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Cardiac-CT with the newest CT scanners: An incoming screening tool for competitive athletes? Clin Imaging 2021; 78:74-92. [PMID: 33773447 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Competitive athletes of all skill levels are at risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to certain heart conditions. Prior to engagement in high-intensity athletics, it is necessary to screen for these conditions in order to prevent sudden cardiac death. Cardiac-CT angiography (CCTA) is a reliable tool to rule out the leading causes of SCD by providing an exceptional overview of vascular and cardiac morphology. This allows CCTA to be a powerful resource in identifying cardiac anomalies in selected patients (i.e. unclear symptoms or findings at ECG or echocardiography) as well as to exclude significant coronary artery disease (CAD). With the advancement of technology over the last few years, the latest generations of computed tomography (CT) scanners provide better image quality at lower radiation exposures. With the amount of radiation exposure per scan now reaching the sub-millisievert range, the number of CT examinations it is supposed to increase greatly, also in the athlete's population. It is thus necessary for radiologists to have a clear understanding of how to make and interpret a CCTA examination so that these studies may be performed in a responsible and radiation conscious manner especially when used in the younger populations. Our work aims to illustrate the main radiological findings of CCTAs and highlight their clinical impact with some case studies. We also briefly describe critical features of state-of-the-art CT scanners that optimize different acquisitions to obtain the best quality at the lowest possible dose.
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Pelliccia A, Caselli S, Sharma S, Basso C, Bax JJ, Corrado D, D'Andrea A, D'Ascenzi F, Di Paolo FM, Edvardsen T, Gati S, Galderisi M, Heidbuchel H, Nchimi A, Nieman K, Papadakis M, Pisicchio C, Schmied C, Popescu BA, Habib G, Grobbee D, Lancellotti P. European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) joint position statement: recommendations for the indication and interpretation of cardiovascular imaging in the evaluation of the athlete's heart. Eur Heart J 2019; 39:1949-1969. [PMID: 29029207 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pelliccia
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Caselli
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Basso
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Jeroen J Bax
- Departmentt of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Antonello D'Andrea
- Department of Cardiology, Monaldi Hospital, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fernando M Di Paolo
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | - Thor Edvardsen
- Department of Cardiology, Center of Cardiologic Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Maurizio Galderisi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Jessa Hospital, Hasselt University and Heart Center Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Nieman
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cataldo Pisicchio
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Science, Largo Piero Gabrielli, 1, 00197 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Bogdan A Popescu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gilbert Habib
- Department of Cardiology, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Diederick Grobbee
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- Department of Cardiology, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège Hospital, Valvular Disease Clinic, Belgium
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Sattar Y, Abdullah HM, Neisani Samani E, Myla M, Ullah W. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia: An Updated Review of Diagnosis and Management. Cureus 2019; 11:e5381. [PMID: 31616612 PMCID: PMC6786836 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is a condition caused by the replacement of the normal right ventricular myocardium with fibrofatty tissue. ARVC/D can present with a variety of clinical conditions including right ventricular dysfunction, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, sudden cardiac arrest, and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Since the first report of ARVC/D in 1982, many advances have been made in the diagnosis, genetic findings for pathology, and treatment. The 2010 International Task Force diagnostic criteria distinguish between major and minor criteria and focus on gross structural changes, microscopic changes, repolarization defects, conduction defects, arrhythmias, and family history. Implantable cardiac defibrillators and catheter ablation of the endocardium and epicardium with electromagnetic mapping have emerged as successful tools in the treatment and prevention of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and SCD. This review discusses the pathophysiology, genetics, diagnosis, and treatment advances in ARVC/D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Sattar
- Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Madhura Myla
- Cardiology, University of New Mexico, New Mexico, USA
| | - Waqas Ullah
- Internal Medicine, Abington Hospital-Jefferson Health, Abington, USA
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Aliyari Ghasabeh M, Te Riele ASJM, James CA, Chen HSV, Tichnell C, Murray B, Eng J, Kral BG, Tandri H, Calkins H, Kamel IR, Zimmerman SL. Epicardial Fat Distribution Assessed with Cardiac CT in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy. Radiology 2018; 289:641-648. [PMID: 30129902 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018180224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To compare epicardial fat in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) with that in healthy subjects. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, cardiac CT scans in 44 patients with ARVD/C (mean age, 39 years ± 12; 23 men) were compared with those in 45 control group participants between January 2008 and July 2015. Volumes of intrathoracic adipose tissue, mediastinal adipose tissue (MAT), and total epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) were quantified. EAT was subdivided into three regions-right ventricular (RV) EAT, left ventricular (LV) EAT, and peri-atrial EAT (atrial EAT)-and normalized to MAT for all regions. