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Hachlafi NEL, Aanniz T, Menyiy NE, Baaboua AE, Omari NE, Balahbib A, Shariati MA, Zengin G, Fikri-Benbrahim K, Bouyahya A. In Vitro and in Vivo Biological Investigations of Camphene and Its Mechanism Insights: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1936007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoufal EL Hachlafi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules Laboratory, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohmed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road Fez, Morocco
| | - Tariq Aanniz
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory (Medbiotech), Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Health and of Life (SNAMOPEQ). Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz. University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Fez, Morocco
| | - Aicha El Baaboua
- Biology and Health Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Abdelmalek-Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Genome, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Departement of Technology of Food Production, K.G. Razumoysky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (The First Cossack University) 109004, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Biochemistry and Physiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Campus, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kawtar Fikri-Benbrahim
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules Laboratory, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohmed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road Fez, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, And Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
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Highly effective solvent free esterification of phytosterols employing edible metal oxide-emulsifier as catalyst. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 213:118-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rtibi K, Selmi S, Grami D, Saidani K, Sebai H, Amri M, Eto B, Marzouki L. Ceratonia siliqua L. (immature carob bean) inhibits intestinal glucose absorption, improves glucose tolerance and protects against alloxan-induced diabetes in rat. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2664-2670. [PMID: 27739095 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to investigate the effects of immature carob pod aqueous extract (ICPAE) on intestinal glucose absorption in vitro and in vivo using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as well as the potential antidiabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. OGTT was carried by administration of glucose (2 g kg-1 , p.o.) and after treatment with extract (50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1 body weight). Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan (150 mg kg-1 ). However, the extracts at various doses or glibenclamide (GLB, 10 mg kg-1 body weight) were given by oral administration for 2 weeks. RESULTS ICPAE (50-2000 µg mL-1 ) exerted dose-dependent reduction of sodium-dependent glucose transport across isolated mice jejunum and the maximal inhibition exceeded 50%.The ICPAE treatment improved glucose tolerance. More importantly, ICPAE at various doses showed a significant reduction in blood glucose and biochemical profiles in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm that the degree of maturity of carob characterized by a different phytochemical composition may be responsible for these actions. Therefore, these compounds may be used as a food supplement in hyperglycemia and diabetes treatments. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaïs Rtibi
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, BP, 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Slimen Selmi
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, BP, 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Dhekra Grami
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, BP, 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Khouloud Saidani
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, BP, 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, BP, 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Eto
- Laboratoires TransCell-Lab, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichât, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Lamjed Marzouki
- Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie Fonctionnelle et Pathologies, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire de Nutrition et Physiologie Animale, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, BP, 382-9000 Béja, Tunisia
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Antioxidant activities of novel galloyl phytosterols evaluated by human erythrocytes with the aid of confocal microscopy imaging. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Prasad C, Imrhan V, Juma S, Maziarz M, Prasad A, Tiernan C, Vijayagopal P. Bioactive Plant Metabolites in the Management of Non-Communicable Metabolic Diseases: Looking at Opportunities beyond the Horizon. Metabolites 2015; 5:733-65. [PMID: 26703752 PMCID: PMC4693193 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an unprecedented worldwide rise in non-communicable metabolic diseases (NCDs), particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes. While modern pharmacotherapy has decreased the mortality in the existing population, it has failed to stem the rise. Furthermore, a large segment of the world population cannot afford expensive pharmacotherapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for inexpensive preventive measures to control the rise in CVD and diabetes and associated co-morbidities. The purpose of this review is to explore the role of food bioactives in prevention of NCDs. To this end, we have critically analyzed the possible utility of three classes of food bioactives: (a) resistant starch, a metabolically resistant carbohydrate known to favorably modulate insulin secretion and glucose metabolism; (b) cyclo (His-Pro), a food-derived cyclic dipeptides; and (c) polyphenol-rich berries. Finally, we have also briefly outlined the strategies needed to prepare these food-bioactives for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Prasad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA.
- Department of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Victorine Imrhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA.
| | - Shanil Juma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA.
| | - Mindy Maziarz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Anand Prasad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Casey Tiernan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA.
| | - Parakat Vijayagopal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA.
