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Fukala I, Kučera I. Natural Polyhydroxyalkanoates-An Overview of Bacterial Production Methods. Molecules 2024; 29:2293. [PMID: 38792154 PMCID: PMC11124392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are intracellular biopolymers that microorganisms use for energy and carbon storage. They are mechanically similar to petrochemical plastics when chemically extracted, but are completely biodegradable. While they have potential as a replacement for petrochemical plastics, their high production cost using traditional carbon sources remains a significant challenge. One potential solution is to modify heterotrophic PHA-producing strains to utilize alternative carbon sources. An alternative approach is to utilize methylotrophic or autotrophic strains. This article provides an overview of bacterial strains employed for PHA production, with a particular focus on those exhibiting the highest PHA content in dry cell mass. The strains are organized according to their carbon source utilization, encompassing autotrophy (utilizing CO2, CO) and methylotrophy (utilizing reduced single-carbon substrates) to heterotrophy (utilizing more traditional and alternative substrates).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Kučera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 267/2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
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2
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Bolay P, Dodge N, Janssen K, Jensen PE, Lindberg P. Tailoring regulatory components for metabolic engineering in cyanobacteria. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14316. [PMID: 38686633 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The looming climate crisis has prompted an ever-growing interest in cyanobacteria due to their potential as sustainable production platforms for the synthesis of energy carriers and value-added chemicals from CO2 and sunlight. Nonetheless, cyanobacteria are yet to compete with heterotrophic systems in terms of space-time yields and consequently production costs. One major drawback leading to the low production performance observed in cyanobacteria is the limited ability to utilize the full capacity of the photosynthetic apparatus and its associated systems, i.e. CO2 fixation and the directly connected metabolism. In this review, novel insights into various levels of metabolic regulation of cyanobacteria are discussed, including the potential of targeting these regulatory mechanisms to create a chassis with a phenotype favorable for photoautotrophic production. Compared to conventional metabolic engineering approaches, minor perturbations of regulatory mechanisms can have wide-ranging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bolay
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE, Sweden
| | - Nadia Dodge
- Plant Based Foods and Biochemistry, Food Analytics and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Janssen
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE, Sweden
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Plant Based Foods and Biochemistry, Food Analytics and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE, Sweden
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3
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Sukkasam N, Incharoensakdi A, Monshupanee T. Chemicals Affecting Cyanobacterial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Accumulation: 2-Phenylethanol Treatment Combined with Nitrogen Deprivation Synergistically Enhanced Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Storage in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and Anabaena sp. TISTR8076. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:1253-1272. [PMID: 35818829 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Various photoautotrophic cyanobacteria increase the accumulation of bioplastic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) under nitrogen deprivation (-N) for energy storage. Several metabolic engineering enhanced cyanobacterial PHB accumulation, but these strategies are not applicable in non-gene-transformable strains. Alternatively, stimulating PHB levels by chemical exposure is desirable because it might be applied to various cyanobacterial strains. However, the study of such chemicals is still limited. Here, 19 compounds previously reported to affect bacterial cellular processes were evaluated for their effect on PHB accumulation in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, where 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, methyl viologen, arsenite, phenoxyethanol and 2-phenylethanol were found to increase PHB accumulation. When cultivated with optimal nitrate supply, Synechocystis contained less than 0.5% [w/w dry weight (DW)] PHB, while cultivation under -N conditions increased the PHB content to 7% (w/w DW). Interestingly, the -N cultivation combined with 2-phenylethanol exposure reduced the Synechocystis protein content by 27% (w/w DW) but significantly increased PHB levels up to 33% (w/w DW), the highest ever reported photoautotrophic cyanobacterial PHB accumulation in a wild-type strain. Results from transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis suggested that under 2-phenylethanol treatment, Synechocystis proteins were degraded to amino acids, which might be subsequently utilized as the source of carbon and energy for PHB biosynthesis. 2-Phenylethanol treatment also increased the levels of metabolites required for Synechocystis PHB synthesis (acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and NADPH). Additionally, under -N, the exposure to phenoxyethanol and 2-phenylethanol increased the PHB levels of Anabaena sp. from 0.4% to 4.1% and 6.6% (w/w DW), respectively. The chemicals identified in this study might be applicable for enhancing PHB accumulation in other cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannaphat Sukkasam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Aran Incharoensakdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Tanakarn Monshupanee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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4
