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Bonnefont-Rousselot D. [Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 (Lp-PLA 2): Relevant biomarker and therapeutic target?]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2024:S0003-4509(24)00133-0. [PMID: 39241907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2024.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years, numerous studies have sought to decipher the role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) in vascular inflammation-related diseases, notably atherosclerosis. Despite the disappointing results of clinical trials using the Lp-PLA2 inhibitor darapladib, new pathophysiological, epidemiological and genetic data have enabled the development of new inhibitors. Recent studies also show that Lp-PLA2 is involved in vascular inflammation-related diseases other than atherosclerosis (ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, diabetes, cancers…), and inhibition of Lp-PLA2 could have beneficial therapeutic in these diseases. This review aims to present new data on Lp-PLA2 and to evaluate its current interest as a biomarker but also as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Service de biochimie métabolique, hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, AP-HP, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris, France; Inserm, CNRS, UFR de pharmacie, UTCBS, université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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2
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Liu L, Zhang X, Jiang N, Liu Y, Wang Q, Jiang G, Li X, Zhao L, Zhai Q. Plasma Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Affects Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Cerebral Microbleeds. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:635-646. [PMID: 36987525 PMCID: PMC10040165 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s401603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is an inflammatory biomarker of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and may be related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of cognitive impairment. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of plasma Lp-PLA2 level on the cognitive impairment in patients with CMBs. Methods In this study, 213 patients with CMBs confirmed by 3.0 T brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were analyzed. Lp-PLA2 levels were determined by magnetic particle chemiluminescence immunoassay technology, and cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA). The cognitive functions of patients with CMBs were divided into three groups according to the MoCA scale, including normal cognition (NC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and moderate-severe cognitive impairment (MSCI). Clinical, laboratory and radiological data of the three groups were analysed. The relationship between plasma Lp-PLA2 and MoCA score in patients with CMBs was investigated through rank correlation analysis and multivariate regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of Lp-PLA2. Results CMBs were detected in 213 (30.2%) of 705 patients who underwent 3.0 T MRI. Multiple comparisons showed that plasma Lp-PLA2 in patients with CMBs with normal cognitive scores was significantly lower than that in the other two groups with cognitive impairment (p < 0.05). In the single factor correlation analysis, high level of plasma Lp-PLA2 was negatively correlated with the decrease of MoCA score in patients with CMBs (r =-0.389, p < 0.01). Multivariate regression analysis showed that high plasma Lp-PLA2 was an independent risk factor for a low MoCA score in patients with CMBs (odds ratio [OR]=1.014; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.002-1.026; p=0.025). Conclusion A high level of plasma Lp-PLA2 is positively correlated with the generation of cognitive impairment in patients with CMBs and negatively correlated with the degree of impairment. Plasma Lp-PLA2 is an important indicator of cognitive impairment in patients with CMBs and may provide a therapeutic target for preventing CMB-induced cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Hongze People’s Hospital, Huai’an, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Lianshui PEople’s Hospital Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Li
- Rehabilitation Centre, Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liandong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Liandong Zhao; Qijin Zhai, Email ;
| | - Qijin Zhai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang X, Liu L, Jiang N, Liu Y, Wang Q, Tang X, Zhai Q, Zhao L. Correlation of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and cerebral microbleeds in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:482. [PMID: 36517761 PMCID: PMC9749267 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-03000-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) increase the risk of stroke occurrence and recurrence,and affect the prognosis of stroke patients. Therefore, identifying biological markers that predict CMBs after stroke is urgently needed. This study explored whether high levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2) are associated with an increased risk of CMBs in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). METHODS From April 2020 to October 2021, we enrolled 242 patients with AIS. At admission, the plasma levels of Lp-PLA2 were measured in all patients as well as the number of CMBs and white matter lesions. According to the results of the Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI), the patients were divided into a CMB group and a no-CMB group. The groups were compared with univariate and multivariate analyses to clarify the correlation between Lp-PLA2 levels and CMBs, and the optimal cut-off value of Lp-PLA2 that predicted CMBs was determined from the receiver-operating characteristic curve. RESULTS CMBs were detected in 71 (29.3%) of the 242 AIS patients. The median Lp-PLA2 level was 182.79 ng/ml. Using the 1st quartile of Lp-PLA2 levels (the lowest levels) as the reference group, univariate logistic regression analysis showed that individuals in the 4th quartile (the highest levels) had a higher risk of CMBs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.460, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.188-1.795, P = 0.000). This correlation persisted after adjusting for relevant risk factors (OR = 1.370, 95% CI: 1.096-1.713, P = 0.006). The optimal cut-off value of Lp-PLA2 that predicted the occurrence of CMBs was 184.36 ng/ml; at this threshold, the sensitivity was 69.0%, and the specificity was 60.2%. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a high level of Lp-PLA2 in patients with AIS is a potential risk factor for CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiu Zhang
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China ,grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Neurology, Hongze People’s Hospital, Hongze, 223100 Jiangsu China
| | - Lu Liu
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China
| | - Nan Jiang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Neurology, Lianshui people’s Hospital Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianshui, 223400 Jiangsu China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China
| | - Qing Wang
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaohong Tang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Neurology, Hongze People’s Hospital, Hongze, 223100 Jiangsu China
| | - Qijin Zhai
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China
| | - Liandong Zhao
- grid.417303.20000 0000 9927 0537Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.62, South Huai’an Road, Huai’an, 223002 Jiangsu China
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John RV, Devasiya T, V.R. N, Adigal S, Lukose J, Kartha VB, Chidangil S. Cardiovascular biomarkers in body fluids: progress and prospects in optical sensors. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:1023-1050. [PMID: 35996626 PMCID: PMC9386656 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major causative factors for high mortality and morbidity in developing and developed nations. The biomarker detection plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis of several non-infectious and life-threatening diseases like CVD and many cancers, which in turn will help in more successful therapy, reducing the mortality rate. Biomarkers have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic significances. The search for novel biomarkers using proteomics, bio-sensing, micro-fluidics, and spectroscopic techniques with good sensitivity and specificity for CVD is progressing rapidly at present, in addition to the use of gold standard biomarkers like troponin. This review is dealing with the current progress and prospects in biomarker research for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Expert opinion. Fast diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) can help to provide rapid medical intervention, which can affect the patient's short and long-term health. Identification and detection of proper biomarkers for early diagnosis are crucial for successful therapy and prognosis of CVDs. The present review discusses the analysis of clinical samples such as whole blood, blood serum, and other body fluids using techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography-LASER/LED-induced fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, mainly, optical methods, combined with nanotechnology and micro-fluidic technologies, to probe patterns of multiple markers (marker signatures) as compared to conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena V. John
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India 576104
| | - Tom Devasiya
- Department of Cardiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India 576104
| | - Nidheesh V.R.
