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Ferrando AA, Wolfe RR, Hirsch KR, Church DD, Kviatkovsky SA, Roberts MD, Stout JR, Gonzalez DE, Sowinski RJ, Kreider RB, Kerksick CM, Burd NA, Pasiakos SM, Ormsbee MJ, Arent SM, Arciero PJ, Campbell BI, VanDusseldorp TA, Jager R, Willoughby DS, Kalman DS, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Effects of essential amino acid supplementation on exercise and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2263409. [PMID: 37800468 PMCID: PMC10561576 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2263409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) presents this position based on a critical examination of literature surrounding the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. This position stand is intended to provide a scientific foundation to athletes, dietitians, trainers, and other practitioners as to the benefits of supplemental EAA in both healthy and resistant (aging/clinical) populations. EAAs are crucial components of protein intake in humans, as the body cannot synthesize them. The daily recommended intake (DRI) for protein was established to prevent deficiencies due to inadequate EAA consumption. The following conclusions represent the official position of the Society: 1. Initial studies on EAAs' effects on skeletal muscle highlight their primary role in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and turnover. Protein turnover is critical for replacing degraded or damaged muscle proteins, laying the metabolic foundation for enhanced functional performance. Consequently, research has shifted to examine the effects of EAA supplementation - with and without the benefits of exercise - on skeletal muscle maintenance and performance. 2. Supplementation with free-form EAAs leads to a quick rise in peripheral EAA concentrations, which in turn stimulates MPS. 3. The safe upper limit of EAA intake (amount), without inborn metabolic disease, can easily accommodate additional supplementation. 4. At rest, stimulation of MPS occurs at relatively small dosages (1.5-3.0 g) and seems to plateau at around 15-18 g. 5. The MPS stimulation by EAAs does not require non-essential amino acids. 6. Free-form EAA ingestion stimulates MPS more than an equivalent amount of intact protein. 7. Repeated EAA-induced MPS stimulation throughout the day does not diminish the anabolic effect of meal intake. 8. Although direct comparisons of various formulas have yet to be investigated, aging requires a greater proportion of leucine to overcome the reduced muscle sensitivity known as "anabolic resistance." 9. Without exercise, EAA supplementation can enhance functional outcomes in anabolic-resistant populations. 10. EAA requirements rise in the face of caloric deficits. During caloric deficit, it's essential to meet whole-body EAA requirements to preserve anabolic sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arny A. Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert R. Wolfe
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Katie R. Hirsch
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - David D. Church
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shiloah A. Kviatkovsky
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, Department of Geriatrics, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- University of Central Florida, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Drew E. Gonzalez
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ryan J. Sowinski
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology, and Health, St Charles, MO, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stefan M. Pasiakos
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Shawn M. Arent
- University of South Carolina, Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Paul J. Arciero
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Skidmore College, Health and Physiological Sciences, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trisha A. VanDusseldorp
- Bonafede Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, NY, USA
- Jacksonville University, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Human Performance Lab, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Douglas S. Kalman
- Nova Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, FL, USA
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Cui Y, Yu M, Li Z, Song M, Tian Z, Deng D, Ma X. Guanidine Acetic Acid Alters Tissue Bound Amino Acid Profiles and Oxidative Status in Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101626. [PMID: 37238056 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of guanidine acetic acid (GAA) on carcass traits, plasma biochemical parameters, tissue antioxidant capacity, and tissue-bound amino acid contents in finishing pigs. Seventy-two 140-day-old (body weight 86.59 ± 1.16 kg) crossbred pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) were randomly assigned into four treatments with six replicate pens and three pigs per pen, which were fed the basal diets supplemented with 0, 0.05%, 0.10%, or 0.15% GAA, respectively. The plasma glucose concentration decreased, and creatine kinase activity and levels of GAA and creatine increased with the dietary GAA concentration. GAA linearly improved creatine content in the longissimus thoracis muscle (LM) and heart. The activities of superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase increased linearly in tissue or/and plasma, while the contents of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl decreased linearly. GAA improved the contents of multiple-bound amino acids (such as proline or isoleucine) in the myocardium and LM. In conclusion, GAA enhanced the plasma biochemical parameters, oxidative status, and bound amino acid profiles of the heart and LM in finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhimei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat Quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming 525000, China
