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Chen Y, Jiang Y, Liu X, Chen X, Fan Q, Xiao Z. Polydatin alleviates mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced injury via inhibition of Caspase-1/GSDMD-dependent pyroptosis. Int J Med Microbiol 2023; 313:151586. [PMID: 37776814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2023.151586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is one of the main pathogens causing community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and adults. Previous pharmacological and clinical studies have shown that Polydatin (PD) exerts anti-inflammatory action by conferring protective benefit in MP pneumonia. However, the mechanism underlying the of PD on MP infection remains unclear. It was found that PD alleviated MP-induced injury by inhibiting caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated epithelial pyroptosis. The results demonstrated that PD inhibited the transformation of GSDMD to N-terminal gasdermin-N (GSDMD-N) by decreasing caspase-1 activation, as well as suppressed the formation and secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), reversed Na, K-ATPase reduction, and suppressed LDH release both in vitro and vivo. Taken together, epithelial pyroptosis in BEAS-2B cells and lung injury in mice were prevented by PD. In conclusion, PD suppressed pulmonary injury triggered by MP infection, by inhibiting the caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated epithelial pyroptosis signaling pathway. Thus, PD may be regarded as a potential therapy for MP-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliu Chen
- Department of Pediatric, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yonghong Jiang
- Department of Pediatric, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Department of Pediatric, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xiufeng Chen
- Department of Pediatric, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Qiuyue Fan
- Department of Pediatric, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Department of Pediatric, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Pincheira MA, Bacharier LB, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Efficacy of Macrolides on Acute Asthma or Wheezing Exacerbations in Children with Recurrent Wheezing: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Paediatr Drugs 2020; 22:217-228. [PMID: 31939108 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-019-00371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of macrolides for treatment of children with acute asthma or wheezing exacerbations is unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of macrolides in children with recurrent wheezing presenting with acute asthma or wheezing exacerbation. METHODS We conducted an electronic search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials of macrolides (any macrolide) compared with placebo or standard treatment in children up to 18 years with recurrent wheezing/asthma presenting with an acute exacerbation. OUTCOMES Primary outcomes were need for hospitalization and/or time of acute asthma/wheezing symptoms resolution; secondary outcomes were duration of stay in the emergency department (ED)/clinic, severity of symptoms of the index episode, use of additional systemic corticosteroids or short active β-2 agonists, changes in lung function measures, ED visit/hospitalization during first week after index episode, time to next exacerbation, or adverse effects (AEs). RESULTS Only three studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 334 children, 410 treated episodes); two studies included recurrent wheezers and the third included asthmatic children. There was no difference in hospitalization between groups, but children treated with macrolides had a significantly lower time to symptoms resolution than controls, although the magnitude of benefit remains to be quantified due to no normal distribution data presented. There was no difference in time to next episode of exacerbation (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.71-1.28; I2 = 0%; p = 0.77). In one study, children receiving macrolides had a significant decrease in the severity of symptoms, decrease use of salbutamol, and another study showed improved lung function. No study evaluated antibiotic resistance development. CONCLUSIONS Limited evidence support that a macrolide trial could be considered in children with acute asthma or recurrent wheezing exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Pincheira
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Cardiology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Lira 44, 1er Piso, casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jose A Castro-Rodriguez
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Cardiology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Lira 44, 1er Piso, casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.