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Design and straightforward synthesis of novel galloyl phytosterols with excellent antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2014; 163:171-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Sachs-Barrable K, Darlington JW, Wasan KM. The effect of two novel cholesterol-lowering agents, disodium ascorbyl phytostanol phosphate (DAPP) and nanostructured aluminosilicate (NSAS) on the expression and activity of P-glycoprotein within Caco-2 cells. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:153. [PMID: 25273894 PMCID: PMC4195884 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many drugs are substrates for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and interactions involving P-gp may be relevant to clinical practice. Co-administration with P-gp inhibitors or inducers changes the absorption profile as well as the risk for drug toxicity, therefore it is important to evaluate possible P-gp alterations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two novel cholesterol-lowering agents, disodium ascorbyl phytostanol phosphate (DAPP) and nanostructured aluminium silicate (NSAS), a protonated montmorillonite clay, on mdr-1 gene expression and its protein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) within Caco-2 cells. Methods The effects of DAPP and NSAS on the regulation of mdr-1 gene, P-gp protein expression and activity within Caco-2 cells, were determined using cell viability and cytotoxicity tests, RT-PCR, Western Blot analysis and bi-directional transport studies. Results We observed a significant down-regulation of mdr-1 mRNA (e.g. 38.5 ± 17% decrease vs. control at 5 μM DAPP and 61.2 ± 25% versus control at 10 μM DAPP; n = 6, P* < 0.05) within Caco-2 cells. Western Blot analysis of P-gp expression showed that changes in mdr-1 gene expression lead to correlating changes in P-gp protein expression. This down-regulation of P-glycoprotein also resulted in decreased activity of P-glycoprotein compared to untreated control. In contrast, when Caco-2 cells were treated with NSAS, no changes in mdr-1 gene expression, P-gp protein expression nor P-gp activity were observed. Conclusions DAPP but not NSAS decreases P-gp mediated drug efflux through decreased mdr-1 gene expression and consequently decreased P-gp protein expression. These findings have to be taken into consideration when DAPP is concurrently given with other drugs that are substrates for P-gp since drug-drug interactions harbour a safety issue and alter bioavailability profiles. NSAS does not have any P-gp altering properties and therefore might not affect drug-drug interactions. We conclude from this study that NSAS might make a safer drug candidate compared to DAPP for lowering LDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kishor M Wasan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, British Columbia, Canada.
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Kunces LJ, Cusack LK, Kupchak BR, Volk BM, Freidenreich DJ, Aristizabal JC, Saenz C, Pei R, Guo Y, Fernandez ML, Bruno RS, Maresh CM, Kraemer WJ, Pronczuk A, Hayes KC, Volek JS. Triglyceride Recrystallized Phytosterols in Fat-Free Milk Improve Lipoprotein Profiles More Than Unmodified Free Phytosterols in Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women. J Am Coll Nutr 2013; 32:234-42. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2013.816597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mannu GS, Zaman MJS, Gupta A, Rehman HU, Myint PK. Evidence of lifestyle modification in the management of hypercholesterolemia. Curr Cardiol Rev 2013; 9:2-14. [PMID: 22998604 PMCID: PMC3584303 DOI: 10.2174/157340313805076313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The growth of ageing populations in developing countries with progressively urbanized lifestyles are major contributors. The key risk factors for CHD such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and obesity are likely to increase in the future. These risk factors are modifiable through lifestyle. OBJECTIVES To review current literature on the potential benefit of cholesterol lowering in CHD risk reduction with a particular focus on the evidence of non-pharmacological/lifestyle management of hypercholesterolemia. METHODS Medline/PubMed systematic search was conducted using a two-tier approach limited to all recent English language papers. Primary search was conducted using key words and phrases and all abstracts were subsequently screened and relevant papers were selected. The next tier of searching was conducted by (1) reviewing the citation lists of the selected papers and (2) by using PubMed weblink for related papers. Over 3600 reports were reviewed. RESULTS Target cholesterol levels set out in various guidelines could be achieved by lifestyle changes, including diet, weight reduction, and increased physical activity with the goal of reducing total cholesterol to <200 mg/dL and LDL-C<100 mg/dL. Various dietary constituents such as green tea, plant sterols, soy protein have important influences on total cholesterol. Medical intervention should be reserved for those patients who have not reached this goal after 3 months of non-pharmacological approach. CONCLUSION CHD remains as a leading cause of death worldwide and hypercholesterolemia is an important cause of CHD. Non-pharmacological methods provide initial as well as long-term measures to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Mannu
- Medicine and Biochemistry, C/o Level 2, MFE Offices, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, NR4 7UY, UK.