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India 576104
| | - Sphurti Adigal
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India 576104
| | - Jijo Lukose
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India 576104
| | - V. B. Kartha
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India 576104
| | - Santhosh Chidangil
- Centre of Excellence for Biophotonics, Department of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka India 576104
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Khan MI, Hariprasad G. Human Secretary Phospholipase A2 Mutations and Their Clinical Implications. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:551-561. [PMID: 32982370 PMCID: PMC7502393 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s269557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) belong to a superfamily of enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acids of membrane phospholipids to release arachidonic acid. PLA2s are the rate limiting enzyme for the downstream synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes that are the main mediators of inflammation. The extracellular forms of this enzyme are also called the secretary phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and are distributed extensively in most of the tissues in the human body. Their integral role in inflammatory pathways has been the primary reason for the extensive research on this molecule. The catalytic mechanism of sPLA2 is initiated by a histidine/aspartic acid/calcium complex within the active site. Though they are known to have certain housekeeping functions, certain mutations of sPLA2 are known to be implicated in causation of certain pathologies leading to diseases such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, benign fleck retina, neurodegeneration, and asthma. We present an overview of human sPLA2 and a comprehensive compilation of the mutations that result in various disease phenotypes. The study not only helps to have a holistic understanding of human sPLA2 mutations and their clinical implications, but is also a useful platform to initiate research pertaining to structure–function relationship of the mutations to develop effective therapies for management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Imran Khan
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Gururao Hariprasad
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Stefanic P, Sihotsky V, Hertelyova Z, Kopolovets I, Mathews AJ, Toth S, Kubikova M, Svajdler P, Mucha R, Vasko L, Virag M, Pribula V, Pella D, Frankovicova M. Interleukin-4, hemopexin, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 are significantly increased in patients with unstable carotid plaque. OPEN CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2019-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the plasma levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), hemopexin (Hpx), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in patients with carotid artery atherosclerosis based on neurological symptoms and plaque histopathology and to find association between plaque stability and neurological symptoms. This single-center study included patients treated surgically for significant stenosis of the internal carotid artery. Serum levels of biomarkers were determined, and a histopathological analysis of the carotid plaques was performed. Within 70 patients, 40 asymptomatic and 30 symptomatic; 38 patients (54.3%) were diagnosed with unstable carotid plaque and 32 patients (45.7%) had a stable carotid plaque. Significantly higher incidence of unstable carotid plaque was detected in symptomatic patients (p <0.001). Compared to asymptomatic patients, higher expression of Lp-PLA2 (285.30 ± 2.05 μg/l), Hpx (0.38 ± 0.01 ng/l), and IL-4 (65.77 ± 3.78 ng/l) in plasma were detected in symptomatic patients. Subsequently, higher expression of Lp-PLA2 (297.34 ± 2.3 μg/l), Hpx (0.41 ± 0.02 ng/l), and IL-4 (64.74 ± 4.47 ng/l) in plasma was observed in patients with unstable plaques (n=38). Statistically significant (p <0.001) differences in expression of Lp-PLA2, Hpx, and IL-4 between patients with unstable and stable plaques were detected. Moreover, only the differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in the expression of Lp-PLA2 and IL-4 in plasma were statistically significant (p <0.001). This study showed that Lp-PLA2, IL-4, and Hpx levels are significantly increased in patients with an unstable carotid plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stefanic
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Ondavska 8, Kosice 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Vladimir Sihotsky
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Ondavska 8, Kosice 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Zdenka Hertelyova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Tr. SNP 1, Kosice, 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Ivan Kopolovets
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Ondavska 8, Kosice 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Abraham John Mathews
- Department of Colorectal and HPB Surgery, Addenbrooke‘s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge, CambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Stefan Toth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Kosice and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Tr. SNP 1, Kosice, 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Maria Kubikova
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Ondavska 8, Kosice 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Peter Svajdler
- Department of Pathology, Louis Pasteur University Hospital in Kosice, Rastislavova 43, Kosice, 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Mucha
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, Kosice, 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Lukas Vasko
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Ondavska 8, Kosice 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Michal Virag
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Ondavska 8, Kosice 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Vit Pribula
- Department of Surgery, I. Private Hospital Kosice-Saca, Lucna 57, 040 11Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dominik Pella
- Department of Cardiology, Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Kosice, Ondavska 8, Kosice 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
| | - Maria Frankovicova
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Eastern Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases and Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Ondavska 8, Kosice 040 01, KosiceSlovak Republic