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Hardiany NS, Agusta I, Dewi S, Iswanti FC, Paramita R. Protein and Energy Supplements for the Elderly. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:309-339. [PMID: 37120474 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of elderly individuals is rising globally, and data have shown that as high as 8% of the elderly community suffer from malnutrition. Protein energy malnutrition has shown to elevate morbidity and mortality risk in the elderly; therefore, protein and energy supplement are needed for the elderly populations to create healthy conditions. This chapter describes about general structure of protein, protein turnover, amino acid metabolism including metabolism in the elderly, protein change in aging, supplementation of amino acid as well as vitamin and mineral for the elderly. The discussion in this section aims to provide a general description of protein, amino acids, changes in amino acid metabolism in the elderly, and the benefits of supplementing amino acids as well as vitamins and minerals for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novi Silvia Hardiany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Center of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress Studies, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Molecular Biology and Proteomic Core Facilities, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Istiqomah Agusta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Center of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress Studies, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Syarifah Dewi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Center of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress Studies, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Febriana Catur Iswanti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Center of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress Studies, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Molecular Biology and Proteomic Core Facilities, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Reni Paramita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Center of Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress Studies, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Essential Amino Acids-Rich Diet Decreased Adipose Tissue Storage in Adult Mice: A Preliminary Histopathological Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142915. [PMID: 35889872 PMCID: PMC9316883 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Excess body adipose tissue accumulation is a common and growing health problem caused by an unbalanced diet and/or junk food. Although the effects of dietary fat and glucose on lipid metabolism regulation are well known, those of essential amino acids (EAAs) have been poorly investigated. Our aim was to study the influence of a special diet containing all EAAs on retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rpWAT) and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice. Methods: Two groups of male Balb/C mice were used. The first was fed with a standard diet. The second was fed with an EAAs-rich diet (EAARD). After 3 weeks, rpWAT and BAT were removed and prepared for subsequent immunohistochemical analysis. Results: EAARD, although consumed significantly less, moderately reduced body weight and BAT, but caused a massive reduction in rpWAT. Conversely, the triceps muscle increased in mass. In rpWAT, the size of adipocytes was very small, with increases in leptin, adiponectin and IL-6 immunostaining. In BAT, there was a reduction in lipid droplet size and a simultaneous increase in UCP-1 and SIRT-3. Conclusions: A diet containing a balanced mixture of free EAA may modulate body adiposity in mice, promoting increased thermogenesis.
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Ruocco C, Ragni M, Tedesco L, Segala A, Servili M, Riccardi G, Carruba MO, Valerio A, Nisoli E, Visioli F. Molecular and metabolic effects of extra-virgin olive oil on the cardiovascular gene signature in rodents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1571-1582. [PMID: 35461749 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Overweight and obesity are major risk factors for degenerative diseases, including cardiometabolic disorders and cancer. Research on fat and fatty acids' type is attracting less attention than that on carbohydrates. High adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with a better prognosis. One characteristic of the Mediterranean diet is extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) as the foremost source of dietary fat. EVOO is different from other vegetable oils because it contains peculiar "minor" components, mainly phenolic in nature. Even though olive oil is highly caloric, unrestricted use of olive oil in the PREDIMED trial did not result in weight gain. We sought to study the effects of EVOO in an appropriate mouse model of increased body weight. Furthermore, we explored the biochemical and metabolomic responses to EVOO consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6N male mice were weight-matched and fed ad libitum with the following diets, for 16 weeks: 1) saturated fatty acid diet (SFA) or 2) extra-virgin olive oil diet (EVOO), a custom-prepared diet, isocaloric compared to SFA, in which 82% of fat was replaced by high (poly)phenol EVOO. We evaluated glucose homeostasis, serum biochemistry and plasma metabolomics, in addition to cardiac and hepatic gene profile, and mitochondrial respiration rate. CONCLUSION Replacing saturated fatty acids (e.g. lard) with EVOO translates into moderate yet beneficial cardiometabolic and hepatic effects. Future research will further clarify the mechanisms of action of EVOO (poly)phenols and their role in a balanced diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ragni
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Tedesco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Segala
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Servili
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele O Carruba
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia University, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Biomedical Technology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy.
