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Pereira TN, Bortolini GA, Campos RDF. Barriers and Facilitators Related to the Adoption of Policies to Reduce Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4729. [PMID: 36981638 PMCID: PMC10048733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cost-effective regulatory and fiscal interventions are recommended to address non-communicable diseases. While some countries are advancing regarding these actions, others have found it difficult to approve them. AIM to conduct a scoping review to answer the question "What factors have influenced the adoption of food taxes, front-of-pack labeling and restrictions on marketing to children?". METHODS A scoping review was developed from four databases. Studies that described and analyzed policy processes were included. Analysis was performed to identify the barriers and enablers mentioned under the guidance of Swinburn et al., Huang et al., Mialon et al., and Kingdon. RESULTS 168 documents were identified, describing experiences from five regions or groups and 23 countries, which have generated 1584 examples of 52 enablers (689 examples; 43.5%) and 55 barriers (895 examples; 56.5%) that may have influenced policies. The main enablers were related to the government environment and governance and to civil society strategies. Corporate political activity strategies were the main examples of barriers. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review consolidated barriers and facilitators related to policies aimed at reducing ultra-processed foods consumption, demonstrating that factors related to the actions of governments and civil society are the main facilitators. On the other hand, as the most interested actor in promoting the consumption of these products, the strategies adopted by the companies that produce these products constitute the main barrier to these policies in all the studied countries and should be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Ane Bortolini
- Food and Nutrition National Coordination, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70058-900, Brazil
| | - Roberta de Freitas Campos
- Center for Studies on Bioethics and Diplomacy in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
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Meng F, Nie P, Sousa-Poza A. The intangible costs of overweight and obesity in Germany. HEALTH ECONOMICS REVIEW 2023; 13:14. [PMID: 36809392 PMCID: PMC9942367 DOI: 10.1186/s13561-023-00426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous literature documents the direct and indirect economic costs of obesity, yet none has attempted to quantify the intangible costs of obesity. This study focuses on quantifying the intangible costs of one unit body mass index (BMI) increase and being overweight and obese in Germany. METHODS By applying a life satisfaction-based compensation value analysis to 2002-2018 German Socio-Economic Panel Survey data for adults aged 18-65, the intangible costs of overweight and obesity are estimated. We apply individual income as a reference for estimating the value of the loss of subjective well-being due to overweight and obesity. RESULTS The intangible costs of overweight and obesity in 2018 amount to 42,450 and 13,853 euros, respectively. A one unit increase in BMI induced a 2553 euros annual well-being loss in the overweight and obese relative to those of normal weight. When extrapolated to the entire country, this figure represents approximately 4.3 billion euros, an intangible cost of obesity similar in magnitude to the direct and indirect costs documented in other studies for Germany. These losses, our analysis reveals, have remained remarkably stable since 2002. CONCLUSIONS Our results underscore how existing research into obesity's economic toll may underestimate its true costs, and they strongly imply that if obesity interventions took the intangible costs of obesity into account, the economic benefits would be considerably larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Meng
- Institute for Health Care & Public Management, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peng Nie
- Institute for Health Care & Public Management, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- School of Economics and Finance, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
- IZA, Bonn, Germany
- Health Econometrics and Data Group, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alfonso Sousa-Poza
- Institute for Health Care & Public Management, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
- IZA, Bonn, Germany.
