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Nemakhavhani L, Abrahamse H, Kumar SSD. A review on dendrimer-based nanoconjugates and their intracellular trafficking in cancer photodynamic therapy. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 52:384-398. [PMID: 39101753 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2024.2368033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based cancer treatment has received considerable attention, and these treatments generally use drug-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) to target and destroy cancer cells. Nanotechnology combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated positive outcomes in cancer therapy. Combining nanotechnology and PDT is effective in targeting metastatic cancer cells. Nanotechnology can also increase the effectiveness of PDT by targeting cells at a molecular level. Dendrimer-based nanoconjugates (DBNs) are highly stable and biocompatible, making them suitable for drug delivery applications. Moreover, the hyperbranched structures in DBNs have the capacity to load hydrophobic compounds, such as photosensitizers (PSs) and chemotherapy drugs, and deliver them efficiently to tumour cells. This review primarily focuses on DBNs and their potential applications in cancer treatment. We discuss the chemical design, mechanism of action, and targeting efficiency of DBNs in tumour metastasis, intracellular trafficking in cancer treatment, and DBNs' biocompatibility, biodegradability and clearance properties. Overall, this study will provide the most recent insights into the application of DBNs and PDT in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufuno Nemakhavhani
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Solanki K, Ahmed N, Srivastava N, Meher N. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Targeted NIR Phototheranostics for Prostate Cancer. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 39192748 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of targeted cancer theranostics has revolutionized personalized medicine by integrating diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as a key theranostic target in the context of prostate cancer, paving the way for the clinical approval of multiple drugs. However, the persistent challenge of off-target toxicity, which plagues both conventional and advanced treatment modalities such as targeted chemotherapy and radiotherapy, thus demands further innovation. Considering this critical issue, this review discusses the recent advances in the binary treatment techniques, i.e., phototherapies, that have the potential to circumvent the key concern of off-target toxicity associated with personalized chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Precisely, an up-to-date overview of the latest developments in the near-infrared (NIR)-based phototheranostic strategies for prostate cancer by targeting PSMA has been presented. Furthermore, we have discussed the associated particulars that require specific attention in enhancing the translational potential of phototheranostic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Solanki
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Nazeer Ahmed
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Niranjan Meher
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
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3
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Lin W, Yin L, Wang X, Li C, Zhang W, Pei Q, Qi H, Sun T, Xie Z, Gu J. Quantitatively analyzing the dissociation and release of disulfide-containing organic nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39192634 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00804a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The disintegration of nanoparticles and drug release are important and imperative for nanoparticle formulations of therapeutic agents. However, quantitatively monitoring the drug release of nanomedicines is a major challenge. In this work, boron-dipyrromethene (BDP) was applied as a model drug to study the disassembly of nanoparticles and drug release. BDP dimers with disulfide and ester bonds were synthesized, and their nanoparticles were made. The accurate analysis of bond breaking in BDP nanoparticles could not be realized by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Hence, the possible products after bond cleavage were quantified by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). BDP nanoparticles could be endocytosed into cancer cells, and the disulfide bonds and ester bonds were broken to promote the disassociation of nanoparticles and BDP release. Then, near-infrared BDP nanoparticles were investigated in live mice by near-infrared fluorescence imaging and LC-MS/MS. The release of BDP was low (<10%) and BDP maintained the original dimer structure in vivo, which showed that the bond breaking for BDP nanoparticles was difficult in vivo. These results could help us understand the breaking law of disulfide bonds and ester bonds in nanoparticles and are beneficial for developing practical new drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhai Lin
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Yin
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning 124221, P. R. China
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.
- Department of Thyroid, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P. R. China
| | - Chaonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Qing Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Huixuan Qi
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China.