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; IMDEA-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Amaral AG, da Silva CCC, Serna JDC, Honorato-Sampaio K, Freitas JA, Duarte-Neto AN, Bloise AC, Cassina L, Yoshinaga MY, Chaves-Filho AB, Qian F, Miyamoto S, Boletta A, Bordin S, Kowaltowski AJ, Onuchic LF. Disruption of polycystin-1 cleavage leads to cardiac metabolic rewiring in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166371. [PMID: 35218894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular manifestations account for marked morbi-mortality in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Pkd1- and Pkd2-deficient mice develop cardiac dysfunction, however the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. It is unknown whether impairment of polycystin-1 cleavage at the G-protein-coupled receptor proteolysis site, a significant ADPKD mutational mechanism, is involved in this process. We analyzed the impact of polycystin-1 cleavage on heart metabolism using Pkd1V/V mice, a model unable to cleave this protein and with early cardiac dysfunction. Pkd1V/V hearts showed lower levels of glucose and amino acids and higher lipid levels than wild-types, as well as downregulation of p-AMPK, p-ACCβ, CPT1B-Cpt1b, Ppara, Nppa and Acta1. These findings suggested decreased fatty acid β-oxidation, which was confirmed by lower oxygen consumption by Pkd1V/V isolated mitochondria using palmitoyl-CoA. Pkd1V/V hearts also presented increased oxygen consumption in response to glucose, suggesting that alternative substrates may be used to generate energy. Pkd1V/V hearts displayed a higher density of decreased-size mitochondria, a finding associated with lower MFN1, Parkin and BNIP3 expression. These derangements were correlated with increased apoptosis and inflammation but not hypertrophy. Notably, Pkd1V/V neonate cardiomyocytes also displayed shifts in oxygen consumption and p-AMPK downregulation, suggesting that, at least partially, the metabolic alterations are not induced by kidney dysfunction. Our findings reveal that disruption of polycystin-1 cleavage leads to cardiac metabolic rewiring in mice, expanding the understanding of heart dysfunction associated with Pkd1 deficiency and likely with human ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa G Amaral
- Disciplinas de Nefrologia e Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246903, Brazil
| | - Camille C C da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508000, Brazil
| | - Julian D C Serna
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508000, Brazil
| | - Kinulpe Honorato-Sampaio
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 31270901, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A Freitas
- Disciplinas de Nefrologia e Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246903, Brazil
| | - Amaro N Duarte-Neto
- Disciplina de Emergências Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246903, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bloise
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508000, Brazil
| | - Laura Cassina
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508000, Brazil
| | - Adriano B Chaves-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508000, Brazil
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508000, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Silvana Bordin
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508000, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508000, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Onuchic
- Disciplinas de Nefrologia e Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 01246903, Brazil.