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis were performed to evaluate the association between epicardial fat with the diagnosis of ARVD/C. Results Total EAT volume was higher in patients with ARVD/C than in healthy control group participants (median, 98 mL vs 76 mL, respectively; P = .04). Regionally, LV and RV EAT volumes were higher in patients with ARVD/C than in control group participants, most notably when indexed to MAT (median LV EAT index: 0.49 vs 0.15, respectively; median RV EAT index: 0.91 vs 0.52; P ˂ .0005 for both). The optimal cutoff for diagnosis of ARVD/C was an LV EAT index of 0.24, with a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 71%, respectively. Atrial EAT volume and total intrathoracic adipose tissue volume were not different between groups. RV diameter showed a positive correlation with total EAT index and LV EAT index (r = 0.21, P = .05 and r = 0.33, P = .002, respectively). Conclusion Higher amounts of right ventricular and left ventricular epicardial fat are found in hearts with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy, particularly adjacent to the left ventricle, which correlates with disease severity and helps differentiate patients from healthy subjects. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounes Aliyari Ghasabeh
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - Anneline S J M Te Riele
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - Cynthia A James
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - H S Vincent Chen
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - Crystal Tichnell
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - Brittney Murray
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - John Eng
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - Brian G Kral
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - Harikrishna Tandri
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - Hugh Calkins
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - Ihab R Kamel
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
| | - Stefan L Zimmerman
- From the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (M.A.G., J.E., I.R.K., S.L.Z.) and Division of Cardiology (A.S.J.M.T.R., C.A.J., C.T., B.M., B.G.K., H.T., H.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Halsted B180, Baltimore, MD 21287; Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands (A.S.J.M.T.R.); and Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (H.S.V.C.)
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Bourfiss M, Vigneault DM, Aliyari Ghasebeh M, Murray B, James CA, Tichnell C, Mohamed Hoesein FA, Zimmerman SL, Kamel IR, Calkins H, Tandri H, Velthuis BK, Bluemke DA, te Riele ASJM. Feature tracking CMR reveals abnormal strain in preclinical arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/ cardiomyopathy: a multisoftware feasibility and clinical implementation study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2017; 19:66. [PMID: 28863780 PMCID: PMC5581480 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-017-0380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regional right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is the hallmark of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C), but is currently only qualitatively evaluated in the clinical setting. Feature Tracking Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (FT-CMR) is a novel quantitative method that uses cine CMR to calculate strain values. However, most prior FT-CMR studies in ARVD/C have focused on global RV strain using different software methods, complicating implementation of FT-CMR in clinical practice. We aimed to assess the clinical value of global and regional strain using FT-CMR in ARVD/C and to determine differences between commercially available FT-CMR software packages. METHODS We analyzed cine CMR images of 110 subjects (39 overt ARVD/C [mutation+/phenotype+], 40 preclinical ARVD/C [mutation+/phenotype-] and 31 control) for global and regional (subtricuspid, anterior, apical) RV strain in the horizontal longitudinal axis using four FT-CMR software methods (Multimodality Tissue Tracking, TomTec, Medis and Circle Cardiovascular Imaging). Intersoftware agreement was assessed using Bland Altman plots. RESULTS For global strain, all methods showed reduced strain in overt ARVD/C patients compared to control subjects (p < 0.041), whereas none distinguished preclinical from control subjects (p > 0.275). For regional strain, overt ARVD/C patients showed reduced strain compared to control subjects in all segments which reached statistical significance in the subtricuspid region for all software methods (p < 0.037), in the anterior wall for two methods (p < 0.005) and in the apex for one method (p = 0.012). Preclinical subjects showed abnormal subtricuspid strain compared to control subjects using one of the software methods (p = 0.009). Agreement between software methods for absolute strain values was low (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient = 0.373). CONCLUSIONS Despite large intersoftware variability of FT-CMR derived strain values, all four software methods distinguished overt ARVD/C patients from control subjects by both global and subtricuspid strain values. In the subtricuspid region, one software package distinguished preclinical from control subjects, suggesting the potential to identify early ARVD/C prior to overt disease expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimount Bourfiss
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Davis M. Vigneault
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD USA
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Brittney Murray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Cynthia A. James
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Crystal Tichnell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | | | - Ihab R. Kamel
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Hugh Calkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Harikrishna Tandri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Birgitta K. Velthuis
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - David A. Bluemke