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A highly sensitive quantification of phytosterols through an inexpensive derivatization. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 166:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Horenstein RB, Mitchell BD, Post WS, Lütjohann D, von Bergmann K, Ryan KA, Terrin M, Shuldiner AR, Steinle NI. The ABCG8 G574R variant, serum plant sterol levels, and cardiovascular disease risk in the Old Order Amish. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 33:413-9. [PMID: 23241408 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.245480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether long-term exposure to moderate elevations in plasma plant sterol levels increases risk for atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS In Old Order Amish participants aged 18 to 85 years, with (n=110) and without (n=181) 1 copy of the ABCG8 G574R variant, we compared mean plasma levels of plant sterols and cholesterol precursors and carotid intima-media wall thickness. Carriers of a single 574R allele had increased plant sterol levels (eg, 35%-37% higher plasma levels of sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol) and increased plant sterol/cholesterol ratios (P<0.001 for all). 574R carriers had significantly decreased levels of lathosterol and lanosterol, precursors in a pathway for endogenous cholesterol synthesis, suggesting that plant sterols may alter regulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis. The G574R variant was not associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Compared with noncarriers, 574R carriers had decreased carotid intima-media wall thickness (0.62 versus 0.66 mm; age- and sex-adjusted P=0.03). Adjustment for body weight, blood pressure, and standard lipid measures (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides) did not alter this association. CONCLUSIONS Although the G574R variant is associated with moderately elevated plant sterol levels, carriers of the 574R allele had modestly lower levels of carotid wall thickness compared with noncarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Horenstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Cicero AFG, Ferroni A, Ertek S. Tolerability and safety of commonly used dietary supplements and nutraceuticals with lipid-lowering effects. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2012; 11:753-66. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2012.705827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Wang P, Chen YM, He LP, Chen CG, Zhang B, Xue WQ, Su YX. Association of natural intake of dietary plant sterols with carotid intima-media thickness and blood lipids in Chinese adults: a cross-section study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32736. [PMID: 22412917 PMCID: PMC3296732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies showed a moderate cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols (PS), but increased circulating PS might be atherogenic. We evaluated the associations between natural dietary intake of PS and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and serum lipids. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This community-based cross-sectional study included 1160 men and 2780 women aged 31-75 years. Dietary intakes were assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire. The IMTs at the common, bifurcation and internal carotid artery segments, and fasting serum total (TC), LDL (LDLc) and HDL (HDLc) cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG) were determined. After adjusting for potential covariates, multivariate analysis showed a dose-dependent inverse association of total PS intake with serum TC, LDLc, non-HDLc in women (P<0.001) and in men (P<0.05). As compared to the lowest quartile of PS intake (<206 mg/d), the multivariate-adjusted means of TC, LDLc and non-HDLc in the highest quartile of PS intake (447 mg/d) decreased by 5.0%, 6.2% and 6.5% in women (P<0.005), and by 6.4%, 7.1% and 6.7% (P>0.05) in men. Although the IMTs tended to be lower with greater intake of dietary PS, only small differences in the left internal IMT between the highest and lowest groups were observed among men (-7.6%) and women (-5.1%) (P<0.05). The multivariate analysis showed no significant mean differences among the PS groups in HDLc, TG and IMTs at other studied sites among men and women (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Greater PS consumption from natural diets is associated with lower serum total, LDL, non-HDL cholesterol and with thinner left internal IMT in women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-ming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YC); (YS)
| | - Li-ping He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-gang Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-qiong Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-xiang Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition, and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YC); (YS)