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Bifari F, Ruocco C, Decimo I, Fumagalli G, Valerio A, Nisoli E. Amino acid supplements and metabolic health: a potential interplay between intestinal microbiota and systems control. GENES & NUTRITION 2017; 12:27. [PMID: 29043007 PMCID: PMC5628494 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation of essential amino acids (EAAs) has been shown to promote healthspan. EAAs regulate, in fact, glucose and lipid metabolism and energy balance, increase mitochondrial biogenesis, and maintain immune homeostasis. Basic science and epidemiological results indicate that dietary macronutrient composition affects healthspan through multiple and integrated mechanisms, and their effects are closely related to the metabolic status to which they act. In particular, EAA supplementation can trigger different and even opposite effects depending on the catabolic and anabolic states of the organisms. Among others, gut-associated microbial communities (referred to as gut microbiota) emerged as a major regulator of the host metabolism. Diet and host health influence gut microbiota, and composition of gut microbiota, in turn, controls many aspects of host health, including nutrient metabolism, resistance to infection, and immune signals. Altered communication between the innate immune system and the gut microbiota might contribute to complex diseases. Furthermore, gut microbiota and its impact to host health change largely during different life phases such as lactation, weaning, and aging. Here we will review the accumulating body of knowledge on the impact of dietary EAA supplementation on the host metabolic health and healthspan from a holistic perspective. Moreover, we will focus on the current efforts to establish causal relationships among dietary EAAs, gut microbiota, and health during human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milan, Italy
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Unaffected arm muscle hypercatabolism in dysphagic subacute stroke patients: the effects of essential amino acid supplementation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:964365. [PMID: 25431770 PMCID: PMC4241696 DOI: 10.1155/2014/964365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in muscle protein turnover of the unaffected side of stroke patients could contribute to physical disability. We investigated whether hypercatabolic activity occurred in unaffected arm muscle and whether supplemented essential amino acids (EAAs) could limit muscle hypercatabolism (MH). Thirty-eight dysphagic subacute stroke subjects (<3 months after acute event) (29 males+9 females; 69.7±11.4 yrs) were enrolled and randomized to receive 8 g/day EAAs (n=19; EAA group) or isocaloric placebo (maltodextrin; n=19, Plac group). Before randomization, all patients had their arterial (A) and venous (V) amino acids measured and muscle (A-V) differences calculated in the unaffected arm. Eight matched and healthy subjects served as controls. When compared to healthy controls, the entire stroke population showed significant muscle release (=negative value A-V) of the amino acid phenylalanine (phenyl-) indicating a prevalence of MH. Moreover, randomized EAA and Plac groups had similar rates of MH. After 38 days from the start of the protocol, the EAA group but not the Plac group had MH converted to balanced protein turnover or anabolic activity. We concluded that muscle protein metabolism of the unaffected arm of dysphagic subacute stroke individuals could be characterized by MH which can be corrected by supplemented EAAs.
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Liani M, Trabassi E, Cusaro C, Zoppis E, Maduli E, Pezzato R, Piccoli P, Maraschin M, Bau P, Cortese P, Cogo A, Salvati F, Liani R. Effects of a pulsatile electrostatic field on ischemic injury to the diabetic foot: evaluation of refractory ulcers. Prim Care Diabetes 2014; 8:244-249. [PMID: 24434128 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The macro- and microcirculation disease, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), induces ischemic wounds of the lower limbs. We have tried to reduce the aggregation of red blood cells and to improve the O2 supply to the tissues and speed the healing of ulcers in T2DM patients. METHODS We enrolled 25 obese subjects without glucose intolerance (group A; BMI greater than 30 kg/m2), 20 obese adults intolerant to glucose (group B) and two subgroups, groups C and D, with T2DM and with leg ulcers. The groups A, B and C were treated with PESF. Body weight, O2 extraction, the capillary pulse, blood pressure and the surface of the ulcers were monitored. RESULTS The technique PESF shows to have positive effects on the metabolism, on the reduction of body weight in the groups A and B, increasing extraction of O2 in group C and increase the speed of healing of wounds in group C compared to group D. In group A, there was a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS The technique PESF has affected the metabolic processes and the speed of wound healing ulcer in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Liani
- "S. Massimo" Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Penne, PE, Italy.
