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Fitzgerald ND, Liu Y, Wang A, Striley CW, Setlow B, Knackstedt L, Cottler LB. Sequencing hour-level temporal patterns of polysubstance use among persons who use cocaine, alcohol, and cannabis: A back-translational approach. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 258:111272. [PMID: 38555662 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysubstance use is highly prevalent among persons who use cocaine; however, little is known about how alcohol and cannabis are used with cocaine. We identified temporal patterns of cocaine+alcohol and cocaine+cannabis polysubstance use to inform more translationally relevant preclinical models. METHODS Participants who used cocaine plus alcohol and/or cannabis at least once in the past 30 days (n=148) were interviewed using the computerized Substance Abuse Module and the newer Polysubstance Use-Temporal Patterns Section. For each day in the past 30 days, participants reported whether they had used cocaine, alcohol, and cannabis; if any combinations of use were endorsed, participants described detailed hourly use of each substance on the most "typical day" for the combination. Sequence analysis and hierarchical clustering were applied to identify patterns of timing of drug intake on typical days of cocaine polysubstance use. RESULTS We identified five temporal patterns among the 180 sequences of reported cocaine polysubstance use: 1) limited cocaine/cocaine+alcohol use (53%); 2) extensive cannabis then cocaine+alcohol+cannabis use (22%); 3) limited alcohol/cannabis then cocaine+alcohol use (13%); 4) extensive cocaine+cannabis then cocaine+alcohol+cannabis use (4%); and 5) extensive cocaine then cocaine+alcohol use (8%). While drug intake patterns differed, prevalence of use disorders did not. CONCLUSIONS Patterns were characterized by cocaine, alcohol, and cannabis polysubstance use and by the timing, order, duration, and quantity of episode-level substance use. The identification of real-world patterns of cocaine polysubstance use represents an important step toward developing laboratory models that accurately reflect human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Yiyang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anna Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Catherine W Striley
- Department of Epidemiology, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry Setlow
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lori Knackstedt
- Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, Colleges of Medicine and Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Czoty PW, Tryhus AM, Solingapuram Sai KK, Nader SH, Epperly PM. Association of dopamine D2-like and D 3 receptor function with initial sensitivity to cocaine reinforcement in male rhesus monkeys. Brain Res 2023; 1807:148323. [PMID: 36914041 PMCID: PMC10150948 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying neurobiological characteristics that predict the development of cocaine use disorder would be of great value in prevention efforts. Because of their importance in mediating the abuse-related effects of cocaine, brain dopamine receptors are logical candidates for investigation. We analyzed data from two recently published studies that characterized availability of dopamine D2-like receptors (D2R) with [11C]raclopride PET imaging and dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) sensitivity with quinpirole-induced yawning in cocaine-naïve rhesus monkeys who subsequently acquired cocaine self-administration and completed a cocaine self-administration dose-effect curve. The present analysis compared D2R availability in several brain areas and characteristics of quinpirole-induced yawning, both acquired when monkeys were drug-naïve, with measures of initial sensitivity to cocaine. D2R availability in the caudate nucleus was negatively correlated with the ED50 of the cocaine self-administration curve, although the significance of this relationship was driven by an outlier and was not present after the outlier was removed. No other significant associations were observed between D2R availability in any examined brain region and measures of sensitivity to cocaine reinforcement. However, there was a significant negative correlation between D3R sensitivity, represented by the ED50 of the quinpirole-induced yawning curve, and the dose at which monkeys acquired cocaine self-administration. We also report no change from baseline D2R availability when a second PET scan was conducted after completion of the dose-effect curves. These data suggest the utility of D3R sensitivity, but not D2R availability, as a biomarker for vulnerability and resilience to cocaine. The well-established relationships between dopamine receptors and cocaine reinforcement in cocaine-experienced humans and animals may require extensive cocaine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Czoty
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States.
| | - Aaron M Tryhus
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Kiran K Solingapuram Sai
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Susan H Nader
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
| | - Phillip M Epperly
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States
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Say FM, Tryhus AM, Epperly PM, Nader SH, Solingapuram Sai KK, George BE, Kirse HA, Czoty PW. Effects of chronic cocaine and ethanol self‐administration on brain dopamine receptors in a rhesus monkey model of polysubstance abuse. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13219. [PMID: 36001440 PMCID: PMC9413385 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most individuals with cocaine use disorder also use alcohol; however, little is known about the behavioural and pharmacological mechanisms that promote co‐abuse. For example, although studies in humans and animals have documented that chronic use of either alcohol or cocaine alone decreases D2‐like receptor (D2R) availability, effects of co‐abuse of these substances on dopamine receptor function have not been characterized. These studies examined the effects of long‐term cocaine self‐administration in 12 male rhesus monkeys who also consumed either ethanol or an ethanol‐free solution each day (n = 6 per group). Specifically, all monkeys self‐administered cocaine (0.1 mg/kg per injection) 5 days per week in the morning. In the afternoon, six monkeys consumed 2.0 g/kg ethanol over 1 h to model binge drinking and six monkeys drank an ethanol‐free solution. Assessment of D2R availability using positron emission tomography (PET) and [11C]raclopride occurred when monkeys were drug‐naïve and again when monkeys had self‐administered approximately 400‐mg/kg cocaine. D3R function was assessed at the same time points by determining the potency of the D3R‐preferring agonist quinpirole to elicit yawns. Chronic cocaine self‐administration decreased D2R availability in subregions of the basal ganglia in control monkeys, but not those that also drank ethanol. In contrast, D3R sensitivity increased significantly after chronic cocaine self‐administration in ethanol‐drinking monkeys but not controls. These results suggest that co‐use of ethanol substantially changes the effects of chronic cocaine self‐administration on dopamine receptors, specifically implicating D3R as a target for medications in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity M. Say
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Aaron M. Tryhus
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Phillip M. Epperly
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Susan H. Nader
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Kiran K. Solingapuram Sai
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Brianna E. George
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Haley A. Kirse
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Paul W. Czoty
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston‐Salem North Carolina USA
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Newman AH, Battiti FO, Bonifazi A. 2016 Philip S. Portoghese Medicinal Chemistry Lectureship: Designing Bivalent or Bitopic Molecules for G-Protein Coupled Receptors. The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1779-1797. [PMID: 31499001 PMCID: PMC8281448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genesis of designing bivalent or bitopic molecules that engender unique pharmacological properties began with Portoghese's work directed toward opioid receptors, in the early 1980s. This strategy has evolved as an attractive way to engineer highly selective compounds for targeted G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with optimized efficacies and/or signaling bias. The emergence of X-ray crystal structures of many GPCRs and the identification of both orthosteric and allosteric binding sites have provided further guidance to ligand drug design that includes a primary pharmacophore (PP), a secondary pharmacophore (SP), and a linker between them. It is critical to note the synergistic relationship among all three of these components as they contribute to the overall interaction of these molecules with their receptor proteins and that strategically designed combinations have and will continue to provide the GPCR molecular tools of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Corresponding author: Amy H. Newman: Phone: (443)-740-2887. Fax: (443)-740-2111.
| | - Francisco O. Battiti
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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