerative disease models. However, due to its cross-reactivity to RGMc/hemojuvelin, ABT-207 causes iron accumulation in vivo, which could present a safety liability. Here we report the generation and characterization of a novel RGMa-selective anti-N-RGMa antibody elezanumab, which is currently under Phase 2 clinical evaluation in multiple disease indications. Elezanumab, a human monoclonal antibody generated by in vitro PROfusion mRNA display technology, competes with ABT-207 in binding to N-RGMa but lacks RGMc cross-reactivity with no impact on iron metabolism. It neutralizes repulsive activity of soluble RGMa in vitro and blocks membrane RGMa mediated BMP signaling. In the optic nerve crush and optic neuritis models, elezanumab promotes axonal regeneration and prevents retinal nerve fiber layer degeneration. In the spinal targeted experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, elezanumab promotes axonal regeneration and remyelination, decreases inflammatory lesion area and improves functional recovery. Finally, in the mouse cuprizone model, elezanumab reduces demyelination, which is consistent with its inhibitory effect on BMP signaling. Taken together, these preclinical data demonstrate that elezanumab has neuroregenerative and neuroprotective activities without impact on iron metabolism, thus providing a compelling rationale for its clinical development in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Emma Fung
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Sahana Bose
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Andreas Popp
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany.
| | - Preethne Böser
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany.
| | - John Memmott
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Yuliya A Kutskova
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Renee Miller
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Edit Tarcsa
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Corinna Klein
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany.
| | | | - Bernhard K Mueller
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany.
| | - Yi-Fang Cui
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstrasse, 67061, Ludwigshafen 67061, Germany.
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10
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Petersen MA, Tognatta R, Meyer-Franke A, Bushong EA, Mendiola AS, Yan Z, Muthusamy A, Merlini M, Meza-Acevedo R, Cabriga B, Zhou Y, Thomas R, Ryu JK, Lassmann H, Ellisman MH, Akassoglou K. BMP receptor blockade overcomes extrinsic inhibition of remyelination and restores neurovascular homeostasis. Brain 2021; 144:2291-2301. [PMID: 34426831 PMCID: PMC8418337 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrinsic inhibitors at sites of blood–brain barrier disruption and neurovascular damage contribute to remyelination failure in neurological diseases. However, therapies to overcome the extrinsic inhibition of remyelination are not widely available and the dynamics of glial progenitor niche remodelling at sites of neurovascular dysfunction are largely unknown. By integrating in vivo two-photon imaging co-registered with electron microscopy and transcriptomics in chronic neuroinflammatory lesions, we found that oligodendrocyte precursor cells clustered perivascularly at sites of limited remyelination with deposition of fibrinogen, a blood coagulation factor abundantly deposited in multiple sclerosis lesions. By developing a screen (OPC-X-screen) to identify compounds that promote remyelination in the presence of extrinsic inhibitors, we showed that known promyelinating drugs did not rescue the extrinsic inhibition of remyelination by fibrinogen. In contrast, bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor blockade rescued the inhibitory fibrinogen effects and restored a promyelinating progenitor niche by promoting myelinating oligodendrocytes, while suppressing astrocyte cell fate, with potent therapeutic effects in chronic models of multiple sclerosis. Thus, abortive oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation by fibrinogen is refractory to known promyelinating compounds, suggesting that blockade of the bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway may enhance remyelinating efficacy by overcoming extrinsic inhibition in neuroinflammatory lesions with vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Petersen
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Reshmi Tognatta
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anke Meyer-Franke
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric A Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research on Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew S Mendiola
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Yan
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Abinaya Muthusamy
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mario Merlini
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rosa Meza-Acevedo
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Belinda Cabriga
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yungui Zhou
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research on Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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11