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Khuchieva MA, Perova NV, Akhmedzhanov NM. Plant sterols and stanols as dietary factors reducing hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2011. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2011-6-124-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The review is focussed on the mechanisms of action, lipid-lowering activity, structural characteristics, and safety of plant sterins and stanols. Phytosterins and phytostanols inhibit intestinal cholesterol (CH) absorption, therefore decreasing plasma CH levels. The emphasis is put on prospective epidemiological studies of representative samples, which demonstrated that plasma concentrations of phytosterins and phytostanols in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) are substantially lower than in CHD-free participants. A two-fold increase in serum sytosterin concentration was associated with a reduction in relative risk of CHD by 22 %. Plant sterin and sterol esters could be regarded as effective and safe dietary ingredients decreasing blood levels of CH — one of the major cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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Vallianou I, Peroulis N, Pantazis P, Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M. Camphene, a plant-derived monoterpene, reduces plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in hyperlipidemic rats independently of HMG-CoA reductase activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20516. [PMID: 22073134 PMCID: PMC3207810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central to the pathology of coronary heart disease is the accumulation of lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides, within the intima of arterial blood vessels. The search for drugs to treat dislipidemia, remains a major pharmaceutical focus. In this study, we evaluated the hypolipidemic properties of the essential oil from Chios mastic gum (MGO). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The hypolipidemic effect of MGO was investigated in naïve as well as in rats susceptible to detergent-induced hyperlipidemia. Serum cholesterol and triglycerides were determined using commercial kits. HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase activity was measured in HepG2 cell extracts using a radioactive assay; cellular cholesterol and cholesterol esters were assessed using gas chromatography. MGO administration into naïve rats resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in the constitutive synthesis of serum cholesterol and triglycerides. In hyperlipidemic rats, MGO treatment had also a strong hypolipidemic effect. By testing various components of MGO, we show for the first time that the hypolipidemic action is associated with camphene. Administration of camphene at a dose of 30 µg/gr of body weight in hyperlipidemic rats resulted in a 54.5% reduction of total cholesterol (p<0.001), 54% of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (p<0.001) and 34.5% of triglycerides (p<0.001). Treatment of HepG2 cells with camphene led to a decrease in cellular cholesterol content to the same extend as mevinolin, a known HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. The hypolipidemic action of camphene is independent of HMG-CoA reductase activity, suggesting that its hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects are associated with a mechanism of action different than that of statins. CONCLUSIONS Given the critical role that the control of hyperlipidemia plays in cardiovascular disease, the results of our study provide insights into the use of camphene as an alternative lipid lowering agent and merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Vallianou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Peroulis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Margarita Hadzopoulou-Cladaras
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Párraga I, López-Torres J, Andrés F, Navarro B, del Campo JM, García-Reyes M, Galdón MP, Lloret Á, Precioso JC, Rabanales J. Effect of plant sterols on the lipid profile of patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Randomised, experimental study. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 11:73. [PMID: 21910898 PMCID: PMC3180270 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have been conducted on supplementing the daily diet with plant sterol ester-enriched milk derivatives in order to reduce LDL-cholesterol levels and, consequently, cardiovascular risk. However, clinical practice guidelines on hypercholesterolaemia state that there is not sufficient evidence to recommend their use in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia. The main objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of the intake of 2 g of plant sterol esters a day in lowering LDL-cholesterol levels in patients diagnosed with hypercholesterolaemia. The specific objectives are: 1) to quantify the efficacy of the daily intake of plant sterol esters in lowering LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and cardiovascular risk in patients with hypercholesterolaemia; 2) to evaluate the occurrence of adverse effects of the daily intake of plant sterol esters; 3) to identify the factors that determine a greater reduction in lipid levels in subjects receiving plant sterol ester supplements. METHODS/DESIGN Randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled experimental trial carried out at family doctors' surgeries at three health centres in the Health Area of Albacete (Spain). The study subjects will be adults diagnosed with "limit" or "defined" hypercholesterolaemia and who have LDL cholesterol levels of 130 mg/dl or over. A dairy product in the form of liquid yoghurt containing 2 g of plant sterol ester per container will be administered daily after the main meal, for a period of 24 months. The control group will receive a daily unit of yogurt not supplemented with plant sterol esters that has a similar appearance to the enriched yoghurt. The primary variable is the change in lipid profile at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The secondary variables are: change in cardiovascular risk, adherence to the dairy product, adverse effects, adherence to dietary recommendations, frequency of food consumption, basic physical examination data, health problems, lipid-lowering medication, physical activity, smoking habits and socio-demographic variables. DISCUSSION If plant sterol ester supplements were effective a sounder recommendation for the consumption of plant sterols in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia could be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Párraga