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Mahdi S, Marr C, Buckland NJ, Chilcott J. Methods for the economic evaluation of obesity prevention dietary interventions in children: A systematic review and critical appraisal of the evidence. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13457. [PMID: 35478373 PMCID: PMC9542346 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aim to describe and provide a discussion of methods used to conduct economic evaluations of dietary interventions in children and adolescents, including long-term modelling, and to make recommendations to assist health economists in the design and reporting of such evaluations. METHODS A systematic review was conducted in 11 bibliographic databases and the grey literature with searches undertaken between January 2000 and December 2021. A study was included if it (1) was an economic evaluation or modelling study of an obesity-prevention dietary intervention and (2) targeted 2- to 18-year-olds. RESULTS Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Twelve studies conducted an economic evaluation alongside a clinical trial, and 14 studies modelled long-term health and cost outcomes. Four overarching methodological challenges were identified: modelling long-term impact of interventions, measuring and valuing health outcomes, cost inclusions and equity considerations. CONCLUSIONS Variability in methods used to predict, measure and value long-term benefits in adulthood from short-term clinical outcomes in childhood was evident across studies. Key recommendations to improve the design and analysis of future economic evaluations include the consideration of weight regain and diminishing intervention effects within future projections; exploration of wider intervention benefits not restricted to quality-of-life outcomes; and inclusion of parental or caregiver opportunity costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Mahdi
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield, UK
| | - Colette Marr
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nicola J Buckland
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jim Chilcott
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield, UK
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Abrahams-Gessel S, Wilde P, Zhang FF, Lizewski L, Sy S, Liu J, Ruan M, Lee Y, Mozaffarian D, Micha R, Gaziano T. Implementing federal food service guidelines in federal and private worksite cafeterias in the United States leads to improved health outcomes and is cost saving. J Public Health Policy 2022; 43:266-280. [PMID: 35379921 PMCID: PMC9197963 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-022-00344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Poor diet increases cardiometabolic disease risk, yet the impact of food service guidelines on employee health and its cost effectiveness is poorly understood. Federal food service guidelines (FFSG) aim to provide United States (U.S.) government employees with healthier food options. Using microsimulation modeling, we estimated changes in the incidence of cardiometabolic disease, related mortality, and the cost effectiveness of implementing FFSG in nationally representative model populations of government and private company employees across 5 years and lifetime. We based estimates on changes in workplace intake of six FFSG dietary targets and showed lifetime reductions of heart attacks (- 107/million), strokes (- 30/million), diabetes (- 134/million), ischemic heart disease deaths (- 56/million), and stroke deaths (- 8/million). FFSG is cost saving overall, with total savings in discounted healthcare costs from $4,611,026 (5 years) to $539,809,707 (lifetime) $U.S. This study demonstrates that FFSG improves health outcomes and is cost saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafika Abrahams-Gessel
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Parke Wilde
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Jaharis Building - 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Fang Fang Zhang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Jaharis Building - 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Lauren Lizewski
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Stephen Sy
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Junxiu Liu
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Jaharis Building - 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Mengyuan Ruan
- School of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Yujin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, 17058, Gyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Jaharis Building - 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Renata Micha
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Jaharis Building - 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Thomas Gaziano
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 718 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Gelius P, Messing S, Goodwin L, Schow D, Abu-Omar K. What are effective policies for promoting physical activity? A systematic review of reviews. Prev Med Rep 2020; 18:101095. [PMID: 32346500 PMCID: PMC7182760 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need for evidence on the effectiveness of different policies to promote physical activity. We conducted a systematic literature review to collate the available evidence. We identified 57 reviews with evidence on 53 types of physical activity policies from 7 areas. There is a solid evidence base for the effectiveness of school-based and some infrastructural policies. The evidence for other (e.g. economic) policies remains insufficient.