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Mausner-Fainberg K, Benhamou M, Golan M, Kimelman NB, Danon U, Marom E, Karni A. Specific Blockade of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2/4 Induces Oligodendrogenesis and Remyelination in Demyelinating Disorders. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1798-1814. [PMID: 34159538 PMCID: PMC8608985 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are present in demyelinated lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, their differentiation into functional oligodendrocytes is insufficient, and most lesions evolve into nonfunctional astroglial scars. Blockade of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling induces differentiation of OPCs into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. We studied the effect of specific blockade of BMP-2/4 signaling, by intravenous (IV) treatment with anti-BMP-2/4 neutralizing mAb in both the inflammatory model of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (R-EAE) and the cuprizone-toxic model of demyelination in mice. Administration of anti-BMP-2/4 to R-EAE-induced mice, on day 9 post-immunization (p.i.), ameliorated R-EAE signs, diminished the expression of phospho-SMAD1/5/8, primarily within the astrocytic lineage, increased the numbers of de novo immature and mature oligodendrocytes, and reduced the numbers of newly generated astrocytes within the spinal cord as early as day 18 p.i. This effect was accompanied with elevated remyelination, manifested by increased density of remyelinating axons (0.8 < g-ratios < 1), and reduced fully demyelinated and demyelinating axons, in the anti-BMP-2/4-treated R-EAE mice, studied by electron microscopy. No significant immunosuppressive effect was observed in the CNS and in the periphery, during the peak of the first attack, or at the end of the experiment. Moreover, IV treatment with anti-BMP-2/4 mAb in the cuprizone-challenged mice augmented the numbers of mature oligodendrocytes and remyelination in the corpus callosum during the recovery phase of the disease. Based on our findings, the specific blockade of BMP-2/4 has a therapeutic potential in demyelinating disorders such as MS, by inducing early oligodendrogenesis-mediated remyelination in the affected tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mausner-Fainberg
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Benhamou
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler's Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Golan
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Uri Danon
- Stem Cell Medicine Ltd, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ehud Marom
- Stem Cell Medicine Ltd, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arnon Karni
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Division, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann Street, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sackler's Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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12
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Russo K, Wharton KA. BMP/TGF-β signaling as a modulator of neurodegeneration in ALS. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:10-25. [PMID: 33745185 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This commentary focuses on the emerging intersection between BMP/TGF-β signaling roles in nervous system function and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease state. Future research is critical to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of this intersection of the cellular processes disrupted in ALS and those influenced by BMP/TGF-β signaling, including synapse structure, neurotransmission, plasticity, and neuroinflammation. Such knowledge promises to inform us of ideal entry points for the targeted modulation of dysfunctional cellular processes in an effort to abrogate ALS pathologies. It is likely that different interventions are required, either at discrete points in disease progression, or across multiple dysfunctional processes which together lead to motor neuron degeneration and death. We discuss the challenging, but intriguing idea that modulation of the pleiotropic nature of BMP/TGF-β signaling could be advantageous, as a way to simultaneously treat defects in more than one cell process across different forms of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Russo
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kristi A Wharton
- Robert J. and Nancy D. Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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13
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ELTD1 as a biomarker for multiple sclerosis: Pre-clinical molecular-targeted studies in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 49:102786. [PMID: 33517175 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and glioblastoma (GBM) are two distinct diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS). However, perturbation in CNS vasculature are hallmarks of both diseases. ELTD1 (epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and 7 transmembrane domain containing protein 1 on chromosome 1) is associated with vascular development, and has been linked with tumor angiogenesis. In glioblastomas, we detected over-expression of ELTD1, and found that an antibody targeting ELTD1 could increase animal survival and decrease tumor volumes in a xenograft GBM model. RNA-seq analysis of the preclinical data in the model for GBM identified that some of the molecular pathways affected by the anti-ELTD1 antibody therapy are also found to be associated with MS. In this study, we used molecular-targeted (mt) MR imaging and immunohistochemistry to assess ELTD1 levels in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. Specifically, we found that ELTD1 is readily detected in the brains of mice with EAE and is predominantly found in the corpus callosum. In addition, we found that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was compromised in the brains of EAE mice using contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI), as well as altered relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the brains and cervical spinal cords of these mice using perfusion imaging, compared to controls. These findings indicate that ELTD1 may be a promising biomarker for CNS-inflammation in MS.