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Kiluk P, Baran A, Świderska M, Maciaszek M, Flisiak I. Lp-PLA2 as a promising predictor of comorbidities in patients with severe psoriasis. J DERMATOL TREAT 2019; 31:524-530. [PMID: 30998429 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1606887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a well- known risk factor of atherosclerotic vascular diseases which are common comorbidities in psoriasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum Lp-PLA2 level in psoriatic patients and elucidate possible associations with disease activity, metabolic or inflammatory parameters and systemic treatment.Methods: We enrolled 33 patients with active plaque-type psoriasis and 11 healthy controls. Blood samples were collected before and after 3 months of systemic treatment with acitretin or methotrexate. Serum Lp-PLA2 level were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Serum Lp-PLA2 level in patients with psoriasis did not statistically differ comparing to the control group (p = .2). However, in patients with severe psoriasis Lp-PLA2 was significantly higher than in the controls before and after treatment (p = .03, p = .01, respectively). The lipase did not correlate with BMI (p = .22); however, a statistical significance was noted between psoriatics with obesity compared to the controls (p = .03). No significant effect of systemic treatment combined (p = .5) nor separately with acitretin (p = .5) or methotrexate (p = .1) on the Lp-PLA2 level was found, despite clinical improvement.Conclusion: Lp-PLA2 assay might be helpful in assessment of the risk of cardiometabolic comorbidities development especially in patients with severe psoriasis and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kiluk
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Baran
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Świderska
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maciaszek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Iwona Flisiak
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Arshad Z, Rezapour-Firouzi S, Ebrahimifar M, Mosavi Jarrahi A, Mohammadian M. Association of Delta-6-Desaturase Expression with
Aggressiveness of Cancer, Diabetes Mellitus, and Multiple
Sclerosis: A Narrative Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1005-1018. [PMID: 31030467 PMCID: PMC6948902 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.4.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B /mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/
mTOR) signaling regulates multiple cellular processes and organizes cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation
with the available nutrients, in particular, fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are cytotoxic to cancer cells
and play a critical role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and diabetes mellitus (DM). PUFAs are produced in
the body by desaturases and elongases from dietary essential fatty acids (EFAs), primarily involving delta-6-desaturase
(D6D). D6D is a rate-limiting enzyme for maintaining many aspects of lipid homeostasis and normal health. D6D is
important to recognize the mechanisms that regulate the expression of this enzyme in humans. A lower level of D6D was
seen in breast tumors compared to normal tissues. Interestingly, the elevated serum level of D6D was seen in MS and
DM, which explains the critical role of D6D in inflammatory diseases. Methods: We searched databases of PubMed,
Web of Science (WOS), Google Scholar, Scopus and related studies by predefined eligibility criteria. We assessed
their quality and extracted data. Results: Regarding the mTOR signaling pathway, there is remarkable contributions of
many inflammatory diseases to attention to common metabolic pathways are depicted. Of course, we need to have the
insights into each disorder and their pathological process. The first step in balancing the intake of EFAs is to prevent
the disruption of metabolism and expression of the D6D enzyme. Conclusions: The ω6 and ω3 pathways are two major
pathways in the biosynthesis of PUFAs. In both of these, D6D is a vital bifunctional enzyme desaturating linoleic acid
or alpha-linolenic acid. Therefore, if ω6 and ω3 EFAs are given together in a ratio of 2: 1, the D6D expression will be
down-regulated and normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Arshad
- Department of Pathology of Anatomy, School of medicine, Baku University of Medical Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Soheila Rezapour-Firouzi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. ,
| | - Meysam Ebrahimifar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Iran
| | - Alireza Mosavi Jarrahi
- Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Mohammadian
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Yang Y, Xue T, Zhu J, Xu J, Hu X, Wang P, Kong T, Yan Y, Yang L, Xue S. Serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 predicts the formation of carotid artery plaque and its vulnerability in anterior circulation cerebral infarction. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017. [PMID: 28644968 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulation inflammation markers such as high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) are considered as predictors of cerebral and cardiac vascular diseases. However, the role of hsCRP and Lp-PLA2 in the anterior circulation cerebral infarction (ACI) is to be elaborated. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 100 patients with acute anterior circulation cerebral infarction (AaCI group) and 50 non-infarction subjects (control group). Carotid artery was detected by color Doppler ultrasound. Subjects were grouped based on carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and degree of stability of carotid atherosclerotic plaque. The levels of hsCRP and Lp-PLA2 were measured in corresponding groups and the association was analyzed. RESULTS hsCRP and Lp-PLA2 levels were the risk factors for AaCI. With the increment of carotid IMT and degree of plaque instability, the level of hsCRP and Lp-PLA2 showed an elevating tendency. hsCRP and Lp-PLA2 levels were significantly higher in plaque formation group than in IMT normal group (P=0.002 and P=0.001, respectively). hsCRP and Lp-PLA2 levels were significantly higher in vulnerable plaque group than in mixed plaque group and stable plaque group (P=0.003, P<0.001 for hsCRP and P<0.001, P<0.001 for Lp-PLA2). Lp-PLA2 was finally included in the atherosclerotic plaque model (OR=1.019, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.003-1.035, P=0.020) and vulnerable plaque model (OR=1.041, 95%CI: 1.017-1.065, P=0.001) by performing multivariate logistic regression analysis. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of Lp-PLA2 levels for atherosclerotic plaque was 0.746 (95% CI: 0.628-0.865, P<0.001). The optimal cut-off value for Lp-PLA2 level was 267.5ng/ml, and its sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of atherosclerotic plaque were 70.8% and 67.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrates that hsCRP and Lp-PLA2 are among the risk factors for AaCI. Elevated hsCRP and Lp-PLA2 are associated with carotid plaque formation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis suggests that elevated Lp-PLA2 is the independent risk factor for carotid plaque and its vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Tao Xue
- SooChow University Health Science Center, Suzhou City, China
| | - Juehua Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- SooChow University Health Science Center, Suzhou City, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Penghao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Tao Kong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Neurology,Western District of Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou City, China
| | - Lihui Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, SuZhou, China
| | - Shouru Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of SooChow University, SuZhou, China.