| | - Ernesto Trabassi
- "S. Massimo" Hospital, Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Penne, PE, Italy
| | - Claudio Cusaro
- "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont "Amedeo Avogadro", Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Novara, NO, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zoppis
- "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont "Amedeo Avogadro", Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Novara, NO, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Maduli
- "Maggiore della Carità" Hospital, University of Eastern Piedmont "Amedeo Avogadro", Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Novara, NO, Italy
| | - Roberto Pezzato
- HUB Unit Health Bio, Policlinic and Analysis, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Paola Piccoli
- HUB Unit Health Bio, Policlinic and Analysis, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | | | - Piero Bau
- "San Bassano" Hospital, Department of Geriatrics, Bassano del Grappa, VI, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortese
- "San Bassano" Hospital, Department of Geriatrics, Bassano del Grappa, VI, Italy
| | - Albero Cogo
- Diabetic Foot Unit, Villa Berica Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vicenza, VI, Italy
| | - Filippo Salvati
- "Ortona and Guardiagrele" Hospital, Department of General Medicine, Guardiagrele, CH, Italy
| | - Rossella Liani
- Ce.S.I., Center of Excellence on Aging, University of Chieti "G. d'Annunzio", Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, Chieti, CH, Italy
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10
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Essential amino acids and exercise tolerance in elderly muscle-depleted subjects with chronic diseases: a rehabilitation without rehabilitation? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:341603. [PMID: 25009815 PMCID: PMC4070286 DOI: 10.1155/2014/341603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise intolerance remains problematic in subjects with chronic heart failure (CHF) and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recent studies show that supplemented essential amino acids (EAAs) may exert beneficial effects on CHF/COPD physical capacity. The results from 3 investigations (2 conducted on CHF and 1 on COPD subjects) served as the basis for this paper. The 3 studies consistently showed that elderly CHF and COPD improved exercise intolerance after 1–3 months of EAA supplementation (8 g/d). In CHF exercise capacity increased 18.7% to 23% (watts; bicycle test), and 12% to 22% (meters) in 6 min walking test. Moreover, patients reduced their resting plasma lactate levels (by 25%) and improved tissue insulin sensitivity by 16% (HOMA index). COPD subjects enjoyed similar benefits as CHF ones. They increased physical autonomy by 78.6% steps/day and decreased resting plasma lactate concentrations by 23%. EAA mechanisms explaining improved exercise intolerance could be increases in muscle aerobic metabolism, mass and function, and improvement of tissue insulin sensitivity (the latter only for the CHF population). These mechanisms could be accounted for by EAA's intrinsic physiological activity which increases myofibrils and mitochondria genesis in skeletal muscle and myocardium and glucose control. Supplemented EAAs can improve the physical autonomy of subjects with CHF/COPD.
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11
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Sasaki K, Matsushita S, Sato F, Tokunaga C, Hyodo K, Sakakibara Y. Cardiac Sympathetic Activity Assessed by Heart Rate Variability Indicates Myocardial Ischemia on Cold Exposure in Diabetes. Ann Vasc Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.3400/avd.oa.13-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Valerio A, D'Antona G, Nisoli E. Branched-chain amino acids, mitochondrial biogenesis, and healthspan: an evolutionary perspective. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:464-78. [PMID: 21566257 PMCID: PMC3156598 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Malnutrition is common among older persons, with important consequences increasing frailty and morbidity and reducing health expectancy. On the contrary, calorie restriction (CR, a low-calorie dietary regimen with adequate nutrition) slows the progression of age-related diseases and extends the lifespan of many species. Identification of strategies mimicking key CR mechanisms – increased mitochondrial respiration and reduced production of oxygen radicals – is a hot topic in gerontology. Dietary supplementation with essential and/or branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) exerts a variety of beneficial effects in experimental animals and humans and has been recently demonstrated to support cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, prevent oxidative damage, and enhance physical endurance in middle-aged mice, resulting in prolonged survival. Here we review recent studies addressing the possible role of BCAAs in energy metabolism and in the longevity of species ranging from unicellular organisms to mammals. We also summarize observations from human studies supporting the exciting hypothesis that dietary BCAA enriched mixture supplementation might be a health-promoting strategy in aged patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Valerio