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14
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The Wnt Effector TCF7l2 Promotes Oligodendroglial Differentiation by Repressing Autocrine BMP4-Mediated Signaling. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1650-1664. [PMID: 33452226 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2386-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation represents a promising option for remyelination therapy for treating the demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). The Wnt effector transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7l2) was upregulated in MS lesions and had been proposed to inhibit OL differentiation. Recent data suggest the opposite yet underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we unravel a previously unappreciated function of TCF7l2 in controlling autocrine bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)4-mediated signaling. Disrupting TCF7l2 in mice of both sexes results in oligodendroglial-specific BMP4 upregulation and canonical BMP4 signaling activation in vivo Mechanistically, TCF7l2 binds to Bmp4 gene regulatory element and directly represses its transcriptional activity. Functionally, enforced TCF7l2 expression promotes OL differentiation by reducing autocrine BMP4 secretion and dampening BMP4 signaling. Importantly, compound genetic disruption demonstrates that oligodendroglial-specific BMP4 deletion rescues arrested OL differentiation elicited by TCF7l2 disruption in vivo Collectively, our study reveals a novel connection between TCF7l2 and BMP4 in oligodendroglial lineage and provides new insights into augmenting TCF7l2 for promoting remyelination in demyelinating disorders such as MS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Incomplete or failed myelin repairs, primarily resulting from the arrested differentiation of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs) from oligodendroglial progenitor cells, is one of the major reasons for neurologic progression in people affected by multiple sclerosis (MS). Using in vitro culture systems and in vivo animal models, this study unraveled a previously unrecognized autocrine regulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)4-mediated signaling by the Wnt effector transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7l2). We showed for the first time that TCF7l2 promotes oligodendroglial differentiation by repressing BMP4-mediated activity, which is dysregulated in MS lesions. Our study suggests that elevating TCF7l2 expression may be possible in overcoming arrested oligodendroglial differentiation as observed in MS patients.
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15
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Sotiropoulos MG, Chitnis T. Opposing and potentially antagonistic effects of BMP and TGF-β in multiple sclerosis: The "Yin and Yang" of neuro-immune Signaling. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577358. [PMID: 32795734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) are cytokines with similar receptors and messengers. They are important for immune cell function, with BMPs exerting mainly proinflammatory but also anti-inflammatory effects, and TGF-β suppressing inflammation. Patients with Multiple Sclerosis exhibit BMP overactivity and suppressed TGF-β signaling. This dysregulated signaling participates in the crosstalk between infiltrating immune cells and glia, where BMP inhibits remyelination. Reciprocal antagonism between the two pathways takes place via a variety of mechanisms. Although this antagonism has not been studied in the setting of Multiple Sclerosis, it could inform further research and treatment discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos G Sotiropoulos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Eixarch H, Calvo-Barreiro L, Costa C, Reverter-Vives G, Castillo M, Gil V, Del Río JA, Montalban X, Espejo C. Inhibition of the BMP Signaling Pathway Ameliorated Established Clinical Symptoms of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:1988-2003. [PMID: 32681355 PMCID: PMC7851289 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. BMPs have been implicated in physiological processes, but they are also involved in many pathological conditions. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS); however, its etiology remains elusive. Some evidence points to BMPs as important players in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In the present work, we studied the expression of BMP2, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP type II receptor, and noggin in the immune system during different phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Major changes in the expression of BMPs took place in the initial phases of EAE. Indeed, those changes mainly affected BMP6 (whose expression was abrogated), BMP2, and BMP7 (whose expression was increased). In addition, we showed that in vivo inhibition of the BMP signaling pathway with small molecules ameliorated the already established clinical symptoms of EAE, as well as the CNS histopathological features. At the immune level, we observed an expansion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in mice treated with small molecules that inhibit the BMP signaling pathway. pDCs could play an important role in promoting the expansion of antigen-specific regulatory T cells. Altogether, our data suggest a role for BMPs in early immune events that take place in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE. In addition, the clinical outcome of the disease was improved when the BMP signaling pathway was inhibited in mice that presented established EAE symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herena Eixarch
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Laura Calvo-Barreiro
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Carme Costa
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Gemma Reverter-Vives
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Mireia Castillo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Vanessa Gil
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
- Division of Neurology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.