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Anneline S. J. M. te Riele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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6
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Vogel-Claussen J, Elshafee AS, Kirsch J, Brown RK, Hurwitz LM, Javidan-Nejad C, Julsrud PR, Kramer CM, Krishnamurthy R, Laroia AT, Leipsic JA, Panchal KK, Shah AB, White RD, Woodard PK, Abbara S. ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Dyspnea—Suspected Cardiac Origin. J Am Coll Radiol 2017; 14:S127-S137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Noninvasive Multimodality Imaging in ARVD/C. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 8:597-611. [PMID: 25937197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is a familial cardiomyopathy resulting in progressive right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Although ARVD/C is generally considered an inherited cardiomyopathy, the arrhythmogenic nature of the disease is striking. Affected individuals typically present in the second to fourth decade of life with arrhythmias originating from the right ventricle. Over the past decade, pathogenic ARVD/C-causing mutations have been identified in 5 genes encoding the cardiac desmosome. Disruption of the desmosomal connection system between cardiomyocytes may be represented structurally by ventricular enlargement, global or regional contraction abnormalities, RV aneurysms, or fibrofatty replacement. These abnormalities are typically observed in predilection areas, including the subtricuspid region, basal RV free wall, and left ventricular posterolateral wall. As such, structural and functional abnormalities on cardiac imaging constitute an important diagnostic criterion for the disease. This paper discusses the current status and role of echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography for suspected ARVD/C.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Calkins
- From the The Johns Hopkins Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Harikrishna Tandri
- From the The Johns Hopkins Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Kim YJ, Yong HS, Kim SM, Kim JA, Yang DH, Hong YJ. Korean guidelines for the appropriate use of cardiac CT. Korean J Radiol 2015; 16:251-85. [PMID: 25741189 PMCID: PMC4347263 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cardiac CT has provided a non-invasive alternative to echocardiography, exercise electrocardiogram, and invasive angiography and cardiac CT continues to develop at an exponential speed even now. The appropriate use of cardiac CT may lead to improvements in the medical performances of physicians and can reduce medical costs which eventually contribute to better public health. However, until now, there has been no guideline regarding the appropriate use of cardiac CT in Korea. We intend to provide guidelines for the appropriate use of cardiac CT in heart diseases based on scientific data. The purpose of this guideline is to assist clinicians and other health professionals in the use of cardiac CT for diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases, especially in patients at high risk or suspected of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Hwan Seok Yong
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| | - Sung Mok Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Jeong A Kim
- Department of Radiology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang 411-706, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Hong
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Rizvi A, Deaño RC, Bachman DP, Xiong G, Min JK, Truong QA. Analysis of ventricular function by CT. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2015; 9:1-12. [PMID: 25576407 PMCID: PMC4329068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of ventricular function, cardiac chamber dimensions, and ventricular mass is fundamental for clinical diagnosis, risk assessment, therapeutic decisions, and prognosis in patients with cardiac disease. Although cardiac CT is a noninvasive imaging technique often used for the assessment of coronary artery disease, it can also be used to obtain important data about left and right ventricular function and morphology. In this review, we will discuss the clinical indications for the use of cardiac CT for ventricular analysis, review the evidence on the assessment of ventricular function compared with existing imaging modalities such cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography, provide a typical cardiac CT protocol for image acquisition and postprocessing for ventricular analysis, and provide step-by-step instructions to acquire multiplanar cardiac views for ventricular assessment from the standard axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. Furthermore, both qualitative and quantitative assessments of ventricular function as well as sample reporting are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Rizvi
- Department of Radiology, Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Suite 108, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Roderick C Deaño
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel P Bachman
- Department of Radiology, Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Suite 108, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Guanglei Xiong
- Department of Radiology, Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Suite 108, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - James K Min
- Department of Radiology, Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Suite 108, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Quynh A Truong