- Research Unit, Primary Care Head Office of Albacete, Health Care Service of Castilla-La Mancha, Marqués de Villores 6-8, 02001 Albacete, Spain
| | - Jesús López-Torres
- Research Unit, Primary Care Head Office of Albacete, Health Care Service of Castilla-La Mancha, Marqués de Villores 6-8, 02001 Albacete, Spain
| | - Fernando Andrés
- Research Unit, Primary Care Head Office of Albacete, Health Care Service of Castilla-La Mancha, Marqués de Villores 6-8, 02001 Albacete, Spain
| | - Beatriz Navarro
- Research Unit, Primary Care Head Office of Albacete, Health Care Service of Castilla-La Mancha, Marqués de Villores 6-8, 02001 Albacete, Spain
| | - José M del Campo
- Almansa Health Centre, Health Care Service of Castilla-La Mancha, C/San Juan s/n, 02640 Almansa, Albacete, Spain
| | - Mercedes García-Reyes
- Albacete Area III Health Centre, Health Care Service of Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza La Mancha s/n, 02001 Albacete, Spain
| | - María P Galdón
- La Roda Health Centre, Health Care Service of Castilla-La Mancha, C/Martínez 63, 02630 La Roda, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ángeles Lloret
- Pharmacy Service, Primary Care Head Office of Albacete, Health Care Service of Castilla-La Mancha, Marqués de Villores 6-8, 02001 Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan C Precioso
- La Roda Health Centre, Health Care Service of Castilla-La Mancha, C/Martínez 63, 02630 La Roda, Albacete, Spain
| | - Joseba Rabanales
- Research Unit, Primary Care Head Office of Albacete, Health Care Service of Castilla-La Mancha, Marqués de Villores 6-8, 02001 Albacete, Spain
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Bitzur R, Cohen H, Cohen T, Dror TW, Herzog Y, Lifshitz Y, Lubish T, Harats D, Rubinstein A. The metabolic effects of omega-3 plant sterol esters in mixed hyperlipidemic subjects. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 24:429-37. [PMID: 20617456 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-010-6249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the current study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of omega-3 plant sterol esters (n-3-PSE) on lipid profile and other coronary heart disease risk factors in subjects with mixed hyperlipidemia. METHODS Ninety-one patients with mixed hyperlipidemia were randomized in a double blind fashion to receive either placebo (corn oil) or n-3-PSE. Twenty four patients dropped out or were excluded from the efficacy analysis due to protocol violation. The primary efficacy endpoint was mean change in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels after 12 weeks of treatment. Other efficacy measures included plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels. Participants who completed the double-blind study were given the option to continue into an open-label, 12-weeks follow up phase. RESULTS n-3-PSE treatment did not result in a significant change in LDL-C levels. Triglyceride levels were reduced significantly by 19% (51 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) in the n-3-PSE group in comparison with the placebo group (p = 0.025). Diastolic blood pressure and hsCRP were reduced by 7% (5.9 mmHg) and 7.8% (0.6 mg/L), respectively, and were significantly different from the placebo group (p = 0.036 and p = 0.018, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In patients with mixed hyperlipidemia, n-3-PSE treatment may offer a safe and effective therapy for triglyceride level reduction while avoiding the typical increase in LDL-C levels associated with n-3 fatty acid treatment. The observed reduction in blood pressure and inflammation markers warrants further evaluation. The positive effect of n-3-PSE treatment was preserved at the end of the follow up phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bitzur
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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Abstract
The cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols was first discovered in the early 1950s. However, it is only recently that plant sterols have become clinically important, when advances in food-technology have made it possible to combine sterols with a variety of food products including margarines, yogurts, fruit juices and cereal bars. We review the clinical trial evidence of lipid-lowering efficacy of plant sterols and discuss their implications in routine clinical practice. To generate the evidence we searched the Pubmed database for English language literature, using relevant keywords and medical subject heading (MeSH) terms, and extracted the findings from recently published studies and meta-analyses on this topic. Our findings suggest that the short-term use of food supplements rich in plant sterols is a safe and effective strategy; to maximize the benefits of dietary and lifestyle therapy, either with or without statin therapy, among majority of dyslipidemic patients with need for additional lipid-lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gupta
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London, UK.