The importance of policy for promoting physical activity (PA) is increasingly recognized by academics, and there is a push by national governments and international institutions for PA policy development and monitoring. However, our knowledge about which policies are actually effective to promote PA remains limited. This article summarizes the currently available evidence by reviewing existing reviews on the subject. Building on results from a previous scoping review on different types of PA-related evidence, we ran searches for combinations of the terms “physical activity”, “evidence”, “effect”, “review”, and “policy” in six different databases (PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, PsycInfo, ERIC, and IBSS). We used EPPI Reviewer 4 to further process the results and conduct an in-depth analysis. We identified 57 reviews providing evidence on 53 types of policies and seven broader groups of policies. Reviews fell into four main categories: 1) setting- and target group-specific; 2) urban design, environment and transport; 3) economic instruments; and 4) broad-range perspective. Results indicate that there is solid evidence for policy effectiveness in some areas (esp. school-based and infrastructural policies) but that the evidence in other areas is insufficient (esp. for economic policies). The available evidence provides some guidance for policy-makers regarding which policies can currently be recommended as effective. However, results also highlight some broader epistemological issues deriving from the current research. This includes the conflation of PA policies and PA interventions, the lack of appropriate tools for benchmarking individual policies, and the need to critically revisit research methodologies for collating evidence on policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gelius
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Messing
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lee Goodwin
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Schow
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karim Abu-Omar
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Gebbertstraße 123b, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Shape Up Somerville's return on investment: Multi-group exposure generates net-benefits in a child obesity intervention. Prev Med Rep 2019; 16:100954. [PMID: 31463186 PMCID: PMC6706678 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-based interventions may reduce and prevent childhood obesity by transforming the environments in which children live, learn, and play through a series of interventions implemented throughout the community that encourage healthy behaviors. While empirical support is building for the effectiveness of such interventions, little is known about the economic costs and benefits of community-wide childhood obesity interventions. This study examined whether the benefits of a community-wide, child-focused, obesity prevention intervention, Shape Up Somerville: Eat Smart Play Hard (SUS), exceeded its costs by estimating its return on investment. The SUS intervention study occurred in Somerville, Massachusetts (and in two additional geographic areas, which were the study's control group) during the 2003/04 and 2004/05 school years. We estimated SUS's costs using SUS data over the two-year intervention. We estimated benefits (i.e., healthcare costs and productivity losses averted for children and their parents) over a ten-year time horizon using SUS effectiveness results and other sources. SUS generated an estimated $1.51 in savings for every $1.00 invested in the program (return on investment of $0.51). Over ten years, the estimated costs averted were over $500,000 with net benefits of $197,120 (2014 dollars). SUS was estimated to be a cost-saving intervention when examined over a ten-year time horizon. The excess benefits generated by SUS likely arose from the community-wide nature of the intervention which extended exposure (and estimated benefits) beyond children to parents as well. These results illustrate that allocating resources to community-wide, child-focused obesity prevention interventions may be a beneficial investment.
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7
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Stead M, Angus K, Langley T, Katikireddi SV, Hinds K, Hilton S, Lewis S, Thomas J, Campbell M, Young B, Bauld L. Mass media to communicate public health messages in six health topic areas: a systematic review and other reviews of the evidence. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3310/phr07080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMass media campaigns can be used to communicate public health messages at the population level. Although previous research has shown that they can influence health behaviours in some contexts, there have been few attempts to synthesise evidence across multiple health behaviours.ObjectivesTo (1) review evidence on the effective use of mass media in six health topic areas (alcohol, diet, illicit drugs, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health and tobacco), (2) examine whether or not effectiveness varies with different target populations, (3) identify characteristics of mass media campaigns associated with effectiveness and (4) identify key research gaps.DesignThe study comprised (1) a systematic review of reviews, (2) a review of primary studies examining alcohol mass media campaigns, (3) a review of cost-effectiveness evidence and (4) a review of recent primary studies of mass media campaigns conducted in the UK. A logic model was developed to inform the reviews. Public engagement activities were conducted with policy, practitioner and academic stakeholders and with young people.ResultsThe amount and strength of evidence varies across the six topics, and there was little evidence regarding diet campaigns. There