- Department of Radiology, Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, Suite 108, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Disease, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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Barone-Rochette G, Jankowski A, Rodiere M. Apport de l’IRM et du scanner cardiaque en pratique clinique courante. Rev Med Interne 2014; 35:742-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Kochav J, Simprini L, Weinsaft JW. Imaging of the right heart--CT and CMR. Echocardiography 2014; 32 Suppl 1:S53-68. [PMID: 25244072 DOI: 10.1111/echo.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) structure and function is of substantial importance in a broad variety of clinical conditions. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and computed tomography (CT) each provide three-dimensional RV imaging, high-resolution evaluation of RV structure/anatomy, and accurate functional assessment without geometric assumptions. This is of particular significance for the RV, where complex geometry compromises reliance on indices derived from two-dimensional (2D) imaging planes. CMR flow-based imaging can be applied to right-sided heart valves, enabling evaluation of hemodynamic and valvular dysfunction that may contribute to or result from RV dysfunction. Tissue characterization imaging by both CMR and CT provides valuable complementary assessment of the RV. Changes in myocardial tissue composition provide a mechanistic substrate for RV dysfunction and cardiac arrhythmias. This review provides an overview of RV imaging by both CMR and CT, with focus on assessment of RV structure/function, flow, and tissue characterization. Emerging evidence and established guidelines are discussed in the context of imaging contributions to diagnosis, prognostic risk stratification and disease management of clinical conditions that impact the right ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kochav
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Tomaszewska M, Czekajska-Chehab E, Olchowik G, Tomaszewski M, Drop A. Fatty foci within the heart diagnosed with ECG-gated multi-slice computed tomography: frequency and morphology. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:833-42. [PMID: 24846568 PMCID: PMC4043540 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of our study was to analyze the frequency of focal fatty replacement (FR) of the heart, as well as the distribution and detailed morphology of FR in a large group of patients referred to multi-slice computed tomography with ECG-gating examinations (ECG-MSCT) for various clinical reasons. MATERIAL AND METHODS The ECG-MSCT examinations of 1830 consecutive patients were analyzed. The examinations were performed using 8-row (1015 patients) and 64-row (815 patients) MSCT, in pre- and post-contrast scanning. We analyzed the morphology of FR, the dimensions and densities of changes, as well as the morphology and localization of FR with regard to clinical diagnosis. RESULTS 204 subjects (11.1%) had FR within the heart (113 men; 91 women; mean age 57.8 years); 66% of fatty foci were seen only in the native scanning. The distribution of the fat was: right ventricle (RV) 31.9%, left ventricle (LV) 21.5%, biventricular 39.7%, interventricular or atrial septum 5.9%, and atria 1%. In the RV, fat was localized mainly in the papillary muscles, while in the LV fat was mainly subendocardial (p<0.001). The morphology of the fat was: linear 61.6%, oval 14.8%, punctuate 10.6%, irregular 10.2%, and bilobular 2.8%. Fat was primarily located subendocardially in the LV in patients after myocardial infarction. In patients with suspected coronary artery disease, it was mainly observed subpericardially in the RV and in papillary muscles (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The incidental frequency of FR within the heart in patients diagnosed with the ECG-MSCT examinations is about 11%. Pre-contrast scanning is the most valuable for FR assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tomaszewska
- 1st Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Olchowik
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Tomaszewski
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Drop
- 1st Department of Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Utility of ECG-gated MDCT to differentiate patients with ARVC/D from patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2013; 7:223-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Paul M, Wichter T, Fabritz L, Waltenberger J, Schulze-Bahr E, Kirchhof P. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: an update on pathophysiology, genetics, diagnosis, and risk stratification. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2012; 23:186-95. [PMID: 23011601 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-012-0233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited cardiomyopathy accounting for life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden death in young individuals and athletes. Over the past years, mutations in desmosomal genes have been identified as disease-causative. However, genetic heterogeneity and variable phenotypic expression alongside with diverse disease progression still render the evaluation of its prognostic implication difficult. ARVC was initially entered into the canon of cardiomyopathies of the World Health Organization in 1995, and international efforts have resulted in the 2010 modified diagnostic criteria for ARVC. Despite all additional insights into pathophysiology, clinical management, and modern risk stratification, under-/misdiagnosing of ARVC remains a problem and hampers reliable statements on the incidence, prevalence, and natural course of the disease.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current literature on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of ARVC and sheds some light on potential new developments in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paul
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 (Gebäude A1), 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Clinical indications for cardiac computed tomography. From the Working Group of the Cardiac Radiology Section of the Italian Society of Medical Radiology (SIRM). Radiol Med 2012; 117:901-38. [PMID: 22466874 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-012-0814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) has grown as a useful means in different clinical contexts. Technological development has progressively extended the indications for CCT while reducing the required radiation dose. Even today there is little documentation from the main international scientific societies describing the proper use and clinical indications of CCT; in particular, there are no complete guidelines. This document reflects the position of the Working Group of the Cardiac Radiology Section of the Italian Society of Radiology concerning the indications for CCT.