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19
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Davidson MH. Therapies targeting exogenous cholesterol uptake: new insights and controversies. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13:95-100. [PMID: 21188557 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-010-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous cholesterol uptake involves a complex process in the intestines for the absorption of cholesterol and bile acids. This process is regulated by intestinal nuclear transcription factors such as LXR that affect sterol transporters NPC1L1, ABCG5/G8, and ABCG1, and enzymes such as ACAT-2. Plant sterol/stanols, ezetimibe, and bile acid sequestrants have a variety of effects on these various transporters, and new insights into their mechanism(s) of action have provided a plethora of exciting targets for metabolic diseases, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Davidson
- Clinical Professor, Director of Preventive Cardiology, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, 515 North State Street, Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60654, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Malinowski
- Nesbitt College of Pharmacy and Nursing, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, and Clinical Pharmacist, Lipid Management Clinic, Geisinger Lake Scranton, Scranton, PA
| | - Monica M. Gehret
- Lebanon Veterans Affairs. Medical Center, Lebanon, PA; at the time of writing she was pharmacy student, Wilkes University
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Loizou S, Lekakis I, Chrousos GP, Moutsatsou P. Beta-sitosterol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:551-8. [PMID: 19937850 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
beta-Sitosterol, normally present in vegetable-containing diets, comprises an important component of cholesterol controlling functional foods. It has been associated with cardiovascular protection, exerting its effect mainly through increasing the antioxidant defense system and effectively lowering the serum cholesterol levels in humans. However, its anti-inflammatory effect on endothelium is unknown. Attachment of leukocytes to the vascular endothelium and the subsequent migration of cells into the vessel wall are early events in atherogenesis, this process requiring the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules. We examined the effect of beta-sitosterol (0.1-200 microM) on (i) the expression of vascular adhesion molecule 1 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 by cell ELISA and (ii) the attachment of monocytes (U937 cells) in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-stimulated human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) by adhesion assay. The effect on nuclear factor-kB phosphorylation was also examined via a cell-based ELISA kit. Results showed that beta-sitosterol inhibits significantly vascular adhesion molecule 1 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 expression in TNF-alpha-stimulated HAEC as well as the binding of U937 cells to TNF-alpha-stimulated HAEC and attenuates the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kB p65. This study extends existing data regarding the cardioprotective effect of beta-sitosterol and provides new insights into understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of beta-sitosterol on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Loizou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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22
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van der Graaf A, Kastelein JJP, Wiegman A. Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in childhood: cardiovascular risk prevention. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:699. [PMID: 19898954 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Children with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) have severely increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels that strongly predispose to premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. Early identification makes it possible to start lipid-lowering therapy at young age to prevent CVD. The atherosclerotic process can be inhibited by potent lipid-lowering therapy. The cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapy is a healthy lifestyle, but most of the time this is insufficient to reach adequate LDL-C goals. Subsequently, pharmacological therapy is initiated with increasing frequency. In the past decade numerous studies have assessed the efficacy and safety of statins in children with FH. Those studies demonstrate that statins are well tolerated, safe and effective. Therefore, these agents have a pivotal role in the treatment of children with FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A van der Graaf