- Clinical Pharmacology Center, Research Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Dongminzhu Street, Changchun, Jilin 130061, P. R. China
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Zhang L, He M, Xia X, Ma Z, Lv C, Wang R, Liu W, Fan J, Peng X, Sun W. Ferroptosis-inducing photosensitizers alleviate hypoxia tumor microenvironment for enhanced fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8248-8251. [PMID: 39011721 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
This study describes H2O2-activated photosensitizer nanoparticles (ICyHD NPs), which inhibit histone deacetylase via binding Zn2+ to induce ferroptosis and upregulate the intracellular O2, thus resulting in enhanced photodynamic therapeutic effect. ICyHD NPs exert strong antitumor effects on mice and have improved the therapeutic precision via observing the increase in cellular fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Chengyuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Wenkai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhou M, Shi X, Pu X, He Z, Zhang S, Qin F, Luo C. Small molecule-engineered nanoassembly for lipid peroxidation-amplified photodynamic therapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1860-1871. [PMID: 38082030 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01490-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), extensively explored as a non-invasive and spatio-temporal therapeutic modality for cancer treatment, encounters challenges related to the brief half-life and limited diffusion range of singlet oxygen. Lipid peroxides, formed through the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by singlet oxygen, exhibit prolonged half-life and potent cytotoxicity. Herein, we employed small molecule co-assembly technology to create nanoassemblies of pyropheophorbide a (PPa) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to bolster PDT. DHA, an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid, co-assembled with PPa to generate nanoparticles (PPa@DHA NPs) without the need for additional excipients. To enhance the stability of these nanoassemblies, we introduced 20% DSPE-PEG2k as a stabilizing agent, leading to the formation of PPa@DHA PEG2k NPs. Upon laser irradiation, PPa-produced singlet oxygen swiftly oxidized DHA, resulting in the generation of cytotoxic lipid peroxides. This process significantly augmented the therapeutic efficiency of PDT. Consequently, tumor growth was markedly suppressed, attributed to the sensitizing and amplifying impact of DHA on PDT in a 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model. In summary, this molecule-engineered nanoassembly introduces an innovative co-delivery approach to enhance PDT with polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuequan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mingyang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xianbao Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, N. Jinming Ave, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Shenwu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Feng Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Huang J, Guo L, Huang X, Yu X, Lin L, Jiang X, Bai Z, Li Z. Multimodal Imaging-Guided Synergistic Photodynamic Therapy Using Carbonized Zn/Co Metal-Organic Framework Loaded with Cytotoxin Against Liver Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4163-4180. [PMID: 38751660 PMCID: PMC11095517 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s453275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The study aimed to address the non-specific toxicity of cytotoxins (CTX) in liver cancer treatment and explore their combined application with the photosensitizer Ce6, co-loaded into carbonized Zn/Co bimetallic organic frameworks. The goal was to achieve controlled CTX release and synergistic photodynamic therapy, with a focus on evaluating anti-tumor activity against human liver cancer cell lines (Hep G2). Methods Purified cobra cytotoxin (CTX) and photosensitizer Ce6 were co-loaded into carbonized Zn/Co bimetallic organic frameworks, resulting in RGD-PDA@C-ZIF@(CTX+Ce6). The formulation was designed with surface-functionalization using polydopamine and tumor-penetrating peptide RGD. This approach aimed to facilitate controlled CTX release and enhance the synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy. The accumulation of RGD-PDA@C-ZIF@(CTX+Ce6) at tumor sites was achieved through RGD's active targeting and the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In the acidic tumor microenvironment, the porous structure of the metal-organic framework disintegrated, releasing CTX and Ce6 into tumor cells. Results Experiments demonstrated that RGD-PDA@C-ZIF@(CTX+Ce6) nanoparticles, combined with near-infrared laser irradiation, exhibited optimal anti-tumor effects against human liver cancer cells. The formulation showcased heightened anti-tumor activity without discernible systemic toxicity. Conclusion The study underscores the potential of utilizing metal-organic frameworks as an efficient nanoplatform for co-loading cytotoxins and photodynamic therapy in liver cancer treatment. The developed formulation, RGD-PDA@C-ZIF@(CTX+Ce6), offers a promising avenue for advancing the clinical application of cytotoxins in oncology, providing a solid theoretical foundation for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Huang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianshan Guo
