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Huang YH, Lee MT, Hsueh HY, Knutson DE, Cook J, Mihovilovic MD, Sieghart W, Chiou LC. Cerebellar α6GABA A Receptors as a Therapeutic Target for Essential Tremor: Proof-of-Concept Study with Ethanol and Pyrazoloquinolinones. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:399-418. [PMID: 36696034 PMCID: PMC10121996 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol has been shown to suppress essential tremor (ET) in patients at low-to-moderate doses, but its mechanism(s) of action remain unknown. One of the ET hypotheses attributes the ET tremorgenesis to the over-activated firing of inferior olivary neurons, causing synchronic rhythmic firings of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Purkinje cells, however, also receive excitatory inputs from granule cells where the α6 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (α6GABAARs) are abundantly expressed. Since ethanol is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of α6GABAARs, such action may mediate its anti-tremor effect. Employing the harmaline-induced ET model in male ICR mice, we evaluated the possible anti-tremor effects of ethanol and α6GABAAR-selective pyrazoloquinolinone PAMs. The burrowing activity, an indicator of well-being in rodents, was measured concurrently. Ethanol significantly and dose-dependently attenuated action tremor at non-sedative doses (0.4-2.4 g/kg, i.p.). Propranolol and α6GABAAR-selective pyrazoloquinolinones also significantly suppressed tremor activity. Neither ethanol nor propranolol, but only pyrazoloquinolinones, restored burrowing activity in harmaline-treated mice. Importantly, intra-cerebellar micro-injection of furosemide (an α6GABAAR antagonist) had a trend of blocking the effect of pyrazoloquinolinone Compound 6 or ethanol on harmaline-induced tremor. In addition, the anti-tremor effects of Compound 6 and ethanol were synergistic. These results suggest that low doses of ethanol and α6GABAAR-selective PAMs can attenuate action tremor, at least partially by modulating cerebellar α6GABAARs. Thus, α6GABAARs are potential therapeutic targets for ET, and α6GABAAR-selective PAMs may be a potential mono- or add-on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsien Huang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tatt Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Han-Yun Hsueh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Daniel E Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - James Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | | | - Werner Sieghart
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Rd., Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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Fadeyibi O, Rybalchenko N, Mabry S, Nguyen DH, Cunningham RL. The Role of Lipid Rafts and Membrane Androgen Receptors in Androgen’s Neurotoxic Effects. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac030. [PMID: 35308305 PMCID: PMC8926069 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences have been observed in multiple oxidative stress–associated neurodegenerative diseases. Androgens, such as testosterone, can exacerbate oxidative stress through a membrane androgen receptor (mAR), AR45, localized to lipid rafts in the plasma membrane. The goal of this study is to determine if interfering with mAR localization to cholesterol-rich lipid rafts decreases androgen induced neurotoxicity under oxidative stress environments. We hypothesize that cholesterol-rich caveolar lipid rafts are necessary for androgens to induce oxidative stress generation in neurons via the mAR localized within the plasma membrane. Nystatin was used to sequester cholesterol and thus decrease cholesterol-rich caveolar lipid rafts in a neuronal cell line (N27 cells). Nystatin was applied prior to testosterone exposure in oxidatively stressed N27 cells. Cell viability, endocytosis, and protein analysis of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mAR localization were conducted. Our results show that the loss of lipid rafts via cholesterol sequestering blocked androgen-induced oxidative stress in cells by decreasing the localization of mAR to caveolar lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadarasimi Fadeyibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Nataliya Rybalchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Steve Mabry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dianna H Nguyen