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Tang J, Li Y, Wang J, Wu Q, Yan H. Polydatin suppresses the development of lung inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting activation of the NACHT domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyd-containing protein 3 inflammasome and the nuclear factor-κB pathway after Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:10137-10144. [PMID: 30548648 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Polydatin (PD), a traditional Chinese medicine, is known to have anti-inflammation and antifibrosis properties. However, the protective effects of PD against MP pneumonia (MPP) remain unclear. So, the aim of this study was to describe the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of PD against MPP. BALB/c mice were assigned to three groups: a normal control group, MP infection group, or PD-treated MP infection group. BEAS-2B cells transfected with or without NACHT domain-, leucine-rich repeat-, and pyd-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) were used to confirm the protective mechanisms of PD. Immunohistochemical analysis, Western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry were used in this study. The results showed that PD treatment suppressed MP-induced lung injury in mice by suppressing the expression of inflammatory factors and inhibiting the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Meanwhile, PD treatment inhibited activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Overexpression of NLRP3 reversed the protective effect of PD against MP-induced injury of BEAS-2B cells. Taken together, these results indicate that PD treatment suppressed the inflammatory response and the development of pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB pathway after MP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tang
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yungai Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Yan
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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The Protective Effect of Naringenin on Airway Remodeling after Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection by Inhibiting Autophagy-Mediated Lung Inflammation and Fibrosis. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:8753894. [PMID: 29849498 PMCID: PMC5904783 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8753894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that Chinese medicine, Qingfei Tongluo formula (QTF), has a significantly therapeutic effect to Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) pneumonia (MPP). The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of naringenin (NRG) on MPP which was an important component of QTF. Here, we studied 124 children with or without MPP and compared inflammatory cytokines and fibrinogen-related protein expression with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also employed a BALB/c mouse model of MPP and divided the mice into three groups: ctrl (normal control mice), MPP (MP-infected mice), and MPP + NRG (MP-infected mice treated with NRG). BEAS-2B cells were used to confirm the relationship between autophagy, inflammation, and fibrosis. The results show proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin- [IL-] 6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) expression was significantly increased after MP infection from both clinical and animal experiment. In vivo experimental confirmation showed that NRG treatment decreased MPP-induced lung injury in mice by inhibiting autophagy-mediated inflammatory cytokine expression and pulmonary fibrosis. In vitro experiments confirmed it. These results indicate that NRG treatment suppressed the inflammatory response and pulmonary fibrosis by inhibition of autophagy after MP infection.
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Slater M, Torr E, Harrison T, Forrester D, Knox A, Shaw D, Sayers I. The differential effects of azithromycin on the airway epithelium in vitro and in vivo. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:e12960. [PMID: 27655795 PMCID: PMC5037914 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides including azithromycin (AZM) can improve clinical symptoms in asthma regardless of infection status. The mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects are yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of AZM on the airway epithelial barrier both in an in vitro model and in patients with asthma. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) were grown at air liquid interface (ALI) and challenged using lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa AZM was added at various stages and barrier integrity assessed using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability to FITC-dextran. MMP-9 levels were measured using ELISA AZM enhanced barrier integrity (TEER/FITC-dextran), increased thickness, suppressed mucin production, and MMP-9 release during the formation of a normal epithelial barrier in vitro. MMP-9 levels inversely correlated with TEER AZM also enhanced maintenance of the barrier and facilitated repair post-LPS challenge. To provide translation of our findings, 10 patients with moderate-severe asthma were recruited and received 250 mg AZM o.d for 6 weeks. Bronchial biopsies taken pre- and post-AZM treatment did not show evidence of increased epithelial barrier thickness or decreased mucin production. Similarly, bronchial wash samples did not show reduced MMP-9 levels. Overall, our data show that AZM can significantly improve the development of a normal bronchial epithelial barrier in vitro, mimicking reepithelization postinjury. AZM also suppressed MMP-9 release which correlated with barrier integrity, suggesting a putative mechanism. However, these effects were not observed in biopsy samples from asthma patients treated with AZM, possibly due to small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Slater
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Torr
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Harrison
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Doug Forrester
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Knox
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dominick Shaw