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Brescia University, Italy
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13
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Corsetti G, Stacchiotti A, Tedesco L, D'Antona G, Pasini E, Dioguardi F, Nisoli E, Rezzani R. Essential Amino Acid Supplementation Decreases Liver Damage Induced by Chronic Ethanol Consumption in Rats. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:611-9. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver sustains the greatest damage from ethanol (EtOH) abuse. EtOH and its metabolites impair hepatocyte metabolism, causing intracellular accumulation of proteins and lipids and increasing radical oxygen species production. These processes are toxic to the mitochondrial respiratory chain and to mitochondrial DNA. We have recently shown that supplementating the diet of rodents with an essential amino acid-enriched mixture (EAAem) significantly increases mitochondrial mass and number in cardiac and skeletal muscles and improves mitochondrial function in aged animals. Thus, in this study we sought to test whether EAAem supplementation could reduce EtOH-induced liver damage. Groups of adult male Wistar rats were fed a standard diet and water ad libitum (the control group), drinking water with 20% EtOH (the EtOH group), or drinking water with 20% EtOH and EAAem supplementation (1.5 g/kg/day) (the EtOH+EAAem group) for 2 months. The blood EtOH concentration was measured, and markers for fat (Oil-Red-O), mitochondria (Grp75, Cyt-c-ox), endoplasmic reticulum (Grp78), and inflammation (Heme Oxigenase 1, iNOS, and peroxisomes) were analyzed in the liver of animals in the various experimental groups. EAAem supplementation in EtOH-drinking rats ameliorated EtOH-induced changes in liver structure by limiting steatosis, recruiting more mitochondria and peroxisomes mainly to perivenous hepatocytes, stimulating or restoring antioxidant markers, limiting the expression of inflammatory processes, and reducing ER stress. Taken together, these results suggest that EAAem supplementation may represent a promising strategy to prevent and treat EtOH-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Corsetti
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Brescia
| | - A. Stacchiotti
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Brescia
| | - L. Tedesco
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan
| | - G. D'Antona
- Department of Physiology, Human Physiology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia
| | - E. Pasini
- “S. Maugeri Foundation” IRCCS, Medical Centre, Lumezzane, Brescia
| | - F.S. Dioguardi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E. Nisoli
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan
| | - R. Rezzani
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Brescia, Brescia
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14
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MacDonald JR, Oellermann M, Rynbeck S, Chang G, Ruggiero K, Cooper GJS, Hickey AJR. Transmural differences in respiratory capacity across the rat left ventricle in health, aging, and streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus: evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction begins in the subepicardium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 300:C246-55. [PMID: 21084644 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00294.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In diabetic cardiomyopathy, ventricular dysfunction occurs in the absence of hypertension or atherosclerosis and is accompanied by altered myocardial substrate utilization and depressed mitochondrial respiration. It is not known if mitochondrial function differs across the left ventricular (LV) wall in diabetes. In the healthy heart, the inner subendocardial region demonstrates higher rates of blood flow, oxygen consumption, and ATP turnover compared with the outer subepicardial region, but published transmural respirometric measurements have not demonstrated differences. We aim to measure mitochondrial function in Wistar rat LV to determine the effects of age, streptozotocin-diabetes, and LV layer. High-resolution respirometry measured indexes of respiration in saponin-skinned fibers dissected from the LV subendocardium and subepicardium of 3-mo-old rats after 1 mo of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and 4-mo-old rats following 2 mo of diabetes. Heart rate and heartbeat duration were measured under isoflurane-anesthesia using a fetal-Doppler, and transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe ultrastructural differences. Heart rate decreased with age and diabetes, whereas heartbeat duration increased with diabetes. While there were no transmural respirational differences in young healthy rat hearts, both myocardial layers showed a respiratory depression with age (30-40%). In 1-mo diabetic rat hearts only subepicardial respiration was depressed, whereas after 2 mo diabetes, respiration in subendocardial and subepicardial layers was depressed and showed elevated leak (state 2) respiration. These data provide evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is first detectable in the subepicardium of diabetic rat LV, whereas there are measureable changes in LV mitochondria after only 4 mo of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R MacDonald