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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Venuti LS, Pena-Flores NL, Herberholz J. Cellular interactions between social experience, alcohol sensitivity, and GABAergic inhibition in a crayfish neural circuit. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:256-272. [PMID: 33174493 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00519.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here that prior social experience modified the behavioral responses of adult crayfish to acute alcohol exposure. Animals housed individually for 1 wk before alcohol exposure were less sensitive to the intoxicating effects of alcohol than animals housed in groups, and these differences are based on changes in the nervous system rather than differences in alcohol uptake. To elucidate the underlying neural mechanisms, we investigated the neurophysiological responses of the lateral giant (LG) interneurons after alcohol exposure. Specifically, we measured the interactions between alcohol and different GABAA-receptor antagonists and agonists in reduced crayfish preparations devoid of brain-derived tonic GABAergic inhibition. We found that alcohol significantly increased the postsynaptic potential of the LG neurons, but contrary to our behavioral observations, the results were similar for isolated and communal animals. The GABAA-receptor antagonist picrotoxin, however, facilitated LG postsynaptic potentials more strongly in communal crayfish, which altered the neurocellular interactions with alcohol, whereas TPMPA [(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid], an antagonist directed against GABAA-receptors with ρ subunits, did not produce any effects. Muscimol, an agonist for GABAA-receptors, blocked the stimulating effects of alcohol, but this was independent of prior social history. THIP [4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol], an agonist directed against GABAA-receptors with δ subunits, which were not previously known to exist in the LG circuit, replicated the suppressing effects of muscimol. Together, our findings provide strong evidence that alcohol interacts with the crayfish GABAergic system, and the interplay between prior social experience and acute alcohol intoxication might be linked to changes in the expression and function of specific GABAA-receptor subtypes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The complex interactions between alcohol and prior social experience are still poorly understood. Our work demonstrates that socially isolated crayfish exhibit lower neurobehavioral sensitivity to acute ethanol compared with communally housed animals, and this socially mediated effect is based on changes in the nervous systems rather than on differences in uptake or metabolism. By combining intracellular neurophysiology and neuropharmacology, we investigated the role of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and its receptor subtypes, in shaping this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jens Herberholz
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program.,Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Yamada A, Koga K, Kume K, Ohsawa M, Furue H. Ethanol-induced enhancement of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the rat spinal substantia gelatinosa. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918817969. [PMID: 30453825 PMCID: PMC6293375 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918817969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that ethanol produces a widespread modulation
of neuronal activity in the central nervous system. It is not fully
understood, however, how ethanol changes nociceptive transmission. We
investigated acute effects of ethanol on synaptic transmission in the
substantia gelatinosa (lamina II of the spinal dorsal horn) and
mechanical responses in the spinal dorsal horn. In substantia
gelatinosa neurons, bath application of ethanol at low concentration
(10 mM) did not change the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous
inhibitory postsynaptic currents. At medium to high concentrations
(20–100 mM), however, ethanol elicited a barrage of large amplitude
spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In the presence of
tetrodotoxin, such enhancement of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic
currents was not detected. In addition, ethanol (20–100 mM) increased
the frequency of spontaneous discharge of vesicular GABA
transporter-Venus-labeled neurons and suppressed the mechanical
nociceptive response in wide-dynamic range neurons in the spinal
dorsal horn. The present results suggest that ethanol may reduce
nociceptive information transfer in the spinal dorsal horn by
enhancement of inhibitory GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic
transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of
Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Information Physiology, National
Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kohei Koga
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of
Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohsawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of
Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Department of Information Physiology, National
Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- School of Life Science, Graduate University for
Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
- Hidemasa Furue, Department of
Neurophysiology 663–8131, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya,
Japan.