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Jelić D, Antolović R. From Erythromycin to Azithromycin and New Potential Ribosome-Binding Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 5:antibiotics5030029. [PMID: 27598215 PMCID: PMC5039525 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics5030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides, as a class of natural or semisynthetic products, express their antibacterial activity primarily by reversible binding to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunits and by blocking nascent proteins’ progression through their exit tunnel in bacterial protein biosynthesis. Generally considered to be bacteriostatic, they may also be bactericidal at higher doses. The discovery of azithromycin from the class of macrolides, as one of the most important new drugs of the 20th century, is presented as an example of a rational medicinal chemistry approach to drug design, applying classical structure-activity relationship that will illustrate an impressive drug discovery success story. However, the microorganisms have developed several mechanisms to acquire resistance to antibiotics, including macrolide antibiotics. The primary mechanism for acquiring bacterial resistance to macrolides is a mutation of one or more nucleotides from the binding site. Although azithromycin is reported to show different, two-step process of the inhibition of ribosome function of some species, more detailed elaboration of that specific mode of action is needed. New macrocyclic derivatives, which could be more potent and less prone to escape bacterial resistance mechanisms, are also continuously evaluated. A novel class of antibiotic compounds—macrolones, which are derived from macrolides and comprise macrocyclic moiety, linker, and either free or esterified quinolone 3-carboxylic group, show excellent antibacterial potency towards key erythromycin-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, with possibly decreased potential of bacterial resistance to macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravko Jelić
- Fidelta Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Roberto Antolović
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Wan KS, Liu YC, Huang CS, Su YM. Effects of low-dose clarithromycin added to fluticasone on inflammatory markers and pulmonary function among children with asthma: A randomized clinical trial. ALLERGY & RHINOLOGY 2016; 7:131-134. [PMID: 28107143 PMCID: PMC5244267 DOI: 10.2500/ar.2016.7.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrolides exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects beyond their purely antibacterial action, as demonstrated by several bronchial inflammatory disorders, including asthma. METHODS Fifty-eight children with newly diagnosed mild persistent asthma were selected by using the Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines and were randomly divided into the study (group I) (n = 36) and control (group II) (n = 22) groups. Mycoplasma pneumonia-specific immunoglobulin G and -specific immunoglobulin M antibody levels of each participant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clarithromycin 5 mg/kg daily and placebo were given to groups I and II, respectively, for 4 weeks. All of the children had maintenance inhaled corticosteroid (fluticasone propionate, one puff twice [50 μg/puff] daily). Forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of the pulmonary volume, exhaled nitric oxide value, total IgE level, absolute eosinophil count, and eosinophilic cation protein value were measured at baseline and at the end of the treatment. RESULTS There are significantly increased forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of the pulmonary volume levels and decreased exhaled nitric oxide values after the 4-week clarithromycin treatment. The study group also had a decreased peripheral blood absolute eosinophil count and eosinophilic cation protein level, but not for the total IgE level, after the treatment. CONCLUSION Four weeks of sub-antimicrobial doses of clarithromycin may improve pulmonary function and decrease eosinophilic inflammation in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Sang Wan
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital-Renai Branch, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Liu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital-Renai Branch, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Che-Sheng Huang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital-Renai Branch, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Mao Su
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital-Renai Branch, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Cecrdlova E, Petrickova K, Kolesar L, Petricek M, Sekerkova A, Svachova V, Striz I. Manumycin A downregulates release of proinflammatory cytokines from TNF alpha stimulated human monocytes. Immunol Lett 2015; 169:8-14. [PMID: 26602157 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics such as azithromycin or clarithromycin are known to have potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects but these properties cannot be widely used due to a risk of bacterial resistance. We studied another polyketide antibiotic, structurally related manumycin A known as a streptomycete derived farnesyltransferase inhibitor with limited antibacterial effects, with respect to its potential regulation of mRNA expression of several genes associated with proinflammatory responses. Downregulation of mRNA for IL-6, TLR-8, IL-1 beta and IL-10 was found in THP-1 cells after 4h stimulation with TNF alpha in the presence of manumycin A and downregulated TLR-8 and EGR-1 genes were observed after 8h. Among the genes upregulated in response to manumycin were HMOX-1, TNFRSF10A, IL-1R1, TICAM2, NLRP12 after 4h and only IL-1R1 after 8h. Furthermore, manumycin A was found to inhibit IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 production in TNF alpha stimulated THP-1 cells and peripheral blood monocytes in a dose dependent manner (0.25-1 μM of manumycin A) without affecting cell viability. Cell viability of blood monocytes decreased by about 30% at manumycin A doses of 2-5 μM. Manumycin A also inhibited IL-18 release from THP-1 cells, while in cultures of blood monocytes, this cytokine was not detectable. That manumycin A mediated downregulation of proinflammatory genes in human monocytes confirmed by a measurement of cytokine levels in culture supernatants, together with a very limited effect on cell viability, might suggest potential anti-inflammatory properties of this polyketide antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cecrdlova