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Öngen B, Kalkan Uçar S, Levent E, Azarsız E, Koloğlu T, Çoker M, Sözmen E, Sağın FG. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: a new marker to determine cardiovascular risk in hypercholesterolemic dyslipidaemic children. Ann Clin Biochem 2016; 54:539-547. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563216671338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammation and hypercholesterolaemia contribute to atherosclerotic changes which can start in childhood. Children with hyperlipidaemias are at high risk for early coronary atherosclerosis. This study evaluates the relationship between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and flow-mediated dilatation in hypercholesterolaemic dyslipidaemic children. Methods We performed a case–control study consisting of 43 cases, aged 2 to 17 years, and 24 age-matched controls. Fasting blood samples were obtained from both groups for the measurement of a lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides) and Lp-PLA2 in mass units. The latter was determined with a turbidimetric immunoassay method (PlacTest, DiaDexus Inc.) applied to an automated analyser. CIMT and flow-mediated dilatation measurements were undertaken by a paediatric cardiologist, using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Results Total cholesterol, LDL-C and Lp-PLA2 concentrations were significantly higher in the cases than in the controls ( p < 0.001 for all three parameters). While CIMT values were also significantly higher in the patients compared to the controls ( P = 0.001), flow-mediated dilatation values were significantly lower ( P = 0.001). We found positive correlations between Lp-PLA2 and total cholesterol ( r = 0.41, P = 0.001), Lp-PLA2 and LDL-C ( r = 0.36, P = 0.004), Lp-PLA2 and CIMT ( r = 0.44, P = 0.019) and LDL-C and CIMT ( r = 0.41, P = 0.032); there were negative correlations between Lp-PLA2 and flow-mediated dilatation ( r = −0.15, P = 0.045), total cholesterol and flow-mediated dilatation ( r = −0.45, P = 0.017), LDL-C and flow-mediated dilatation ( r = −0.51, P = 0.006) and CIMT and flow-mediated dilatation ( r = −0.45, P = 0.016). Conclusion Lp-PLA2 concentrations are significantly elevated in hypercholesterolaemic dyslipidaemic children. Given the association of Lp-PLA2 with markers of atherosclerosis (total cholesterol, LDL-C, CIMT and flow-mediated dilatation), the finding of increased concentrations of Lp-PLA2 could be used to identify early atherosclerotic changes in hypercholesterolaemic dyslipidaemic children and may inform their clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belkız Öngen
- Department of Biochemistry, Acibadem Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Kalkan Uçar
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ertürk Levent
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elif Azarsız
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Turan Koloğlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Kilis State Hospital, Kilis, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Çoker
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eser Sözmen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferhan G Sağın
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Las enfermedades periodontales como enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: Cambios en los paradigmas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.piro.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kotani K. Plasma Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A₂ Levels Correlated with the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050634. [PMID: 27128909 PMCID: PMC4881460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The circulating levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA₂) can be a simple, but practical and useful marker of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As limited studies are available in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), further studies are needed to establish the clinical application of Lp-PLA₂ in DM practice. The present study investigated the correlation between Lp-PLA₂ and the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), a recent marker of arterial stiffness, in DM patients according to their diabetes duration. Clinical data, including the plasma Lp-PLA₂ mass and CAVI values, were collected from CVD-free type 2 DM female patients (n = 65, mean age 62 years, mean hemoglobin A1c 7.0%). The Lp-PLA₂ level of patients with a diabetes duration of <10 years (n = 40:20.2 IU/mL) was not significantly different from that of patients with a diabetes duration of ≥10 years (n = 25:20.5 IU/mL), while the CAVI level was significantly higher in patients with ≥10 years (9.0) than in those with <10 years (8.1; p < 0.05). A stepwise multiple regression analysis found a positive correlation between the Lp-PLA₂ and CAVI levels (β = 0.43, p < 0.01) in patients with a diabetes duration of ≥10 years. This correlation between Lp-PLA₂ and CVAI suggests the possible use of Lp-PLA₂ in DM patients with long-term disease. Further studies on Lp-PLA₂ are warranted in DM practice in relation to the disease duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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Jung S, Lee YJ, Kim M, Kim M, Kwak JH, Lee JW, Ahn YT, Sim JH, Lee JH. Supplementation with two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032, reduced body adiposity and Lp-PLA2 activity in overweight subjects. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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[Lp-PLA2, a biomarker of vascular inflammation and vulnerability of atherosclerosis plaques]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2015; 74:190-7. [PMID: 26499399 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A chronic inflammation is involved in various stages of development of the atherosclerotic plaques. Among the emerging biomarkers of atherogenesis, the lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), formerly known as PAF-acetylhydrolase (McIntyre et al., 2009), hydrolyses the oxidized short chain phospholipids of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), thereby releasing pro-inflammatory mediators (lysophospholipids and oxidized fatty acids). Lp-PLA2, produced by monocytes/macrophages and T-lymphocytes, and mainly associated with LDL (Gazi et al., 2005), is predominantly expressed in the necrotic center of the atherosclerotic plaques and in the macrophage-rich areas (Kolodgie et al., 2006). It would have a predictive role of cardiovascular (CV) events in relation to the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques. Determination of Lp-PLA2 has been proposed in the assessment of the CV risk, to ensure a better stratification of populations at intermediate risk for targeted therapy (Davidson et al., 2008). Its proatherogenic role suggested that inhibition of its activity could ensure a better vascular protection in combination with cholesterol-lowering agents. Nevertheless, Lp-PLA2 is not yet a fully validated marker for use in daily clinical practice, especially since the studies using an inhibitor of Lp-PLA2 (darapladib) (STABILITY Investigators et al., 2014; O'Donoghue et al., 2014) did not show any reduction in coronary events. Lp-PLA2 could have a site-specific role in plaque inflammation and development (Fenning et al., 2015). High Lp-PLA2 activity could reflect a response to pro-inflammatory stress characteristic of atherosclerosis (Marathe et al., 2014). This presentation aims at clarifying the involvement of Lp-PLA2 in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, and at assessing its interest both as a biomarker for the onset of CV events and as a therapeutic target.