was moderate evidence that mass media campaigns can reduce sedentary behaviour and influence sexual health-related behaviours and treatment-seeking behaviours (e.g. use of smoking quitlines and sexual health services). The impact on tobacco use and physical activity was mixed, there was limited evidence of impact on alcohol use and there was no impact on illicit drug behaviours. Mass media campaigns were found to increase knowledge and awareness across several topics, and to influence intentions regarding physical activity and smoking. Tobacco and illicit drug campaigns appeared to be more effective for young people and children but there was no or inconsistent evidence regarding effectiveness by sex, ethnicity or socioeconomic status. There was moderate evidence that tobacco mass media campaigns are cost-effective, but there was weak or limited evidence in other topic areas. Although there was limited evidence on characteristics associated with effectiveness, longer or greater intensity campaigns were found to be more effective, and messages were important, with positive and negative messages and social norms messages affecting smoking behaviour. The evidence suggested that targeting messages to target audiences can be effective. There was little evidence regarding the role that theory or media channels may play in campaign effectiveness, and also limited evidence on new media.LimitationsStatistical synthesis was not possible owing to considerable heterogeneity across reviews and studies. The focus on review-level evidence limited our ability to examine intervention characteristics in detail.ConclusionsOverall, the evidence is mixed but suggests that (1) campaigns can reduce sedentary behaviour, improve sexual health and contribute to smoking cessation, (2) tobacco control campaigns can be cost-effective, (3) longer and more intensive campaigns are likely to be more effective and (4) message design and targeting campaigns to particular population groups can be effective.Future workFuture work could fill evidence gaps regarding diet mass media campaigns and new-media campaigns, examine cost-effectiveness in areas other than tobacco and explore the specific contribution of mass media campaigns to multicomponent interventions and how local, regional and national campaigns can work together.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015029205 and PROSPERO CRD42017054999.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Stead
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
| | - Kathryn Angus
- Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
| | - Tessa Langley
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kate Hinds
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shona Hilton
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Lewis
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Thomas
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mhairi Campbell
- Medical Research Council/Chief Scientist Office Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ben Young
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, UK
- Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Carducci B, Oh C, Keats EC, Gaffey MF, Roth DE, Bhutta ZA. PROTOCOL: Impact of the food environment on diet-related health outcomes in school-age children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2018; 14:1-55. [PMID: 37131391 PMCID: PMC8428038 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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Milliken OV, Ellis VL. Development of an investment case for obesity prevention and control: perspectives on methodological advancement and evidence. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2018; 42:e62. [PMID: 31093090 PMCID: PMC6385999 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2018.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper opens a discussion on the main features of an investment case for obesity prevention and control, by scanning available evidence on existing approaches and by highlighting contextual considerations and evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean. We call on researchers and analysts in the field to update and broaden existing methods of economic analyses to better reflect the multisectoral nature of an investment case for obesity prevention and control. We also identify research gaps and further work required to advance methods and evidence towards investment cases throughout the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Milliken
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Equity and WHO Collaborating Centre on Noncommunicable Disease Policy, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Vivian L. Ellis
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Equity and WHO Collaborating Centre on Noncommunicable Disease Policy, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Bowen PG, Lee LT, McCaskill GM, Bryant PH, Hess MA, Ivey JB. Understanding health policy to improve primary care management of obesity. Nurse Pract 2018; 43:46-52. [PMID: 29528881 PMCID: PMC6377066 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000531069.11559.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
NPs are ideal candidates for implementing positive health changes for obese patients. Providers have medical expertise and can promote obesity reduction strategies to their patients. Increased awareness of the influence of health policy and clinical implications for obesity management are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela G. Bowen
- Acute, Chronic and Continuing Care Department, School of Nursing, UAB | The University of Alabama at Birmingham, NB 416 | Mailing address: 1720 2nd Avenue South | Birmingham, AL 35294-1210, P: 205.934.2778 | F: 205.996.7183 |
| | - Loretta T. Lee