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Petrickova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kolesar
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Petricek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sekerkova
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Svachova
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilja Striz
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Gillissen A, Paparoupa M. Inflammation and infections in asthma. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2015; 9:257-69. [PMID: 24725460 PMCID: PMC7162380 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Asthma is driven by an inflammatory response against normally harmless environmental inorganic and organic compounds in the respiratory tract. Immune responses to airborne pathogens such as viruses and bacteria may reduce the allergic responses but are also known to trigger asthma attacks and eventually lead to severe disease condition. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of respiratory pathogens concerning the induction or protection against acute or chronic asthma manifestations. METHODS We included 131 articles for the final review according to their relevance with the subject. RESULTS There is apparently contradictory interaction of respiratory germs in the airways of asthmatics which may be protective on one angle but deleterious on the other. CONCLUSION The relationship between inflammation and remodeling and the pathogenic role of viral and bacterial infection in the airways of asthmatic patients is still highly debatable and incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gillissen
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineGeneral Hospital KasselKasselGermany
| | - Maria Paparoupa
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineGeneral Hospital KasselKasselGermany
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Ahanchian H, Jones CM, Chen YS, Sly PD. Respiratory viral infections in children with asthma: do they matter and can we prevent them? BMC Pediatr 2012; 12:147. [PMID: 22974166 PMCID: PMC3471019 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-12-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a major public health problem with a huge social and economic burden affecting 300 million people worldwide. Viral respiratory infections are the major cause of acute asthma exacerbations and may contribute to asthma inception in high risk young children with susceptible genetic background. Acute exacerbations are associated with decreased lung growth or accelerated loss of lung function and, as such, add substantially to both the cost and morbidity associated with asthma. DISCUSSION While the importance of preventing viral infection is well established, preventive strategies have not been well explored. Good personal hygiene, hand-washing and avoidance of cigarette smoke are likely to reduce respiratory viral infections. Eating a healthy balanced diet, active probiotic supplements and bacterial-derived products, such as OM-85, may reduce recurrent infections in susceptible children. There are no practical anti-viral therapies currently available that are suitable for widespread use. SUMMARY Hand hygiene is the best measure to prevent the common cold. A healthy balanced diet, active probiotic supplements and immunostimulant OM-85 may reduce recurrent infections in asthmatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahanchian
- The Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Labro MT. Immunomodulatory effects of antimicrobial agents. Part I: antibacterial and antiviral agents. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:319-40. [PMID: 22397566 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite impressive therapeutic progresses in the battle against infections, microorganisms are still a threat to mankind. With hundreds of antibacterial molecules, major concerns remain about the emergence of resistant and multidrug-resistant pathogens. On the other hand, the antiviral drug armamentarium is comprised of only a few dozens of compounds which are highly pathogen specific, and resistance is also a concern. According to Arturo Casadevall (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY, USA), we have now entered the third era of anti-infective strategy, which intends to favor the interplay between active molecules and the immune system. The first part of this review focuses on the potential immunomodulating properties of anti-infective agents, beginning with antibacterial and antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Thérèse Labro
- Inserm SC14 Centre d'Expertise Collective, Université Paris Diderot Paris, 7 Faculté de Médecine Site Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75890, Paris Cedex 18, France.
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Steel HC, Theron AJ, Cockeran R, Anderson R, Feldman C. Pathogen- and host-directed anti-inflammatory activities of macrolide antibiotics. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:584262. [PMID: 22778497 PMCID: PMC3388425 DOI: 10.1155/2012/584262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics possess several, beneficial, secondary properties which complement their primary antimicrobial activity. In addition to high levels of tissue penetration, which may counteract seemingly macrolide-resistant bacterial pathogens, these agents also possess anti-inflammatory properties, unrelated to their primary antimicrobial activity. Macrolides target cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as structural cells, and are beneficial in controlling harmful inflammatory responses during acute and chronic bacterial infection. These secondary anti-inflammatory activities of macrolides appear to be particularly effective in attenuating neutrophil-mediated inflammation. This, in turn, may contribute to the usefulness of these agents in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders of both microbial and nonmicrobial origin, predominantly of the airways. This paper is focused on the various mechanisms of macrolide-mediated anti-inflammatory activity which target both microbial pathogens and the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, with emphasis on their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Steel
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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