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Orrico-Sánchez A, Valls-Arévalo Á, Garcés-Sánchez M, Álvarez Aldeán J, Ortiz de Lejarazu Leonardo R. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccination in healthy children. A review of current evidence. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2023; 41:396-406. [PMID: 36681572 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is common in healthy children and adolescents and is associated with a high rate of hospitalization in this group, especially for those <5 years. Although the WHO has recommended vaccination in children under 5 years of age since 2012, it is really implemented in few countries today. The aim of this paper was to review the available evidence on the efficacy/effectiveness of influenza vaccination in healthy children <18 years of age through a non-systematic search of studies conducted between 2010 and 2020. Despite the high variability in results due to differences in design, vaccine type and season included in the 41 selected studies, statistically significant studies show efficacy values for the influenza vaccine of between 25.6% and 74.2%, and effectiveness from 26% to 78.8%. Although a systematic review would be necessary to corroborate the evidence, this review suggests that paediatric vaccination is generally an effective measure for preventing influenza in healthy children in line with international organisms' recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Orrico-Sánchez
- Área de Investigación en vacunas, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO) - Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain
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2
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Sonvico F, Colombo G, Quarta E, Guareschi F, Banella S, Buttini F, Scherließ R. Nasal delivery as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1115-1130. [PMID: 37755135 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2263363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The upper respiratory tract is a major route of infection for COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases. Thus, it appears logical to exploit the nose as administration site to prevent, fight, or minimize infectious spread and treat the disease. Numerous nasal products addressing these aspects have been considered and developed for COVID-19. AREAS COVERED This review gives a comprehensive overview of the different approaches involving nasal delivery, i.e., nasal vaccination, barrier products, and antiviral pharmacological treatments that have led to products on the market or under clinical evaluation, highlighting the peculiarities of the nose as application and absorption site and pointing at key aspects of nasal drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION From the analysis of nasal delivery strategies to prevent or fight COVID-19, it emerges that, especially for nasal immunization, formulations appear the same as originally designed for parenteral administration, leading to suboptimal results. On the other hand, mechanical barrier and antiviral products, designed to halt or treat the infection at early stage, have been proven effective but were rarely brought to the clinics. If supported by robust and targeted product development strategies, intranasal immunization and drug delivery can represent valid and sometimes superior alternatives to more conventional parenteral and oral medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sonvico
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gaia Colombo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Eride Quarta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Banella
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Priority Research Area Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Sciences (KiNSIS), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Caffarelli C, Santamaria F, Piro E, Basilicata S, Delle Cave V, Cipullo M, Bernasconi S, Corsello G. New insights in pediatrics in 2021: choices in allergy and immunology, critical care, endocrinology, gastroenterology, genetics, haematology, infectious diseases, neonatology, neurology, nutrition, palliative care, respiratory tract illnesses and telemedicine. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:189. [PMID: 36435791 PMCID: PMC9701393 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we report the developments across pediatric subspecialties that have been published in the Italian Journal of Pediatrics in 2021. We highlight advances in allergy and immunology, critical care, endocrinology, gastroenterology, genetics, hematology, infectious diseases, neonatology, neurology, nutrition, palliative care, respiratory tract illnesses and telemedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Caffarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinica Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesca Santamaria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Piro
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Basilicata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Delle Cave
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Marilena Cipullo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Corsello
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Cost-Effectiveness of Intranasal Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine for Children: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091466. [PMID: 36146544 PMCID: PMC9505322 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The public health burden of seasonal influenza is significant, and influenza vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy. Nonetheless, the recommendation of influenza immunization in the pediatric population is still underrepresented. Our work aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of pediatric influenza vaccination with the intranasal live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). Methods: We performed a systematic review of publications from PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus, covering the period from 1 January 2000 to 30 April 2022. We searched for economic evaluations that studied the impacts of LAIV among children or the pediatric population. Studies that considered incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), in terms of cost per gain in life years, quality adjusted life years, or disability-adjusted life years, were covered. The Consensus Health Economic Criteria (CHEC) Extended Checklist was adopted to check the quality of the included studies. Results: Thirteen studies were included for the final review that were of good or excellent quality. The implementation of influenza vaccination with intranasal LAIV in the pediatric population was cost-effective when compared to the immunization strategies for the elderly and the high-risk groups alone or with no vaccination. The efficacy of LAIV for children, vaccination coverage, and the vaccine price were significant factors to the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination for children. Another significant contribution to the cost-effectiveness was the herd immunity arising from pediatric immunization against influenza. Conclusions: The implementation of influenza vaccination in the pediatric population with LAIV is cost-effective. Policymakers and health authorities may consider the evidence on the development of the pediatric influenza vaccination in their immunization schedules.