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Cisneros S, Duarte R, Fernandez-Perez GC, Castellon D, Calatayud J, Lecumberri I, Larrazabal E, Ruiz BI. Left ventricular apical diseases. Insights Imaging 2011; 2:471-482. [PMID: 22347968 PMCID: PMC3259385 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-011-0091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many disorders that may involve the left ventricular (LV) apex; however, they are sometimes difficult to differentiate. In this setting cardiac imaging methods can provide the clue to obtaining the diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the spectrum of diseases that most frequently affect the apex of the LV including Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy, LV aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms, apical diverticula, apical ventricular remodelling, apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, LV non-compaction, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia with LV involvement and LV false tendons, with an emphasis on the diagnostic criteria and imaging features.
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Raman SV, Basso C, Tandri H, Taylor MRG. Imaging phenotype vs genotype in nonhypertrophic heritable cardiomyopathies: dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3:753-65. [PMID: 21081743 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.110.957563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subha V Raman
- Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Arbelo E, Josephson ME. Ablation of ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2010; 21:473-86. [PMID: 20132399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2009.01694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a genetically determined myocardial disease characterized by fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricular wall. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias can be seen in the early stages of the disease, which is one of the most important causes of sudden death in young healthy individuals. Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation is an option for the treatment of medically refractory ventricular arrhythmias and it has shown to successfully abolish recurrent ventricular tachycardias (VT) as well as reduce the frequency in defibrillator therapies. However, variable acute and long-term success rates have been reported. The current mapping and ablation techniques include activation and entrainment mapping during tolerated VT and substrate ablation using 3-dimensional electroanatomic mapping systems. This article aims at providing a comprehensive review of RF catheter ablation of ventricular arrhythmias in the context of ARVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arbelo
- Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Irqsusi M, Vogt S, Nimphius W, Pankuweit S, Kalinowski M, Barth PJ, Moll R, Moosdorf R. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy as lethal complication factor after cardiac surgery. Herz 2009; 34:485-8. [PMID: 19784568 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-009-3192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), the right ventricular myocardium histologically discloses atrophy paralleled by fibrofatty or fatty replacement. Apoptosis is believed to be a putative major pathogenetic mechanism. Altogether, our knowledge of genetics, etiology and pathophysiology of ARVD has increased impressively in the last few years, and effective genetic tests now principally would be possible. Nevertheless, due to often uncharacteristic or even lacking symptoms, clinical diagnosis may be very difficult and could not be made during lifetime of patient presented here, partly due to additional, independent cardiac problems. The question of an effective preoperative diagnostic regimen for cardiosurgical interventions remains and seems to be currently open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Irqsusi
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracovascular Surgery, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
In recent years, extraordinary advances have been made in the management of cardiac arrhythmias. Increasingly complex procedures are being performed, and the breadth of conditions for which invasive arrhythmia therapy is indicated continues to grow. In addition to atrial and ventricular ablation procedures for treating arrhythmias, implantable defibrillators and biventricular pacemakers for cardiac resynchronization therapy have made electrophysiology an important part of heart failure management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subodh B Joshi
- Department of Radiology, Cardiac MR/CT Program, Cardiovascular Imaging Section, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2750, USA
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Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a rare inherited heart-muscle disease that is a cause of sudden death in young people and athletes. Causative mutations in genes encoding desmosomal proteins have been identified and the disease is nowadays regarded as a genetically determined myocardial dystrophy. The left ventricle is so frequently involved as to support the adoption of the broad term arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Clinical diagnosis can be achieved by demonstrating function and structure changes of the right ventricle, electrocardiogram depolarisation and repolarisation abnormalities, ventricular arrhythmias, and fibrofatty replacement through endomyocardial biopsy. Although specific, the standardised diagnostic criteria lack sensitivity for early disease and their primary application remains in establishing the diagnosis in probands. However, the main clinical targets are early detection of concealed forms and risk stratification for preventive strategies, which include physical exercise restriction, antiarrhythmic drugs, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy. Cascade genetic screening of family members of gene-positive probands allows the identification of asymptomatic carriers who would require lifelong follow-up due to the age-related penetrance.