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Wiegman
- Department of Paediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Paediatrics, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Cultural, socioeconomic and nutritional determinants of functional food consumption patterns. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63:1290-6. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Koeijvoets KC, van der Net JB, Dallinga-Thie GM, Steyerberg EW, Mensink RP, Kastelein JJ, Sijbrands EJ, Plat J. ABCG8 gene polymorphisms, plasma cholesterol concentrations, and risk of cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2009; 204:453-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Katcher HI, Hill AM, Lanford JLG, Yoo JS, Kris-Etherton PM. Lifestyle approaches and dietary strategies to lower LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and raise HDL-cholesterol. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2009; 38:45-78. [PMID: 19217512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses specific dietary factors as well as dietary patterns that affect the major coronary heart disease (CHD) lipid risk factors (ie, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG). Based on a very large evidence base, it is clear that diet and lifestyle practices can markedly affect these major CHD lipid risk factors, and consequently decrease CHD risk substantively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather I Katcher
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 119 Chandlee Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Cicero AFG, Ertek S. Natural sources of antidyslipidaemic agents: is there an evidence-based approach for their prescription? MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12349-008-0011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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OTC Product: Centrum Cardio. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1544-3191(15)31192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Coodley GO, Jorgensen M, Kirschenbaum J, Sparks C, Zeigler L, Albertson BD. Lowering LDL cholesterol in adults: a prospective, community-based practice initiative. Am J Med 2008; 121:604-10. [PMID: 18538295 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of our study was to see if a clinic-wide initiative, with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)-lowering interventions, could be an effective health maintenance strategy to decrease LDL levels to <100 mg/dL in a community-based, internal medicine outpatient setting. METHODS There were 1375 patients screened with an initial/baseline LDL (LDL(1)) measurement. Patients whose LDL(1) levels were >100 mg/dL were put on a lipid-lowering action plan and re-evaluated with a follow-up LDL (LDL(2)) in 3-4 months. An additional action plan was given to patients whose LDL(2) values were still too high, and their values retested in 3-4 months for a third LDL (LDL(3)). LDL(1) levels versus postintervention LDL measurement (LDL(2) or LDL(3)) levels were the primary endpoints, with secondary endpoints of total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels over the 3 measurement periods. RESULTS Of 514 patients who were given action plans, 443 returned for their follow-up lipid assessment. LDL levels in this group fell from 140.7 +/- 29.2 (mean+/-1 SD) mg/dL (LDL(1)) to 110.9 (29.6) mg/dL (LDL(2)) (P <.05). Of these 443 patients, 167 individuals had LDL(2) levels that now met National Cholesterol Education Program/Third Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines (<100 mg/dL) and 87 were now considered by their primary care provider as controlled (LDL 100-130 mg/dL). However, 158 individuals had LDL(2) levels that were either not controlled or not meeting National Cholesterol Education Program/Third Adult Treatment Panel guidelines. These 158 patients were provided with a second action plan, and of these, 50 (32%) returned to the clinic for a third lipid panel. Their LDLs, as a group, subsequently fell from an LDL(2) of 139.9 (24.4) mg/dL to 112.5 (28.2) mg/dL (LDL(3)) (P <.05). Sixteen of 50 now had LDLs <100 mg/dL, and 26 of 50 were considered controlled. Initial HDL (HDL(1)) levels rose from 55.4 (17.2) mg/dL to 57.3 (14.6) mg/dL (HDL(2)) (n=443). Blood levels of triglycerides and cholesterol also decreased in our returning patients over this time period (P <.05). CONCLUSIONS Community-based physicians can help their patients realize significant reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by implementing and closely monitoring lipid-lowering initiatives for their patients, resulting in potentially large positive impacts on the long-term health and well-being of their patients.