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FRANEKOVÁ J, KETTNER J, KUBÍČEK Z, JABOR A. The Importance of Age and Statin Therapy in the Interpretation of Lp-PLA2 in ACS Patients, and Relation to CRP. Physiol Res 2015; 64:229-36. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of arterial inflammation while lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is related to plaque instability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the risk of unstable plaque presenting as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and Lp-PLA2, and to assess the influence of statins on interpretation of Lp-PLA2. A total of 362 consecutive patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute chest pain suggestive of ACS were evaluated by cardiologists as STEMI, NSTEMI, or unstable angina, and non-ACS. Serum biomarkers measured on admission: troponin I, C-reactive protein (Abbott), and Lp-PLA2 (DiaDexus). Four groups were defined according to the final diagnosis and history of statin medication: ACS/statin−; ACS/statin+; non-ACS/statin−; non-ACS/statin+. Lp-PLA2 was highest in ACS/statin− group; statins decreased Lp-PLA2 both in ACS and non-ACS of about 20 %. Lp-PLA2 was higher in ACS patients in comparison with non-ACS patients group without respect to statin therapy (p<0.001). Lp-PLA2 predicted worse outcome (in terms of acute coronary syndrome) effectively in patients up to 62 years; limited prediction was found in older patients. C-reactive protein (CRP) failed to discriminate four groups of patients. Statin therapy and age should be taken into consideration while interpreting Lp-PLA2 concentrations and lower cut-off values should be used for statin-treated persons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. JABOR
- Department of Laboratory Methods, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Xanthopoulou M, Asimakopoulos D, Antonopoulou S, Demopoulos C, Fragopoulou E. Effect of Robola and Cabernet Sauvignon extracts on platelet activating factor enzymes activity on U937 cells. Food Chem 2014; 165:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ross Eckard A, Longenecker CT, Jiang Y, Debanne SM, Labbato D, Storer N, McComsey GA. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and cardiovascular disease risk in HIV infection. HIV Med 2014; 15:537-46. [PMID: 24650269 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk as a result of heightened inflammation and immune activation, despite at times having normal lipids and few traditional risk factors. Biomarkers are needed to identify such patients before a clinical event. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2 ) predicts CVD events in the general population. This study investigated the relationship between Lp-PLA2 and markers of CVD risk, systemic inflammation, immune activation, and coagulation in HIV infection. METHODS One hundred subjects on stable ART with normal fasting low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were enrolled in the study. Plasma Lp-PLA2 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; > 200 ng/mL was considered high CVD risk). Subclinical atherosclerosis, endothelial function, inflammation, immune activation and fasting lipids were also evaluated. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 47 years and 77% were male. Median (range) Lp-PLA2 was 209 (71-402) ng/mL. Fifty-seven per cent of patients had Lp-PLA2 concentrations > 200 ng/mL. Lp-PLA2 was positively correlated with soluble markers of inflammation or immune activation (tumour necrosis factor receptor-II, intercellular and vascular cellular adhesion molecules, and CD14; all R = 0.3; P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with coagulation markers (D-dimer and fibrinogen; both R = -0.2; P < 0.04). Lp-PLA2 was not correlated with lipids, coronary artery calcium score, or flow-mediated vasodilation, but trended towards a significant correlation with carotid intima-media thickness (R = 0.2; P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this population with stable ART and normal LDL cholesterol, Lp-PLA2 was in the high CVD risk category in the majority of subjects. Lp-PLA2 appears to be associated with inflammation/immune activation, but also with anti-thrombotic effects. Lp-PLA2 may represent a valuable early biomarker of CVD risk in HIV infection before subclinical atherosclerosis can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ross Eckard
- Emory University School of Medicine and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kara H, Akinci M, Degirmenci S, Bayir A, Ak A, Nayman A, Unlu A, Akyurek F, Sivri M. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipoprotein-related phospholipase A2, and acute ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:1451-7. [PMID: 25125979 PMCID: PMC4130710 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s67665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum biomarkers may be useful for early diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke, exclusion of other diseases that may mimic stroke, and prediction of infarct volume. We evaluated serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and lipoprotein-related phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) in patients who had acute ischemic stroke. METHODS In 200 patients who presented to an emergency service (acute ischemic stroke, 102 patients; control with no stroke, 98 patients), stroke patients were evaluated with the Canadian neurological scale and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and all patients were evaluated with the Glasgow coma scale and their serum hs-CRP level and Lp-PLA2 activity were assessed. The volume of stroke lesions was calculated from magnetic resonance images. RESULTS Patients who had stroke had higher mean serum hs-CRP level (stroke, 7±6 mg/dL; control, mean ± standard deviation 1±1 mg/dL; P≤0.001) and Lp-PLA2 activity (stroke, mean ± standard deviation 113±86 nmol/min/mL; control, mean ± standard deviation 103±50 nmol/min/mL; P≤0.001) than control patients who did not have stroke. The mean hs-CRP level and Lp-PLA2 activity were higher in patients who had greater stroke severity (lower Canadian neurological scale score) and were higher in patients who had larger volume strokes. CONCLUSION Higher hs-CRP level and Lp-PLA2 activity are significantly associated with more severe neurologic impairment and larger infarct size in patients who have acute ischemic stroke. These biomarkers may be useful for rapid diagnosis and prediction of ischemic tissue volume in the early stage of ischemic stroke. These findings may be important for health care facilities that have limited access to emergency computed tomography scanning for the diagnosis of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Kara
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Murat Akinci
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Selim Degirmenci
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Bayir