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiao Lin
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinlin Jiang
- Department of General Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Bai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhao Li
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People’s Republic of China
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Wang W, Gao Y, Xu J, Zou T, Yang B, Hu S, Cheng X, Xia Y, Zheng Q. A NRF2 Regulated and the Immunosuppressive Microenvironment Reversed Nanoplatform for Cholangiocarcinoma Photodynamic-Gas Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307143. [PMID: 38308097 PMCID: PMC11005733 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive and controllable local cancer treatment for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the efficacy of PDT is hindered by intratumoral hypoxia and the presence of an antioxidant microenvironment. To address these limitations, combining PDT with gas therapy may be a promising strategy to enhance tumor oxygenation. Moreover, the augmentation of oxidative damage induced by PDT and gas therapy can be achieved by inhibiting NRF2, a core regulatory molecule involved in the antioxidant response. In this study, an integrated nanotherapeutic platform called CMArg@Lip, incorporating PDT and gas therapies using ROS-responsive liposomes encapsulating the photosensitizer Ce6, the NO gas-generating agent L-arginine, and the NRF2 inhibitor ML385, is successfully developed. The utilization of CMArg@Lip effectively deals with challenges posed by tumor hypoxia and antioxidant microenvironment, resulting in elevated levels of oxidative damage and subsequent induction of ferroptosis in CCA. Additionally, these findings suggest that CMArg@Lip exhibits notable immunomodulatory effects, including the promotion of immunogenic cell death and facilitation of dendritic cell maturation. Furthermore, it contributes to the anti-tumor function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes through the downregulation of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and the activation of the STING signaling pathway in myeloid-derived suppressor cells, thereby reprogramming the immunosuppressive microenvironment via various mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Liver Transplant CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Liver Transplant CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Tianhao Zou
- Liver Transplant CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Liver Transplant CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Shaobo Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Liver Transplant CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Digestive Oncology SurgeryCancer CentreUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of General SurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030China
| | - Qichang Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Liver Transplant CenterUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Ran H, Chen Z, Ye Y, Jiang J, Hu Z, Azechi M, Peng F, Tian H, Xu Z, Tu Y. A NIR-driven green affording-oxygen microrobot for targeted photodynamic therapy of tumors. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:635-644. [PMID: 38087964 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-activated local treatment modality that has promising potential in cancer therapy. However, ineffective delivery of photosensitizers and hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment severely restrict the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. Herein, phototactic Chlorella (C) is utilized to carry photosensitizer-encapsulated nanoparticles to develop a near-infrared (NIR) driven green affording-oxygen microrobot system (CurNPs-C) for enhanced PDT. Photosensitizer (curcumin, Cur) loaded nanoparticles are first synthesized and then covalently attached to C through amide bonds. An in vitro study demonstrates that the developed CurNPs-C exhibits continuous oxygen generation and desirable phototaxis under NIR treatment. After intravenous injection, the initial 660 nm laser irradiation successfully induces the active migration of CurNPs-C to tumor sites for higher accumulation. Upon the second 660 nm laser treatment, CurNPs-C produces abundant oxygen, which in turn induces the natural product Cur to generate more reactive oxygen species (ROS) that significantly inhibit the growth of tumors in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. This contribution showcases the ability of a light-driven green affording-oxygen microrobot to exhibit targeting capacity and O2 generation for enhancing photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Hui Ran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ze Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yicheng Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jiamiao Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ziwei Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Miral Azechi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Zhili Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasound in Musculoskeletal Sports Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China.