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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15
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Sanchez Canedo C, Demeulder B, Ginion A, Bayascas JR, Balligand JL, Alessi DR, Vanoverschelde JL, Beauloye C, Hue L, Bertrand L. Activation of the cardiac mTOR/p70(S6K) pathway by leucine requires PDK1 and correlates with PRAS40 phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E761-9. [PMID: 20051528 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00421.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Like insulin, leucine stimulates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70(S6K)) axis in various organs. Insulin proceeds via the canonical association of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1), and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). The signaling involved in leucine effect, although known to implicate a PI3K mechanism independent of PKB/Akt, is more poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether PDK1 could also participate in the events leading to mTOR/p70(S6K) activation in response to leucine in the heart. In wild-type hearts, both leucine and insulin increased p70(S6K) activity whereas, in contrast to insulin, leucine was unable to activate PKB/Akt. The changes in p70(S6K) activity induced by insulin and leucine correlated with changes in phosphorylation of Thr(389), the mTOR phosphorylation site on p70(S6K), and of Ser(2448) on mTOR, both related to mTOR activity. Leucine also triggered phosphorylation of the proline-rich Akt/PKB substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40), a new pivotal mTOR regulator. In PDK1 knockout hearts, leucine, similarly to insulin, failed to induce the phosphorylation of mTOR and p70(S6K), leading to the absence of p70(S6K) activation. The loss of leucine effect in absence of PDK1 correlated with the lack of PRAS40 phosphorylation. Moreover, the introduction in PDK1 of the L155E mutation, which is known to preserve the insulin-induced and PKB/Akt-dependent phosphorylation of mTOR/p70(S6K), suppressed all leucine effects, including phosphorylation of mTOR, PRAS40, and p70(S6K). We conclude that the leucine-induced stimulation of the cardiac PRAS40/mTOR/p70(S6K) pathway requires PDK1 in a way that differs from that of insulin.
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16
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Pansarasa O, Flati V, Corsetti G, Brocca L, Pasini E, D'Antona G. Oral amino acid supplementation counteracts age-induced sarcopenia in elderly rats. Am J Cardiol 2008; 101:35E-41E. [PMID: 18514625 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a specific mixture of amino acid (AA) supplements on the adaptation changes induced by aging in the soleus muscle of rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 5 each): young control (YO), 3 months of age; elderly control (EL), 18 months of age; and elderly orally supplemented with an AA mixture (EL-AA), 18 months of age, given as 0.1 g/kg per day in drinking water for 8 weeks. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition was analyzed in all muscles. The total fiber number and fiber cross-sectional area of types 1 and 2A fibers were also measured in immunostained sections of the soleus muscle. The ratios between the sarcomere volume (Vsar) and the total volume (Vtot) and single muscle fibers were studied by electron microscopy. The expression of total and phosphorylated serine/threonine protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a potent regulator of messenger RNA translation initiation, was also determined in all groups. Aging was associated with an overall shift toward the expression of a slower MHC phenotype, atrophy of fast and slow fibers, a significant decrease in Vtot/Vsar, and no changes in total fiber number. AA supplementation antagonized the effects of aging. A shift toward the expression of faster MHC isoforms was observed. Fiber atrophy appeared to be partly counteracted by the AA supplements; we noted an increase in cross-sectional area fibers and Vtot/Vsar in EL-AAs. Total and phosphorylated mTOR expression appeared to decrease in EL and was restored by the AA supplements. Collectively, these results suggest that aging-induced muscle adaptations can be partly restored by AA supplementation. An mTOR signal pathway may mediate the effects on fiber trophism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orietta Pansarasa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Physiology Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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