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Swierzbinski ME, Herberholz J. Effects of Ethanol on Sensory Inputs to the Medial Giant Interneurons of Crayfish. Front Physiol 2018; 9:448. [PMID: 29755370 PMCID: PMC5934690 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crayfish are capable of two rapid, escape reflexes that are mediated by two pairs of giant interneurons, the lateral giants (LG) and the medial giants (MG), which respond to threats presented to the abdomen or head and thorax, respectively. The LG has been the focus of study for many decades and the role of GABAergic inhibition on the escape circuit is well-described. More recently, we demonstrated that the LG circuit is sensitive to the acute effects of ethanol and this sensitivity is likely mediated by interactions between ethanol and the GABAergic system. The MG neurons, however, which receive multi-modal sensory inputs and are located in the brain, have been less studied despite their established importance during many naturally occurring behaviors. Using a combination of electrophysiological and neuropharmacological techniques, we report here that the MG neurons are sensitive to ethanol and experience an increase in amplitudes of post-synaptic potentials following ethanol exposure. Moreover, they are affected by GABAergic mechanisms: the facilitatory effect of acute EtOH can be suppressed by pretreatment with a GABA receptor agonist whereas the inhibitory effects resulting from a GABA agonist can be occluded by ethanol exposure. Together, our findings suggest intriguing neurocellular interactions between alcohol and the crayfish GABAergic system. These results enable further exploration of potentially conserved neurochemical mechanisms underlying the interactions between alcohol and neural circuitry that controls complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Swierzbinski
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jens Herberholz
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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Harrison NL, Skelly MJ, Grosserode EK, Lowes DC, Zeric T, Phister S, Salling MC. Effects of acute alcohol on excitability in the CNS. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:36-45. [PMID: 28479395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol has many effects on brain function and hence on human behavior, ranging from anxiolytic and mild disinhibitory effects, sedation and motor incoordination, amnesia, emesis, hypnosis and eventually unconsciousness. In recent years a variety of studies have shown that acute and chronic exposure to alcohol can modulate ion channels that regulate excitability. Modulation of intrinsic excitability provides another way in which alcohol can influence neuronal network activity, in addition to its actions on synaptic inputs. In this review, we review "low dose" effects [between 2 and 20 mM EtOH], and "medium dose"; effects [between 20 and 50 mM], by considering in turn each of the many networks and brain regions affected by alcohol, and thereby attempt to integrate in vitro physiological studies in specific brain regions (e.g. amygdala, ventral tegmental area, prefrontal cortex, thalamus, cerebellum etc.) within the context of alcohol's behavioral actions in vivo (e.g. anxiolysis, euphoria, sedation, motor incoordination). This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil L Harrison
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., 10032, United States.
| | - Mary Jane Skelly
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., 10032, United States
| | - Emma K Grosserode
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., 10032, United States
| | - Daniel C Lowes
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., 10032, United States
| | - Tamara Zeric
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., 10032, United States
| | - Sara Phister
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., 10032, United States
| | - Michael C Salling
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, N.Y., 10032, United States
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Lee DW, Nam YK, Kim TK, Kim JH, Kim SY, Min JW, Lee JH, Kim HY, Kim DJ, Choe BY. Dose-dependent influence of short-term intermittent ethanol intoxication on cerebral neurochemical changes in rats detected by ex vivo proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Neuroscience 2014; 262:107-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Rae CD, Davidson JE, Maher AD, Rowlands BD, Kashem MA, Nasrallah FA, Rallapalli SK, Cook JM, Balcar VJ. Ethanol, not detectably metabolized in brain, significantly reduces brain metabolism, probably via action at specific GABA(A) receptors and has measureable metabolic effects at very low concentrations. J Neurochem 2013; 129:304-14. [PMID: 24313287 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is a known neuromodulatory agent with reported actions at a range of neurotransmitter receptors. Here, we measured the effect of alcohol on metabolism of [3-¹³C]pyruvate in the adult Guinea pig brain cortical tissue slice and compared the outcomes to those from a library of ligands active in the GABAergic system as well as studying the metabolic fate of [1,2-¹³C]ethanol. Analyses of metabolic profile clusters suggest that the significant reductions in metabolism induced by ethanol (10, 30 and 60 mM) are via action at neurotransmitter receptors, particularly α4β3δ receptors, whereas very low concentrations of ethanol may produce metabolic responses owing to release of GABA via GABA transporter 1 (GAT1) and the subsequent interaction of this GABA with local α5- or α1-containing GABA(A)R. There was no measureable metabolism of [1,2-¹³C]ethanol with no significant incorporation of ¹³C from [1,2-¹³C]ethanol into any measured metabolite above natural abundance, although there were measurable effects on total metabolite sizes similar to those seen with unlabelled ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, and Brain Sciences UNSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Urschel HC, Hanselka LL, Baron M. A controlled trial of flumazenil and gabapentin for initial treatment of methylamphetamine dependence. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:254-62. [PMID: 19939864 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109349837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug use has been associated with craving, which may be described as a powerful and sometimes overwhelming urge to use the drug. Patients seeking treatment for methylamphetamine dependence must cope with drug cravings as they engage in psychosocial treatments. Changes in brain GABA(A) receptors during substance use and withdrawal provide a neurobiological basis for craving and associated anxiety. Flumazenil (a benzodiazepine antagonist) plus gabapentin (an antiepileptic) were compared with placebo in a randomized, double-blind study to assess the effects on craving during initial treatment for methylamphetamine dependence. Evaluation was conducted over a 30-day period. Craving and drug use were found to be highly correlated. Craving was reduced significantly in the flumazenil plus gabapentin group compared with placebo following the initial treatment period and throughout the 30 days. Decreased methylamphetamine use was also observed, as measured by urine drug screens and self-reports.
