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Li Y, Wu X, Liu Y, Taidi B. Immobilized microalgae: principles, processes and its applications in wastewater treatment. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:150. [PMID: 38548998 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as potential candidates for biomass production and pollutant removal. However, expensive biomass harvesting, insufficient biomass productivity, and low energy intensity limit the large-scale production of microalgae. To break through these bottlenecks, a novel technology of immobilized microalgae culture coupled with wastewater treatment has received increasing attention in recent years. In this review, the characteristics of two immobilized microalgae culture technologies are first presented and then their mechanisms are discussed in terms of biofilm formation theories, including thermodynamic theory, Derjaguin-Landau-Verwei-Overbeek theory (DLVO) and its extended theory (xDLVO), as well as ionic cross-linking mechanisms in the process of microalgae encapsulated in alginate. The main factors (algal strains, carriers, and culture conditions) affecting the growth of microalgae are also discussed. It is also summarized that immobilized microalgae show considerable potential for nitrogen and phosphorus removal, heavy metal removal, pesticide and antibiotic removal in wastewater treatment. The role of bacteria in the cultivation of microalgae by immobilization techniques and their application in wastewater treatment are clarified. This is economically feasible and technically superior. The problems and challenges faced by immobilized microalgae are finally presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang`an University, Yanta Road #126, Yanta District, Xi`an, 710054, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang`an University, Xi`an, 710054, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuexue Wu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang`an University, Yanta Road #126, Yanta District, Xi`an, 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang`an University, Yanta Road #126, Yanta District, Xi`an, 710054, People's Republic of China
| | - Behnam Taidi
- LGPM, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Tong CY, Honda K, Derek CJC. Enhancing organic matter productivity in microalgal-bacterial biofilm using novel bio-coating. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167576. [PMID: 37804964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Research on renewable energy from microalgae has led to a growing interest in porous substrate photobioreactors, but their widespread adoption is currently limited to pure microalgal biofilm cultures. The behavior of microalgal-bacterial biofilms immobilized on microporous substrates remains as a research challenge, particularly in uncovering their mutualistic interactions in environment enriched with dissolved organic matter. Therefore, this study established a novel culture platform by introducing microalgal-derived bio-coating that preconditioned hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for the microalgal-bacterial biofilm growth of freshwater microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris ESP 31 and marine microalgae, Cylindrotheca fusiformis with bacteria, Escherichia coli. In the attached co-culture mode, the bio-coating we proposed demonstrated the ability to enhance microalgal growth for both studied species by a range of 2.5 % to 19 % starting from day 10 onwards. Additionally, when compared to co-culture on uncoated membranes, the bio-coating exhibited a significant bacterial growth promotion effect, increasing bacterial growth by at least 2.35 times for the C. vulgaris-E. coli co-culture after an initial adaptation phase. A significant increase of at least 72 % in intracellular biochemical compounds (including chlorophyll, polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids) was observed within just five days, primarily due to the high concentration of pre-coated organic matter, mainly sourced from the internal organic matter (IOM) of C. fusiformis. Higher accumulation of organic compounds in the bio-coating indirectly triggers a competition between microalgae and bacteria which potentially stimulate the production of additional intra-/extra-organic substances as a defensive response. In short, insight gained from this study may represent a paradigm shift in the ways that symbiotic interactions are promoted to increase the yield of specific bio-compounds with the presence of bio-coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, 14300 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kohsuke Honda
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - C J C Derek
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, 14300 Penang, Malaysia.
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Tuantet K, Temmink H, Zeeman G, Wijffels RH, Buisman CJ, Janssen M. Optimization of algae production on urine. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Enhancing Scenedesmus obliquus biofilm growth and CO2 fixation in a gas-permeable membrane photobioreactor integrated with additional rough surface. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Effect of design dark fraction on the loss of biomass productivities in photobioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 43:207-216. [PMID: 31541313 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Design dark fraction reflects the unlit part of a microalgal culture system, as for example a hydraulic loop used for temperature or pH regulation, or a circulating pump for mixing purposes. This study investigates the impact of design dark fraction on photosynthetic biomass productivity of the eukaryotic microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. The effect of the volume of the dark fraction and the residence time spent in this dark fraction was investigated with two different nitrogen sources (N-NH4+, N-NO3-). Results showed a decrease of biomass productivity when the volume of the dark fraction and the dark residence time increased. Up to 47% loss of biomass productivity could be reached for a design dark fraction [Formula: see text] = 30% of the total culture system volume. This loss was explained as a result of metabolic reactions related to an increase of respiration activity or a decrease of photosynthetic activity in the cells.