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Unlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fikret Akyurek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mesut Sivri
- Department of Radiology, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Fava C, Montagnana M, Guidi GC, Melander O. From circulating biomarkers to genomics and imaging in the prediction of cardiovascular events in the general population. Ann Med 2012; 44:433-47. [PMID: 21623699 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2011.582511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In the last decades numerous markers have been considered and investigated for the prediction of CV events, but only a few of them resulted in improved global risk assessment beyond traditional risk factors when incorporated into coronary evaluation scores. Recent genetic studies have pointed out a few but consistent loci or genes which are independently associated with CV risk. The idea is fascinating that these genetic markers could lead to improved individual CV risk assessment and tailored pharmacological interventions. In this brief review we will not make a systematic review of all non-genetic and genetic markers of CV risk but we will try to make a brief overview of the most interesting ones with the aim to underline potential 'pros' and 'cons' of their implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Fava
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, University Hospital of Malmö, Sweden
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LEHR MATTHIAS. Inhibitors of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 α as Anti-inflammatory Drugs. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid derivatives, like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, as well as the alkyl-ether phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) are highly active substances with diverse biological actions. Elevated levels of these lipid mediators in response to a variety of stimuli have been implicated in the pathology of many inflammatory diseases. The rate-limiting step in the generation of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF, respectively, is the cleavage of the sn-2-ester of membrane phospholipids by a phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Among the superfamily of PLA2 enzymes, cytosolic PLA2α (cPLA2α, also referred to as group IVA PLA2) is thought to play the primary role in this biochemical reaction. Therefore, inhibition of cPLA2α activity is an attractive approach to the control of inflammatory disorders.
In this chapter the main groups of cPLA2α inhibitors are described and the problems associated with the development of clinical active drug candidates are discussed. Furthermore, in-vivo data obtained with such compounds in pre-clinical animal models of inflammation will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- MATTHIAS LEHR
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry University of Münster Hittorfstrasse 58–62, 48149 Münster Germany
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Örem A, Yayli S, Arıca DA, Akcan B, Yücesan FB, Bahadir S. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 level in patients with Behçet's disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:e289-93. [PMID: 22755553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by vasculitis. Vasculitis is thought to underlie many of the clinical manifestations of Behçet's disease. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2 ) is a highly specific biomarker for vascular inflammation, and has low biological variability. Those features make it more attractive than other inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), which may reflect systemic inflammation non-specifically. OBJECTIVES It was aimed to investigate circulating Lp-PLA2 levels and its relationship with CRP and ESR in patients with BD by considering disease activity. METHODS Study group included 72 patients with BD (34 men and 38 women with a mean age of 35.3 years) and 30 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects (15 men and 15 women with a mean age 32.6 years). Patients group included 40 patients with active and 32 patients with inactive BD. RESULTS Lp-PLA2 , CRP and ESR levels were found to be significantly higher in patient group than controls. In addition, those levels were also significantly higher in patients with active BD than in patients with inactive disease. Lp-PLA2 showed positive correlations with CRP and ESR (r = 0.63, P < 0.05 and r = 0.33, P < 0.05 respectively). Lp-PLA2 also showed significant important area under curve (AUC) value (0.779), besides CRP (0.941) and ESR (0.888). Optimum cut-off value was obtained as 218.5 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that Lp-PLA2 may be a new useful biomarker to evaluate clinical or subclinical activity of the disease besides CRP and ESR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Örem
- Departments of Biochemistry Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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Lockhart PB, Bolger AF, Papapanou PN, Osinbowale O, Trevisan M, Levison ME, Taubert KA, Newburger JW, Gornik HL, Gewitz MH, Wilson WR, Smith SC, Baddour LM. Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease: does the evidence support an independent association?: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012; 125:2520-44. [PMID: 22514251 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31825719f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A link between oral health and cardiovascular disease has been proposed for more than a century. Recently, concern about possible links between periodontal disease (PD) and atherosclerotic vascular disease (ASVD) has intensified and is driving an active field of investigation into possible association and causality. The 2 disorders share several common risk factors, including cigarette smoking, age, and diabetes mellitus. Patients and providers are increasingly presented with claims that PD treatment strategies offer ASVD protection; these claims are often endorsed by professional and industrial stakeholders. The focus of this review is to assess whether available data support an independent association between ASVD and PD and whether PD treatment might modify ASVD risks or outcomes. It also presents mechanistic details of both PD and ASVD relevant to this topic. The correlation of PD with ASVD outcomes and surrogate markers is discussed, as well as the correlation of response to PD therapy with ASVD event rates. Methodological issues that complicate studies of this association are outlined, with an emphasis on the terms and metrics that would be applicable in future studies. Observational studies to date support an association between PD and ASVD independent of known confounders. They do not, however, support a causative relationship. Although periodontal interventions result in a reduction in systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in short-term studies, there is no evidence that they prevent ASVD or modify its outcomes.