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Bustos P, Duffau C, Pacheco C, Ulloa N. β-Sitosterol modulation of monocyte–endothelial cell interaction: A comparison to female hormones. Maturitas 2008; 60:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Poli A, Marangoni F, Paoletti R, Mannarino E, Lupattelli G, Notarbartolo A, Aureli P, Bernini F, Cicero A, Gaddi A, Catapano A, Cricelli C, Gattone M, Marrocco W, Porrini M, Stella R, Vanotti A, Volpe M, Volpe R, Cannella C, Pinto A, Del Toma E, La Vecchia C, Tavani A, Manzato E, Riccardi G, Sirtori C, Zambon A. Non-pharmacological control of plasma cholesterol levels. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18:S1-S16. [PMID: 18258418 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The importance of non-pharmacological control of plasma cholesterol levels in the population is increasing, along with the number of subjects whose plasma lipid levels are non-optimal, or frankly elevated, according to international guidelines. In this context, a panel of experts, organized and coordinated by the Nutrition Foundation of Italy, has evaluated the nutritional and lifestyle interventions to be adopted in the control of plasma cholesterol levels (and specifically of LDL cholesterol levels). This Consensus document summarizes the view of the panel on this topic, with the aim to provide an updated support to clinicians and other health professionals involved in cardiovascular prevention.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Phytosterols and stanols are plant derivatives that compete with cholesterol for intestinal absorption and thereby lower serum cholesterol concentrations. They have been developed as food additives to help lower serum cholesterol but there is concern that these additives could inadvertently increase cardiovascular risk. This concern arises from the observation that patients with the rare genetic condition phytosterolemia overabsorb phytosterols and develop premature atherosclerosis. This review evaluates the relationship between phytosterol and stanol supplementation and cardiovascular risk. RECENT FINDINGS Plant sterol supplementation produces minimal increases in blood phytosterol concentrations in humans. Recent animal studies suggest that phytosterols reduce atherosclerosis in the Apo-E deficient mouse model. The evidence from human studies is mixed and does not prove or disprove an increase in atherosclerotic risk from serum phytosterol levels. An increase in risk seems unlikely, but additional studies should address this possibility. SUMMARY Phytosterols are effective in lowering low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, and do not appear to increase atherosclerotic risk, but additional research on this topic is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saji John
- Section of Preventive Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, The Henry Low Heart Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06102, USA
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Kwon O, Eck P, Chen S, Corpe CP, Lee JH, Kruhlak M, Levine M. Inhibition of the intestinal glucose transporter GLUT2 by flavonoids. FASEB J 2006; 21:366-77. [PMID: 17172639 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6620com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We tested whether the dominant intestinal sugar transporter GLUT2 was inhibited by intestinal luminal compounds that are inefficiently absorbed and naturally present in foods. Because of their abundance in fruits and vegetables, flavonoids were selected as model compounds. Robust inhibition of glucose and fructose transport by GLUT2 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes was produced by the flavonols myricetin, fisetin, the widely consumed flavonoid quercetin, and its glucoside precursor isoquercitrin [corrected]. IC50s for quercetin, myricetin, and isoquercitirin [corrected]were approximately 200- to 1000-fold less than glucose or fructose concentrations, and noncompetitive inhibition was observed. The two other major intestinal sugar transporters, GLUT5 and SGLT1, were unaffected by flavonoids. Sugar transport by GLUT2 overexpressed in pituitary cells and naturally present in Caco-2E intestinal cells was similarly inhibited by quercetin. GLUT2 was detected on the apical side of Caco-2E cells, indicating that GLUT2 was in the correct orientation to be inhibited by luminal compounds. Quercetin itself was not transported by the three major intestinal glucose transporters. Because the flavonoid quercetin, a food component with an excellent pharmacology safety profile, might act as a potent luminal inhibitor of sugar absorption independent of its own transport, flavonols show promise as new pharmacologic agents in the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oran Kwon
- Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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van der Graaf A, Hutten BA, Kastelein JJP, Vissers MN. Premature cardiovascular disease in young women with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2006; 4:345-51. [PMID: 16716095 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.4.3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is associated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the development of premature cardiovascular disease. Despite this general statement, data regarding the incidence of cardiovascular disease in young women with familial hypercholesterolemia are lacking. In this review, information of age-specific incidence, risk factors and therapeutic avenues in women with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van der Graaf
- Academic Medical Centre, Dept.Vascular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9 (room F4-159.2) 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Bhattacharya S. Therapy and clinical trials: plant sterols and stanols in management of hypercholesterolemia: where are we now? Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17:98-100. [PMID: 16407723 DOI: 10.1097/01.mol.0000203893.60381.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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