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Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccination in healthy children. A review of current evidence. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gasparini C, Acunzo M, Biuso A, Roncaglia S, Migliavacca F, Borriello CR, Bertolini C, Allen MR, Orenti A, Boracchi P, Zuccotti GV. Nasal spray live attenuated influenza vaccine: the first experience in Italy in children and adolescents during the 2020-21 season. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:225. [PMID: 34774062 PMCID: PMC8590342 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01172-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Italy only recently, for the 2020–21 season, has the flu vaccination been extended to all children. A quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (qLAIV) was administered to children aged 2–17 years for the first time. We registered the number and severity of adverse reactions to (Fluenz Tetra™) and the factors influencing them, evaluated uniformity of access to care and assessed the degree of satisfaction with the vaccination of both parents and health care providers, in order to improve the 2021–22 vaccination program. Methods On vaccination day, a questionnaire was given out to collect information about the children and their parents. Between 1 and 3 months later, the parents were contacted to record any adverse reactions following (Fluenz Tetra™) and rate the degree of satisfaction. Results We received data of 3226 children from 2152 families. Adverse events were reported in 24.8% of children: 80.6% mild, 18.1% moderate and 1.3% significant. The most common were rhinitis (52.5%) and fever (24.4%). Statistical analysis performed with a multiple regression model, showed that children aged 2–5 years have an increased risk of adverse events compared to both 6–10 years old (aRR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5–1.9, p < 0. 001) and 11–17 years old (aRR 1.5, 95% CI 1–2.2, p = 0.051). Most families chose to vaccinate their children to protect them and because they were concerned about Covid19. The main channel through which parents became aware of a new flu vaccination was word-of-mouth (39.8%), which occurred mostly among parents of the same school group, followed by information from the child’s doctor (30.6%), the Internet (26.9%), personal research (15%), newspapers (4%), telecommunications (7.5%) and other (2.6%). Most parents (83.3%) were very satisfied and intend to vaccinate their children with qLAIV again (83.8%). The majority of operators (93%) considered the experience as excellent and are willing to repeat it (94.6%). Conclusion (Fluenz Tetra™) proved to be easy to administer and the degree of satisfaction was high among both health workers and parents. Considering its substantial safety profile especially in school-age children and adolescents, all these aspects make the nasal qLAIV optimal for widespread immunization. Schools offer the best setting to reach more families and physicians should be actively involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gasparini
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154, Milan, Italy.
| | - Miriam Acunzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Biuso
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Roncaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Migliavacca
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Annalisa Orenti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Laboratory of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Biometry "G. A. Maccacaro", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Boracchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Laboratory of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Biometry "G. A. Maccacaro", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154, Milan, Italy
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Boccalini S, Bechini A, Moscadelli A, Paoli S, Schirripa A, Bonanni P. Cost-effectiveness of childhood influenza vaccination in Europe: results from a systematic review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2021; 21:911-922. [PMID: 33930994 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2021.1925110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Influenza can be a significant public health problem. Nevertheless, it is preventable through vaccination. Concerning the pediatric population, the recommendation of influenza vaccination is under-represented in many European countries. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of universal childhood vaccination against influenza in Europe.Areas covered: We conducted a systematic review of original article assessing the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination by searching PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases for studies in English, starting from January 1st, 2010 up to October 21st, 2020.Expert opinion: Our literature review showed that all studies identified highlight that pediatric vaccinations using a live vaccine, especially in the quadrivalent formulation, are cost-effective compared to current vaccinations (elderly and at-risk groups) with TIV or no vaccination. A significant contribution to this positive economic profile is due to the indirect protection. Already many clinical data report the relevant direct and indirect impact of vaccination against influenza for younger subjects. The recent studies collected in this review showed also that the pediatric vaccination is also cost-effective. Therefore, decision-makers should now consider this new favorable evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Boccalini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angela Bechini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Moscadelli
- Specialization Medical School of Hygiene. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sonia Paoli
- Specialization Medical School of Hygiene. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Schirripa