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Du JR, Teng DK, Wang Y, Wang Q, Lin YQ, Luo Q, Xue JN, Zhu LY, Dong P, Zhang GM, Liu Y, Sun ZX, Wang H, Sui GQ. Endogenous H 2O 2 Self-Replenishment and Sustainable Cascades Enhance the Efficacy of Sonodynamic Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6667-6687. [PMID: 38026520 PMCID: PMC10656771 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s431221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), with its high tissue penetration and noninvasive advantages, represents an emerging approach to eradicating solid tumors. However, the outcomes of SDT are typically hampered by the low oxygen content and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Accordingly, we constructed a cascade nanoplatform to regulate the TME and improve the anti-tumor efficiency of SDT. Methods In this study, we rationally design cascade nanoplatform by incorporating immunostimulant hyaluronic acid (HA) and sonosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) on the polydopamine nanocarrier that is pre-doped with platinum nanozymes (designated Ce6/Pt@PDA-HA, PPCH). Results The cascade reactions of PPCH are evidenced by the results that HA exhibits reversing immunosuppressive that converts M2 macrophages into M1 macrophages in situ, while producing H2O2, and then platinum nanozymes further catalyze the H2O2 to produce O2, and O2 produces abundant singlet oxygen (1O2) under the action of Ce6 and low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), resulting in a domino effect and further amplifying the efficacy of SDT. Due to its pH responsiveness and mitochondrial targeting, PPCH effectively accumulates in tumor cells. Under LIFU irradiation, PPCH effectively reverses immunosuppression, alleviates hypoxia in the TME, enhances reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and enhances SDT efficacy for eliminating tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, an in vivo dual-modal imaging including fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging achieves precise tumor diagnosis. Conclusion This cascade nanoplatform will provide a promising strategy for enhancing SDT eradication against tumors by modulating immunosuppression and relieving hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rui Du
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deng-Ke Teng
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qimeihui Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Qiang Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Nan Xue
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gen-Mao Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xia Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qing Sui
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, People’s Republic of China
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Yang M, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Xie H, Tian W, Liu Z. Application of hyaluronic acid-based nanoparticles for cancer combination therapy. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123459. [PMID: 37778513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a significant public health problem in the world. The treatment methods include surgery, chemotherapy, phototherapy, and immunotherapy. Due to their respective limitations, the treatment effect is often unsatisfactory, laying hidden dangers for metastasis and recurrence. Since their exceptional biocompatibility and excellent targeting capabilities, hyaluronic acid-based biomaterials have generated great interest as drug delivery methods for tumor therapy. Moreover, modified HA can self-assemble into hydrogels or nanoparticles (NPs) for precise drug administration. This article summarizes the application of HA-based NPs in combination therapy. Ultimately, it is anticipated that this research will offer guidance for creating various HA-based NPs utilized in numerous cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zheming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Haonan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wenli Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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11
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He R, Yang P, Liu A, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Chang C, Lu B. Cascade strategy for glucose oxidase-based synergistic cancer therapy using nanomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9798-9839. [PMID: 37842806 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based cancer therapy faces significant limitations due to the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Starvation therapy is an emerging therapeutic approach that targets tumor cell metabolism using glucose oxidase (GOx). Importantly, it can provide a material or environmental foundation for other diverse therapeutic methods by manipulating the properties of the TME, such as acidity, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, and hypoxia degree. In recent years, this cascade strategy has been extensively applied in nanoplatforms for ongoing synergetic therapy and still holds undeniable potential. However, only a few review articles comprehensively elucidate the rational designs of nanoplatforms for synergetic therapeutic regimens revolving around the conception of the cascade strategy. Therefore, this review focuses on innovative cascade strategies for GOx-based synergetic therapy from representative paradigms to state-of-the-art reports to provide an instructive, comprehensive, and insightful reference for readers. Thereafter, we discuss the remaining challenges and offer a critical perspective on the further advancement of GOx-facilitated cancer treatment toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peida Yang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aoxue Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yueli Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqi Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cong Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Lu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Jiang Y, Zhou Z, Liu C, Wang L, Li C. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles as drug delivery carrier for photodynamic anticancer therapy. Front Chem 2023; 11:1284292. [PMID: 37915541 PMCID: PMC10616255 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1284292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is an effective tumor treatment strategy that not only induces photocytotoxicity to kill tumor cells directly but also activates the immune system in the body to generate tumor-specific immunity, preventing cancer metastasis and recurrence. However, some limitations of PDT limit the therapeutic efficacy in deep tumors. Previous studies have used different types of nanoparticles (NPs) as drug carriers of photosensitizers (PSs) to overcome the shortcomings of PDT and improve therapeutic efficacy. Among them, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have natural advantages as carriers for PS delivery. In addition to the targeted delivery of PSs into tumor cells, their unique immunogenicity helps them to serve as immune adjuvants to enhance the PDT-induced immune effect, providing new ideas for photodynamic anticancer therapy. Therefore, in this review, we will introduce the biogenesis and anticancer functions of OMVs and the research on them as drug delivery carriers in PDT. Finally, we also discuss the challenges and prospects of OMVs as a versatile drug delivery carrier for photodynamic anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - ZunZhen Zhou