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Rincon SM, Urrego NF, Avila KJ, Romero HM, Beyenal H. Photosynthetic activity assessment in mixotrophically cultured Chlorella vulgaris biofilms at various developmental stages. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mantzorou A, Ververidis F. Microalgal biofilms: A further step over current microalgal cultivation techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:3187-3201. [PMID: 30463168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The scientific community has turned its interest to microalgae lately, because of their countless applications such as wastewater treatment and pharmaceutical industry. Nevertheless, so far applied cultivation methods are still prohibitive. Ordinary cultivation techniques in which microalgae are suspended in liquid medium suffer from many bottlenecks, such as low biomass productivities, difficulty in biomass harvesting and recovery, high installation and operating cost, high water requirements etc. Although, microalgal biofilms are known to be a nuisance because of surfaces fouling, they have emerged as an innovative technology with which microalgae are developed attached to a solid surface. This technique seems to be advantageous as compared to conventional cultivation systems. Microalgal biofilm systems could resolve the problematic aspects of ordinary cultivation techniques such as low biomass productivities, water management and biomass recovery. A detailed description of this technique with respect to the parameters affecting them is reviewed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Mantzorou
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Biological and Biotechnological Applications Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Filippos Ververidis
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Biological and Biotechnological Applications Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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Holdmann C, Schmid-Staiger U, Hornstein H, Hirth T. Keeping the light energy constant — Cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana at different specific light availabilities and different photoperiods. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gomes HI, Rogerson M, Burke IT, Stewart DI, Mayes WM. Hydraulic and biotic impacts on neutralisation of high-pH waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1271-1279. [PMID: 28605845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The management of alkaline (pH11-12.5) leachate is an important issue associated with the conditioning, afteruse or disposal of steel slags. Passive in-gassing of atmospheric CO2 is a low cost option for reducing Ca(OH)2 alkalinity, as Ca(OH)2 is neutralised by carbonic acid to produce CaCO3. The relative effectiveness of such treatment can be affected by both the system geometry (i.e. stepped cascades versus settlement ponds) and biological colonization. Sterilized mesocosm experiments run over periods of 20days showed that, due to more water mixing and enhanced CO2 dissolution at the weirs, the cascade systems (pH11.2→9.6) are more effective than settlement ponds (pH11.2→11.0) for lowering leachate alkalinity in all the tested conditions. The presence of an active microbial biofilm resulted in significantly more pH reduction in ponds (pH11.2→9.5), but had a small impact on the cascade systems (pH11.2→9.4). The pH variation in biofilm colonized systems shows a diurnal cycle of 1 to 1.5pH units due to CO2 uptake and release associated with respiration and photosynthesis. The results demonstrate that, where gradient permits, aeration via stepped cascades are the best option for neutralisation of steel slag leachates, and where feasible, the development of biofilm communities can also help reduce alkalinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Gomes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Mike Rogerson
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Ian T Burke
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - William M Mayes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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Kooi M, Nes EHV, Scheffer M, Koelmans AA. Ups and Downs in the Ocean: Effects of Biofouling on Vertical Transport of Microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7963-7971. [PMID: 28613852 PMCID: PMC6150669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest size-selective removal of small plastic particles from the ocean surface, an observation that remains unexplained. We studied one of the hypotheses regarding this size-selective removal: the formation of a biofilm on the microplastics (biofouling). We developed the first theoretical model that is capable of simulating the effect of biofouling on the fate of microplastic. The model is based on settling, biofilm growth, and ocean depth profiles for light, water density, temperature, salinity, and viscosity. Using realistic parameters, the model simulates the vertical transport of small microplastic particles over time, and predicts that the particles either float, sink to the ocean floor, or oscillate vertically, depending on the size and density of the particle. The predicted size-dependent vertical movement of microplastic particles results in a maximum concentration at intermediate depths. Consequently, relatively low abundances of small particles are predicted at the ocean surface, while at the same time these small particles may never reach the ocean floor. Our results hint at the fate of "lost" plastic in the ocean, and provide a start for predicting risks of exposure to microplastics for potentially vulnerable species living at these depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Kooi
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Egbert H. van Nes
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Scheffer
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert A. Koelmans
- Aquatic
Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental
Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Marine
Research, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands
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León-Saiki GM, Remmers IM, Martens DE, Lamers PP, Wijffels RH, van der Veen D. The role of starch as transient energy buffer in synchronized microalgal growth in Acutodesmus obliquus. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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