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Song JX, Ren JY, Chen H. Simvastatin reduces lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocyte-derived macrophages through inhibition of the mevalonate-geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate-RhoA-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 57:213-22. [PMID: 21052011 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31820376ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), which is produced primarily by macrophages and is predominately found in the blood and in atherosclerotic plaques, represents a potentially promising target for combating atherosclerosis. Although statins are known to decrease the levels and activity of circulating and plaque Lp-PLA(2) during atherosclerosis, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying inhibition of Lp-PLA(2) by statins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanisms responsible for inhibition of Lp-PLA(2) by statins. Our results showed that treatment with simvastatin inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increases in Lp-PLA(2) expression and secreted activity in human monocyte–derived macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These effects could be reversed by treatment with mevalonate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), but not by treatment with squalene or farnesyl pyrophosphate. Treatment with the Rho inhibitor C3 exoenzyme also inhibited LPS-induced increases in Lp-PLA(2) expression and secreted activity, mimicking the effects of simvastatin. In addition, treatment with simvastatin blocked LPS-induced activation of RhoA, which could be abolished by treatment with GGPP. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 or Jun N-terminal kinase, suppressed LPS-induced increases in Lp-PLA(2) expression and secreted activity, similar to the effects of simvastatin. Treatment of human monocyte–derived macrophages with either simvastatin or C3 exoenzyme prevented LPS-induced activation of p38 MAPK, which could be abolished by treatment with GGPP. Together, these results suggest that simvastatin reduces Lp-PLA(2) expression and secreted activity in LPS-stimulated human monocyte–derived macrophages through the inhibition of the mevalonate–GGPP–RhoA-p38 MAPK pathway. These observations provide novel evidence that statins have pleiotropic effects and suggest that inhibition of Lp-PLA(2) via this mechanism may account, at least in part, for the clinical benefit of statins in combating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xian Song
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People’s Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100044, China
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Davidson MH, Ballantyne CM, Jacobson TA, Bittner VA, Braun LT, Brown AS, Brown WV, Cromwell WC, Goldberg RB, McKenney JM, Remaley AT, Sniderman AD, Toth PP, Tsimikas S, Ziajka PE, Maki KC, Dicklin MR. Clinical utility of inflammatory markers and advanced lipoprotein testing: advice from an expert panel of lipid specialists. J Clin Lipidol 2012; 5:338-67. [PMID: 21981835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel guidelines have established low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) treatment goals, and secondary non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C treatment goals for persons with hypertriglyceridemia. The use of lipid-lowering therapies, particularly statins, to achieve these goals has reduced cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality; however, significant residual risk for events remains. This, combined with the rising prevalence of obesity, which has shifted the risk profile of the population toward patients in whom LDL-C is less predictive of CVD events (metabolic syndrome, low HDL-C, elevated triglycerides), has increased interest in the clinical use of inflammatory and lipid biomarker assessments. Furthermore, the cost effectiveness of pharmacological intervention for both the initiation of therapy and the intensification of therapy has been enhanced by the availability of a variety of generic statins. This report describes the consensus view of an expert panel convened by the National Lipid Association to evaluate the use of selected biomarkers [C-reactive protein, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2), apolipoprotein B, LDL particle concentration, lipoprotein(a), and LDL and HDL subfractions] to improve risk assessment, or to adjust therapy. These panel recommendations are intended to provide practical advice to clinicians who wrestle with the challenges of identifying the patients who are most likely to benefit from therapy, or intensification of therapy, to provide the optimum protection from CV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Davidson
- University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60610, USA.
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Sander D, Poppert H, Sander K, Etgen T. The role of intima-media-thickness, ankle-brachial-index and inflammatory biochemical parameters for stroke risk prediction: a systematic review. Eur J Neurol 2011; 19:544-e36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Onat A, Hergenç G, Can G, Uğur M, Nartop F. Dual activity of serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) yielding positive and inverse associations with cardiometabolic risk. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1349-1357. [PMID: 21756164 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical relevance of serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) in populations prone to cardiometabolic risk needs exploration. We determined major covariates of Lp-PLA(2) mass, and its associations with cardiometabolic disorders. METHODS In 736 Turkish adults, serum total Lp-PLA(2) mass was determined by immunoassay. Its association with cardiometabolic risk was assessed in three categories. In a second sample of 98 subjects, enzyme protein in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was also assayed after precipitation. RESULTS Significant inverse correlation existed with high triglyceride/low HDL cholesterol dyslipidemia, waist girth, apolipoprotein C-III, homeostatic model assessment, and linear inverse associations in women with lipoprotein (a) and fibrinogen, suggesting that Lp-PLA(2) mass reflected insulin sensitivity and that HDL bound enzyme mass dominated the associations. Among men, positive linear association with total cholesterol suggested additional association with low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-bound enzyme. High (>450 ng/mL) opposed to low (<210 ng/mL) circulating Lp-PLA(2) mass was associated with prevalent and incident coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. One SD increment in Lp-PLA(2) was associated with a 1.64-fold (95% CI 1.00; 2.70) likelihood of CHD, after adjustment for potential confounders. Furthermore, Lp-PLA(2) categories were significantly, independently and inversely associated in men with diabetes only (OR 0.61) and in women with metabolic syndrome only (OR 0.68), for a 1-SD increment. CONCLUSIONS Serum total Lp-PLA(2) mass may indicate either elevated or diminished cardiometabolic risk, specific for gender, depending on its partitioning in lipoprotein groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altan Onat