- Specialization Medical School of Hygiene. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonanni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Park BR, Kim KH, Kotomina T, Kim MC, Kwon YM, Jeeva S, Jung YJ, Bhatnagar N, Isakova-Sivak I, Mezhenskaya D, Rudenko L, Wang BZ, Kang SM. Broad cross protection by recombinant live attenuated influenza H3N2 seasonal virus expressing conserved M2 extracellular domain in a chimeric hemagglutinin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4151. [PMID: 33603072 PMCID: PMC7893060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA)-based current vaccines provide suboptimum cross protection. Influenza A virus contains an ion channel protein M2 conserved extracellular domain (M2e), a target for developing universal vaccines. Here we generated reassortant influenza virus rgH3N2 4xM2e virus (HA and NA from A/Switzerland/9715293/2013/(H3N2)) expressing chimeric 4xM2e-HA fusion proteins with 4xM2e epitopes inserted into the H3 HA N-terminus. Recombinant rgH3N2 4xM2e virus was found to retain equivalent growth kinetics as rgH3N2 in egg substrates. Intranasal single inoculation of mice with live rgH3N2 4xM2e virus was effective in priming the induction of M2e specific IgG antibody responses in mucosal and systemic sites as well as T cell responses. The rgH3N2 4xM2e primed mice were protected against a broad range of different influenza A virus subtypes including H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2. The findings support a new approach to improve the efficacy of current vaccine platforms by recombinant influenza virus inducing immunity to HA and cross protective M2e antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ryoung Park
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Tatiana Kotomina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
- CARESIDE Co., Ltd., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Subbiah Jeeva
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Chen W, Misra SM, Zhou F, Sahni LC, Boom JA, Messonnier M. Evaluating Partial Series Childhood Vaccination Services in a Mobile Clinic Setting. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2020; 59:706-715. [PMID: 32111120 PMCID: PMC8721745 DOI: 10.1177/0009922820908586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the cost-benefit of vaccination services, mostly partial series administration, provided by a mobile clinic program (MCP) in Houston for children of transient and low-income families. The study included 469 patients who visited the mobile clinics on regular service days in 2 study periods in 2014 and 836 patients who attended vaccination events in the summer of 2014. The benefit of partial series vaccination was estimated based on vaccine efficacy/effectiveness data. Our conservative cost-benefit estimates show that, compared with office-based settings, every dollar spent on vaccination by the MCP would result in $0.9 societal cost averted as an incremental benefit in regular service days and $3.7 during vaccination-only events. To further improve the cost-benefit of vaccination services in the MCP, decision-makers and stakeholders may consider improving work efficiency during regular service days or hosting more vaccination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sanghamitra M. Misra
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fangjun Zhou
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leila C. Sahni
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Julie A. Boom
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Messonnier
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Lee YT, Kim KH, Ko EJ, Kim MC, Lee YN, Hwang HS, Lee Y, Jung YJ, Kim YJ, Santos J, Perez DR, Kang SM. Enhancing the cross protective efficacy of live attenuated influenza virus vaccine by supplemented vaccination with M2 ectodomain virus-like particles. Virology 2019; 529:111-121. [PMID: 30685658 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines including live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) provide suboptimal protection against drift and potential pandemic strains. We hypothesized that supplementing LAIV with a highly conserved antigenic target M2 ectodomain (M2e) would confer cross-protection by inducing humoral and cellular immune responses to conserved antigenic targets. Intranasal vaccination with LAIV (A/Netherlands/602/09, H1N1) supplemented with tandem repeat M2e containing virus-like particles (M2e5x VLP) induced M2e- and virus-specific antibodies. Upon heterosubtypic virus challenge, M2e5x VLP-supplemented LAIV vaccination of mice induced significantly improved cross protection by preventing weight loss and lowering lung viral titers. Further mechanistic studies on heterosubtypic immunity suggest that T cell responses to M2e and nucleoprotein as well as systemic and mucosal antibodies to M2e and viruses might be contributing to cross protection. Therefore, this study demonstrates a novel vaccination strategy to improve the cross protective efficacy of LAIV by supplementing with a conserved M2e antigenic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Green Cross Cell Corp., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 16924, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Komipharm Co., Ltd., Siheung, Gyeonggi-do 15094, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jefferson Santos
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Bandari J, Nielsen ME, Jacobs BL, Smith KJ. Cost-Effectiveness of Single Versus Confirmatory Urinalysis in the Evaluation of Asymptomatic Microhematuria. UROLOGY PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urpr.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jathin Bandari
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew E. Nielsen
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bruce L. Jacobs
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth J. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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