- Acute, Chronic and Continuing Care Department, School of Nursing, UAB | The University of Alabama at Birmingham, NB 542 | Mailing address: 1720 2nd Avenue South | Birmingham, AL 35294-1210, P: 205.996.5826 | F: 205.996.9165
| | - Gina M. McCaskill
- UAB School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, P: 205.393.5888
| | - Pamela H. Bryant
- Family/Community and Health Systems, School of Nursing, UAB | The University of Alabama at Birmingham, NB 428D | 1720 2ND AVE S | Birmingham, AL 35294-1210, P: 205.934-2640 | F: 205.996.7183
| | - M. Annette Hess
- Nursing Graduate Programs, School of Nursing Office 1515 A, P: 205-726-2708 | F: 205-726-2219
| | - Jean B. Ivey
- Family/Community and Health Systems Department, School of Nursing, UAB | The University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Hanneke R, Young SK. Information sources for obesity prevention policy research: a review of systematic reviews. Syst Rev 2017; 6:156. [PMID: 28789703 PMCID: PMC5549286 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systematic identification of evidence in health policy can be time-consuming and challenging. This study examines three questions pertaining to systematic reviews on obesity prevention policy, in order to identify the most efficient search methods: (1) What percentage of the primary studies selected for inclusion in the reviews originated in scholarly as opposed to gray literature? (2) How much of the primary scholarly literature in this topic area is indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE? (3) Which databases index the greatest number of primary studies not indexed in PubMed, and are these databases searched consistently across systematic reviews? METHODS We identified systematic reviews on obesity prevention policy and explored their search methods and citations. We determined the percentage of scholarly vs. gray literature cited, the most frequently cited journals, and whether each primary study was indexed in PubMed. We searched 21 databases for all primary study articles not indexed in PubMed to determine which database(s) indexed the highest number of these relevant articles. RESULTS In total, 21 systematic reviews were identified. Ten of the 21 systematic reviews reported searching gray literature, and 12 reviews ultimately included gray literature in their analyses. Scholarly articles accounted for 577 of the 649 total primary study papers. Of these, 495 (76%) were indexed in PubMed. Google Scholar retrieved the highest number of the remaining 82 non-PubMed scholarly articles, followed by Scopus and EconLit. The Journal of the American Dietetic Association was the most-cited journal. CONCLUSIONS Researchers can maximize search efficiency by searching a small yet targeted selection of both scholarly and gray literature resources. A highly sensitive search of PubMed and those databases that index the greatest number of relevant articles not indexed in PubMed, namely multidisciplinary and economics databases, could save considerable time and effort. When combined with a gray literature search and additional search methods, including cited reference searching and consulting with experts, this approach could help maintain broad retrieval of relevant studies while improving search efficiency. Findings also have implications for designing specialized databases for public health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Hanneke
- Library of the Health Sciences-Chicago, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1750 W. Polk St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Sabrina K Young
- Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,The Cancer Education and Cancer Development Program, Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA
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12
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Schwartz MB, Just DR, Chriqui JF, Ammerman AS. Appetite self-regulation: Environmental and policy influences on eating behaviors. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25 Suppl 1:S26-S38. [PMID: 28229539 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Appetite regulation is influenced by the environment, and the environment is shaped by food-related policies. This review summarizes the environment and policy research portion of an NIH Workshop (Bethesda, MD, 2015) titled "Self-Regulation of Appetite-It's Complicated." METHODS In this paper, we begin by making the case for why policy is an important tool in efforts to improve nutrition, and we introduce an ecological framework that illustrates the multiple layers that influence what people eat. We describe the state of the science on how policies influence behavior in several key areas: the federal food programs, schools, child care, food and beverage pricing, marketing to youth, behavioral economics, and changing defaults. Next, we propose novel approaches for multidisciplinary prevention and intervention strategies to promote breastfeeding, and examine interactions between psychology and the environment. RESULTS Policy and environmental change are the most distal influences on individual-level appetite regulation, yet these strategies can reach many people at once by changing the environment in which food choices are made. We note the need for more research to understand compensatory behavior, reactance, and how to effectively change social norms. CONCLUSIONS To move forward, we need a more sophisticated understanding of how individual psychological and biological factors interact with the environment and policy influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene B Schwartz
- Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - David R Just
- Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jamie F Chriqui
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alice S Ammerman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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