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chongzhi Liu
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mianyang Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
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13
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Deng B, Wang K, Zhang L, Qiu Z, Dong W, Wang W. Photodynamic Therapy for Inflammatory and Cancerous Diseases of the Intestines: Molecular Mechanisms and Prospects for Application. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4793-4810. [PMID: 37781521 PMCID: PMC10539702 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.87492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment that effectively targets cancer and inflammatory diseases. It has gained recognition for its efficacy, low toxicity, and potential for repeated use. Colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC), impose a significant burden on global intestinal health, with increasing incidence and prevalence rates. PDT shows promise as an emerging approach for gastrointestinal disease treatment, particularly IBD and CRC. Extensive preclinical research has demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of PDT for IBD and CRC, while clinical studies are currently underway. This review provides an overview of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects of PDT, offering insights into the clinical application of PDT in IBD and CRC treatment. It is expected that this review will serve as a valuable reference for future research on PDT for CRC and IBD, contributing to advancements in the treatment of inflammatory and cancerous diseases of the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiying Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lilong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhendong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiguo Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Lima E, Reis LV. Photodynamic Therapy: From the Basics to the Current Progress of N-Heterocyclic-Bearing Dyes as Effective Photosensitizers. Molecules 2023; 28:5092. [PMID: 37446758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy, an alternative that has gained weight and popularity compared to current conventional therapies in the treatment of cancer, is a minimally invasive therapeutic strategy that generally results from the simultaneous action of three factors: a molecule with high sensitivity to light, the photosensitizer, molecular oxygen in the triplet state, and light energy. There is much to be said about each of these three elements; however, the efficacy of the photosensitizer is the most determining factor for the success of this therapeutic modality. Porphyrins, chlorins, phthalocyanines, boron-dipyrromethenes, and cyanines are some of the N-heterocycle-bearing dyes' classes with high biological promise. In this review, a concise approach is taken to these and other families of potential photosensitizers and the molecular modifications that have recently appeared in the literature within the scope of their photodynamic application, as well as how these compounds and their formulations may eventually overcome the deficiencies of the molecules currently clinically used and revolutionize the therapies to eradicate or delay the growth of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico Lima
- CQ-VR-Chemistry Centre of Vila Real, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lucinda V Reis
- CQ-VR-Chemistry Centre of Vila Real, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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15
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Pogorilyy V, Ostroverkhov P, Efimova V, Plotnikova E, Bezborodova O, Diachkova E, Vasil'ev Y, Pankratov A, Grin M. Thiocarbonyl Derivatives of Natural Chlorins: Synthesis Using Lawesson's Reagent and a Study of Their Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104215. [PMID: 37241955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of sulfur-containing pharmaceutical compounds is important in the advancement of medicinal chemistry. Photosensitizers (PS) that acquire new properties upon incorporation of sulfur-containing groups or individual sulfur atoms into their structure are not neglected, either. In this work, a synthesis of sulfur-containing derivatives of natural chlorophyll a using Lawesson's reagent was optimized. Thiocarbonyl chlorins were shown to have a significant bathochromic shift in the absorption and fluorescence bands. The feasibility of functionalizing the thiocarbonyl group at the macrocycle periphery by formation of a Pt(II) metal complex in the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin was shown. The chemical stability of the resulting conjugate in aqueous solution was studied, and it was found to possess a high cytotoxic activity against sarcoma S37 tumor cells that results from the combined photodynamic and chemotherapeutic effect on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Pogorilyy
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr Ostroverkhov
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Efimova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Plotnikova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky pr., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Bezborodova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky pr., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Diachkova
- Department of Oral Surgery, Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), str Trubetskaya 8\2, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), str Trubetskaya 8\2, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy Vasil'ev
- Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), str Trubetskaya 8\2, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei Pankratov
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
- P. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute-Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2nd Botkinsky pr., 3, 125284 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Grin
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Biologically Active Compounds, Medicinal and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Avenue, 119571 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Zhang M, Zhou Y, Wu B, Lu C, Quan G, Huang Z, Wu C, Pan X. An oxygen-generating metal organic framework nanoplatform as a “synergy motor” for extricating dilemma over photodynamic therapy. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 4:5420-5430. [DOI: 10.1039/d3ma00382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with metal organic frameworks (MOFs) addresses current obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yixian Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Biyuan Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Chao Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Guilan Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbin Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xin Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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