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Testa RL, Delpino C, Estrada V, Diaz MS. Development of in silico strategies to photoautotrophically produce poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by cyanobacteria. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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5
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Mittermair S, Lakatos G, Nicoletti C, Ranglová K, Manoel JC, Grivalský T, Kozhan DM, Masojídek J, Richter J. Impact of glgA1, glgA2 or glgC overexpression on growth and glycogen production in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Biotechnol 2021; 340:47-56. [PMID: 34481001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Low production rates are still one limiting factor for the industrial climate-neutral production of biovaluable compounds in cyanobacteria. Next to optimized cultivation conditions, new production strategies are required. Hence, the use of established molecular tools could lead to increased product yields in the cyanobacterial model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Its main storage compound glycogen was chosen to be increased by the use of these tools. In this study, the three genes glgC, glgA1 and glgA2, which are part of the glycogen synthesis pathway, were combined with the Pcpc560 promoter and the neutral cloning site NSC1. The complete genome integration, protein formation, biomass production and glycogen accumulation were determined to select the most productive transformants. The overexpression of glgA2 did not increase the biomass or glycogen production in short-term trials compared to the other two genes but caused transformants death in long-term trials. The transformants glgA1_11 and glgC_2 showed significantly increased biomass (1.6-fold - 1.7-fold) and glycogen production (3.5-fold - 4-fold) compared to the wild type after 96 h making them a promising energy source for further applications. Those could include for example a two-stage production process, with first energy production (glycogen) and second increased product formation (e.g. ethanol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mittermair
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, AG Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Roseggerstraße 15, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Gergely Lakatos
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Novohradská 237 - Opatovický mlýn, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Cecilia Nicoletti
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, AG Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Roseggerstraße 15, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Karolína Ranglová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Novohradská 237 - Opatovický mlýn, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - João Câmara Manoel
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Novohradská 237 - Opatovický mlýn, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Grivalský
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Novohradská 237 - Opatovický mlýn, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Daniyar Malikuly Kozhan
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Jiří Masojídek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Novohradská 237 - Opatovický mlýn, 37901 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Richter
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, AG Biosciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Roseggerstraße 15, 4600 Wels, Austria.
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Jaiswal D, Sahasrabuddhe D, Wangikar PP. Cyanobacteria as cell factories: the roles of host and pathway engineering and translational research. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 73:314-322. [PMID: 34695729 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, a group of photoautotrophic prokaryotes, are attractive hosts for the sustainable production of chemicals from carbon dioxide and sunlight. However, the rates, yields, and titers have remained well below those needed for commercial deployment. We argue that the following areas will be central to the development of cyanobacterial cell factories: engineered and well-characterized host strains, model-guided pathway design, and advanced synthetic biology tools. Although several foundational studies report improved strain properties, translational research will be needed to develop engineered hosts and deploy them for metabolic engineering. Further, the recent developments in metabolic modeling and synthetic biology of cyanobacteria will enable nimble strategies for strain improvement with the complete cycle of design, build, test, and learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damini Jaiswal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Deepti Sahasrabuddhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Pramod P Wangikar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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7