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Non-invasive investigations of the right heart: how and why? Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 102:219-32. [PMID: 19375676 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of right ventricular (RV) function in the clinical management of patients with cardiopulmonary disorders is now well recognized. However, due to both its shape and location and to the load dependence of its ejection fraction, accurate evaluation of its function is still a challenge. Echocardiography allows morphological, hemodynamic and functional assessment of the right heart. Displacement and deformation parameters derived from new techniques are promising tools. 3D echocardiography also has a potential interest in the quantification of RV volumes and ejection fraction. Radionuclide technique allows an easy and accurate measurement of right ventricular ejection fraction. MRI remains nowadays the technique of choice for the quantification of volumes and function of the RV. All these techniques have proven their interest in various diseases affecting the right heart. RV function is an important prognostic factor in heart failure and is a major component of functional capacity in such patients. In pulmonary arterial hypertension, echocardiography is the best tool for the routine follow-up of patients. Finally, all these non-invasive techniques of investigation of the right heart enable the diagnosis of specific right ventricular damage such as myocardial infarction or arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.
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Herren T, Gerber PA, Duru F. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: a not so rare "disease of the desmosome" with multiple clinical presentations. Clin Res Cardiol 2009; 98:141-58. [PMID: 19205777 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-009-0751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is a rare but increasingly recognized form of a cardiomyopathy, involving primarily the right ventricle. Mutations in seven candidate genes coding for five desmosomal proteins (plakoglobin, plakophilin-2, desmoplakin, desmoglein-2, desmocollin-2), for the cardiac ryanodine receptor-2, for the transforming growth factor beta-3, and for the transmembrane protein 43, respectively, are pathogenetically important. A typical feature of the disease is the replacement of the right ventricular myocardium by fibrofatty infiltrates, leading to electrical instability including ventricular arrhythmias in the early stages, and reduced contractility and heart failure later on. The left ventricle may also be involved. Unfortunately, the disease is often diagnosed post mortem only, especially in young adults dying suddenly during exercise. Since the disease is inherited in up to 50% of cases, the screening of relatives is important. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator is an important therapeutic tool. Nevertheless, the mortality of the disease remains to be 2%-4% per year. Several clinical, electrocardiographic, and imaging parameters were identified as risk predictors for an adverse outcome. In this paper, we describe distinct clinical presentations of ARVC/D, review the genetic background of the disease, and discuss its diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Herren
- Department of Medicine, Limmattal Hospital, Schlieren, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is a genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular arrhythmias and structural abnormalities of the right ventricle (RV). The diagnosis is based on the International Task Force criteria. Cardiologists may not be aware of these diagnostic criteria for ARVC/D and may place too much importance on the results of MRI imaging of the right ventricle. Patients with ARVC/D usually have an abnormal 12-lead electrocardiogram, abnormal echocardiogram, and ventricular arrhythmias with a left bundle branch block morphology. If noninvasive testing suggests ARVC/D, invasive testing with an RV angiogram, RV biopsy, and electrophysiologic study is recommended. Once a diagnosis of ARVC/D is established, the main treatment decision involves whether to implant an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. We also recommend treatment with beta blockers. Patients with ARVC/D are encouraged to avoid competitive athletics. Recent advances in the understanding of the genetic basis of ARVC/D have revealed that ARVC/D is a disease of desmosomal dysfunction.
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Early detection of right ventricular functional abnormalities in patients with complex right premature ventricular contractions. Nucl Med Commun 2008; 29:901-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0b013e3283043a1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Omichi C, Sugiyabu Y, Kakizawa Y, Endo M. Three-dimensional image of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy reconstructed with 64-multislice computed tomography. Heart Rhythm 2008; 5:1631-2. [PMID: 18599362 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chikaya Omichi
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Kitahara Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkeun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Nishiyama K, Doi T, Shizuta S, Yamamoto T, Hanazawa K, Kita T, Kimura T. A Case Study on Cardiac Imaging in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy-A Comparison between 64-Slice Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Electroanatomical Mapping-. J Arrhythm 2007. [DOI: 10.4020/jhrs.23.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Nishiyama K, Doi T, Shizuta S, Yamamoto T, Hanazawa K, Kita T, Kimura T. A Case Study on Cardiac Imaging in Patients with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy —A Comparison between 64-Slice Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Electroanatomical Mapping—. J Arrhythm 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1880-4276(07)80032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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