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Ward RJ, Lallemand F, de Witte P. Biochemical and neurotransmitter changes implicated in alcohol-induced brain damage in chronic or 'binge drinking' alcohol abuse. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44:128-35. [PMID: 19155229 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agn100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain damage, which occurs after either chronic alcoholization or binge drinking regimes, shows distinct biochemical and neurotransmitter differences. An excessive amount of glutamate is released into specific brain regions during binge drinking (in excess of 4- to 5-fold of the normal basal concentration) that is not evident during periods of excessive alcohol consumption in chronic alcohol abusers. Increases in glutamate release are only observed during the initial stages of withdrawal from chronic alcoholism ( approximately 2- to 3-fold) due to alterations in the sensitivities of the NMDA receptors. Such changes in either density or sensitivity of these receptors are reported to be unaltered by binge drinking. When such excesses of glutamate are released in these two different models of alcohol abuse, a wide range of biochemical changes occur, mediated in part by increased fluxes of calcium ions and/or activation of various G-protein-associated signalling pathways. Cellular studies of alveolar macrophages isolated from these two animal models of alcohol abuse showed enhanced (binge drinking) or reduced (chronic alcoholization) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NO release. Such studies could suggest that neuroadaptation occurs with the development of tolerance to alcohol's effects in both neurotransmitter function and cellular processes during chronic alcoholization that delay the occurrence of brain damage. In contrast, 'binge drinking' induces immediate and toxic effects and there is no evidence of an increased preference for alcohol as seen after withdrawal from chronic alcoholization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta J Ward
- Biologie du Comportement, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Guille C, Spencer S, Cavus I, Epperson CN. The role of sex steroids in catamenial epilepsy and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Epilepsy Behav 2008; 13:12-24. [PMID: 18346939 PMCID: PMC4112568 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite our understanding of hormonal influences on central nervous system (CNS) function, there is still much to learn about the pathogenesis of menstrual cycle-linked disorders. A growing literature suggests that the influence of sex steroids on neurological and psychiatric disorders is in part mediated by an aberrant CNS response to neuroactive steroids. Although sex steroids such as estradiol, progesterone, and the progesterone derivative allopregnanolone (ALLO) influence numerous neurotransmitter systems, it is their potent effect on the brain's primary inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate that links the study of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and catamenial epilepsy (CE). After providing an overview of these menstrual cycle-linked disorders, this article focuses on the preclinical and clinical research investigating the role of estradiol and progesterone (via ALLO) in the etiology of PMDD and CE. Through exploration of the phenomenological and neurobiological overlap between CE and PMDD, we aim to highlight areas for future research and development of treatments for menstrual cycle-linked neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Guille
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Susan Spencer
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Idil Cavus
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C. Neill Epperson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Pontes H, Carvalho M, de Pinho PG, Carmo H, Remião F, Carvalho F, Bastos ML. Ethanol, the forgotten artifact in cell culture. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:197-8. [PMID: 18253715 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jia F, Yue M, Chandra D, Homanics GE, Goldstein PA, Harrison NL. Isoflurane Is a Potent Modulator of Extrasynaptic GABAAReceptors in the Thalamus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:1127-35. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.134569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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