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Kondo K, Izumi M, Inabe K, Yoshida K, Imashimizu M, Suzuki T, Hisabori T. The phototroph-specific β-hairpin structure of the γ subunit of F oF 1-ATP synthase is important for efficient ATP synthesis of cyanobacteria. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101027. [PMID: 34339736 PMCID: PMC8390522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The FoF1 synthase produces ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The γ subunit of FoF1 ATP synthase in photosynthetic organisms, which is the rotor subunit of this enzyme, contains a characteristic β-hairpin structure. This structure is formed from an insertion sequence that has been conserved only in phototrophs. Using recombinant subcomplexes, we previously demonstrated that this region plays an essential role in the regulation of ATP hydrolysis activity, thereby functioning in controlling intracellular ATP levels in response to changes in the light environment. However, the role of this region in ATP synthesis has long remained an open question because its analysis requires the preparation of the whole FoF1 complex and a transmembrane proton-motive force. In this study, we successfully prepared proteoliposomes containing the entire FoF1 ATP synthase from a cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, and measured ATP synthesis/hydrolysis and proton-translocating activities. The relatively simple genetic manipulation of Synechocystis enabled the biochemical investigation of the role of the β-hairpin structure of FoF1 ATP synthase and its activities. We further performed physiological analyses of Synechocystis mutant strains lacking the β-hairpin structure, which provided novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of FoF1 ATP synthase in cyanobacteria via the phototroph-specific region of the γ subunit. Our results indicated that this structure critically contributes to ATP synthesis and suppresses ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Izumi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Inabe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mari Imashimizu
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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8
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Cui J, Sun T, Chen L, Zhang W. Salt-Tolerant Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 Obtained via Engineering of Heterologous Synthesis of Compatible Solute Glucosylglycerol. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:650217. [PMID: 34084156 PMCID: PMC8168540 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.650217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently isolated cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 (Syn2973) is characterized by a faster growth rate and greater tolerance to high temperature and high light, making it a good candidate chassis for autotrophic photosynthetic microbial cell factories. However, Syn2973 is sensitive to salt stress, making it urgently important to improve the salt tolerance of Syn2973 for future biotechnological applications. Glucosylglycerol, a compatible solute, plays an important role in resisting salt stress in moderate and marine halotolerant cyanobacteria. In this study, the salt tolerance of Syn2973 was successfully improved by introducing the glucosylglycerol (GG) biosynthetic pathway (OD750 improved by 24% at 60 h). In addition, the salt tolerance of Syn2973 was further enhanced by overexpressing the rate-limiting step of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and downregulating the gene rfbA, which encodes UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase. Taken together, these results indicate that the growth of the end-point strain M-2522-GgpPS-drfbA was improved by 62% compared with the control strain M-pSI-pSII at 60 h under treatment with 0.5 M NaCl. Finally, a comparative metabolomic analysis between strains M-pSI-pSII and M-2522-GgpPS-drfbA was performed to characterize the carbon flux in the engineered M-2522-GgpPS-drfbA strain, and the results showed that more carbon flux was redirected from ADP-GLC to GG synthesis. This study provides important engineering strategies to improve salt tolerance and GG production in Syn2973 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Cui
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China.,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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9
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Iijima H, Watanabe A, Sukigara H, Shirai T, Kondo A, Osanai T. Simultaneous increases in the levels of compatible solutes by cost-effective cultivation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1649-1660. [PMID: 32129469 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a cyanobacterium widely used for basic research, is often cultivated in a synthetic medium, BG-11, in the presence of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) or 2-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid buffer. Owing to the high cost of HEPES buffer (96.9% of the total cost of BG-11 medium), the biotechnological application of BG-11 is limited. In this study, we cultured Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells in BG-11 medium without HEPES buffer and examined the effects on the primary metabolism. Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells could grow in BG-11 medium without HEPES buffer after adjusting for nitrogen sources and light intensity; the production rate reached 0.54 g cell dry weight·L-1 ·day-1 , exceeding that of commercial cyanobacteria and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells cultivated under other conditions. The exclusion of HEPES buffer markedly altered the metabolites in the central carbon metabolism; particularly, the levels of compatible solutes, such as sucrose, glucosylglycerol, and glutamate were increased. Although the accumulation of sucrose and glucosylglycerol under high salt conditions is antagonistic to each other, these metabolites accumulated simultaneously in cells grown in the cost-effective medium. Because these metabolites are used in industrial feedstocks, our results reveal the importance of medium composition for the production of metabolites using cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Iijima
- Department of Agricultural Chemistrym School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Atsuko Watanabe
- Department of Agricultural Chemistrym School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruna Sukigara
- Department of Agricultural Chemistrym School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Shirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Osanai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistrym School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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