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17
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Halloran D, Durbano HW, Nohe A. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Development and Bone Homeostasis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:E19. [PMID: 32933207 PMCID: PMC7557435 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi-functional growth factors belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) superfamily. These proteins are essential to many developmental processes, including cardiogenesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis. Specifically, within the BMP family, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) was the first BMP to be characterized and has been well-studied. BMP-2 has important roles during embryonic development, as well as bone remodeling and homeostasis in adulthood. Some of its specific functions include digit formation and activating osteogenic genes, such as Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2). Because of its diverse functions and osteogenic potential, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved usage of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) during spinal fusion surgery, tibial shaft repair, and maxillary sinus reconstructive surgery. However, shortly after initial injections of rhBMP-2, several adverse complications were reported, and alternative therapeutics have been developed to limit these side-effects. As the clinical application of BMP-2 is largely implicated in bone, we focus primarily on its role in bone. However, we also describe briefly the role of BMP-2 in development. We then focus on the structure of BMP-2, its activation and regulation signaling pathways, BMP-2 clinical applications, and limitations of using BMP-2 as a therapeutic. Further, this review explores other potential treatments that may be useful in treating bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anja Nohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (D.H.); (H.W.D.)
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18
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Inhibitors of Myelination and Remyelination, Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, are Upregulated in Human Neurological Disease. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:656-662. [PMID: 32030597 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02980-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis and stroke, myelin is destroyed and along with it, the oligodendrocytes that synthesize the myelin. Thus, recovery is limited due to both interruptions in neuronal transmission as well as lack of support for neurons. Although oligodendrocyte progenitor cells remain abundant in the central nervous system, they rarely mature and form new functional myelin in the diseased CNS. In cell culture and in experimental models of demyelinating disease, inhibitory signaling factors decrease myelination and remyelination. One of the most potent of these are the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a family of proteins that strongly inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and myelination in culture. BMPs are highly expressed in the dorsal CNS during pre-natal development and serve to regulate dorsal ventral patterning. Their expression decreases after birth but is significantly increased in rodent demyelination models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, cuprizone ingestion and spinal cord injury. However, until recently, evidence for BMP upregulation in human disease has been scarce. This review discusses new human studies showing that in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases, BMPs are expressed by immune cells invading the CNS as well as resident CNS cell types, mostly astrocytes and microglia. Expression of endogenous BMP antagonists is also regulated. Identification of BMPs in the CNS is correlated with areas of demyelination and inflammation. These studies further support BMP as a potential therapeutic target.
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Combinatory Multifactor Treatment Effects on Primary Nanofiber Oligodendrocyte Cultures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111422. [PMID: 31726669 PMCID: PMC6912369 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Neurological deficits are attributed to inflammatory demyelination, which compromises axonal function and survival. These are mitigated in experimental models by rapid and often complete remyelination of affected axons, but in MS this endogenous repair mechanism frequently fails, leaving axons increasingly vulnerable to the detrimental effects of inflammatory and metabolic stress. Understanding the molecular basis of remyelination and remyelination failure is essential to develop improved therapies for this devastating disease. However, recent studies suggest that this is not due to a single dominant mechanism, but rather represents the biological outcome of multiple changes in the lesion microenvironment that combine to disrupt oligodendrocyte differentiation. This identifies a pressing need to develop technical platforms to investigate combinatory and/or synergistic effects of factors differentially expressed in MS lesions on oligodendrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Here we describe protocols using primary oligodendrocyte cultures from Bl6 mice on 384-well nanofiber plates to model changes affecting oligodendrogenesis and differentiation in the complex signaling environment associated with multiple sclerosis lesions. Using platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF–AA), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) as representative targets, we demonstrate that we can assess their combinatory effects across a wide range of concentrations in a single experiment. This in vitro model is ideal for assessing the combinatory effects of changes in availability of multiple factors, thus more closely modelling the situation in vivo and furthering high-throughput screening possibilities.
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