- Turkish Society of Cardiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Brüske I, Hampel R, Baumgärtner Z, Rückerl R, Greven S, Koenig W, Peters A, Schneider A. Ambient air pollution and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ in survivors of myocardial infarction. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:921-6. [PMID: 21356620 PMCID: PMC3223011 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests a proatherogenic role for lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A₂ (Lp-PLA2). A meta-analysis of published cohorts has shown that Lp-PLA2 is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease events and stroke. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated whether the association between air pollution and cardiovascular disease might be partly explained by increased Lp-PLA2 mass in response to exposure. METHODS A prospective longitudinal study of 200 patients who had had a myocardial infarction was performed in Augsburg, Germany. Up to six repeated clinical examinations were scheduled every 4-6 weeks between May 2003 and March 2004. Supplementary to the multicenter AIRGENE protocol, we assessed repeated plasma Lp-PLA2 concentrations. Air pollution data from a fixed monitoring site representing urban background concentrations were collected. We measured hourly means of particle mass [particulate matter (PM) < 10 µm (PM₁₀) and PM < 2.5 µm (PM(2.5)) in aerodynamic diameter] and particle number concentrations (PNCs), as well as the gaseous air pollutants carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), ozone (O₃), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). Data were analyzed using mixed models with random patient effects. RESULTS Lp-PLA2 showed a positive association with PM₁₀, PM(2.5), and PNCs, as well as with CO, NO₂, NO, and SO₂ 4-5 days before blood withdrawal (lag 4-5). A positive association with O₃ was much more immediate (lag 0). However, inverse associations with some pollutants were evident at shorter time lags. CONCLUSION These preliminary findings should be replicated in other study populations because they suggest that the accumulation of acute and subacute effects or the chronic exposure to ambient particulate and gaseous air pollution may result in the promotion of atherosclerosis, mediated, at least in part, by increased levels of Lp-PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Brüske
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Janckila AJ, Lin HF, Wu YY, Ku CH, Yang SP, Lin WS, Lee SH, Yam LT, Chao TY. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5a (TRACP5a) as a potential risk marker in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:963-9. [PMID: 21300043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to determine the association between serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5a (TRACP5a) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. METHODS Four hundred patients were enrolled including, 291 asymptomatic subjects grouped by the number of traditional risk factors, 36 patients undergoing cardiac arteriography, 34 undergoing percutaneous cardiac intervention, and 39 with acute myocardial infarction. Serum was collected at baseline and, in arteriograpy and intervention groups, periodically for 1 week afterward. In addition to laboratory and clinical evaluation for risk assessment, serum TRACP5a, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined. RESULTS All biomarkers rose with increasing CVD risk. Only serum TRACP5a, logCRP and cholesterol were elevated in symptomatic patients. Serum TRACP5a was higher in men and correlated with age, logCRP, logIL-6 and log-triglycerides, and in symptomatic patients, with the number of diseased coronary arteries. IL-6 and CRP showed acute phase responses, whereas TRACP5a did not change over 1 week after arteriography or intervention. After adjustment for all other variables and risk factors, TRACP5a and logCRP were the only biomarkers to associate with symptomatic disease. TRACP5a was more specific than CRP to predict myocardial infarction among all subjects. CONCLUSIONS Serum TRACP5a is a macrophage-derived inflammation marker associated with CVD risk, and with coronary vessel disease and its severity and may be a useful marker for screening and assessment of CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Janckila
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40206, USA.
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Heffernan KS, Karas RH, Patvardhan EA, Jafri H, Kuvin JT. Peripheral arterial tonometry for risk stratification in men with coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 2010; 33:94-8. [PMID: 20186990 DOI: 10.1002/clc.20705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) risk is not fully revealed by traditional risk factors. Identification of a simple, noninvasive tool that allows for detection of high-risk CAD patients and can be applied in large populations and clinical settings would prove valuable. HYPOTHESIS We sought to test the hypothesis that peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT) would be associated with residual risk in men with CAD. METHODS In this study, finger PAT was used to measure pulse wave amplitude (PWA) during reactive hyperemia (RH) and taken as a measure of microvascular endothelial function in 42 men with stable CAD and well controlled low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Plasma levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA(2)) were measured and used to reclassify men into high-risk (elevated hs-CRP and Lp-PLA(2)), moderate-risk (either elevated hs-CRP or Lp-PLA(2)), or low-risk (low hs-CRP and Lp-PLA(2)) groups. RESULTS PWA-RH was significantly lower in the high-risk group (1.3 +/- 0.04) compared to the moderate-risk (1.6 +/- 0.07, P < 0.05) and low-risk (2.0 +/- 0.1, P < 0.05) groups. According to binary logistic regression, PWA-RH was a significant predictor of high-risk status among men with CAD (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Measurement of peripheral microvascular endothelial function with PAT may be able to distinguish high-risk men from moderate- and low-risk men with stable CAD and well-controlled LDL-C levels and thus aid in residual risk stratification in this at risk cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Heffernan
- The Vascular Function Study Group; Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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Extracellular phospholipases in atherosclerosis. Biochimie 2010; 92:594-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lp-PLA2 Inhibition-The Atherosclerosis Panacea? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1360-1373. [PMID: 27713307 PMCID: PMC4033986 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the complex pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, a large number of biomarkers that relate to lipids, inflammation, immunity, thrombosis and hemostasis, have been investigated experimentally, in epidemiologic studies and in clinical trials. Interest focuses on their potential role to aid in risk stratification, as possible surrogate markers of atherosclerosis, and potential targets for therapy. More recently, one lipid associated biomarker, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), has gained considerable interest. In addition to a plausible pathophysiological role by generating pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic compounds from oxidized LDL in the vessel wall, there is a large, fairly consistent epidemiological database indicating that increased levels of Lp-PLA2 mass or activity are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular outcomes; such data further suggest that it might improve risk stratification. In addition, clinical studies indicate that increased Lp-PLA2 levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, it may also serve as an interesting therapeutic target, since a specific inhibitor of the enzyme is available with promising animal data and initial positive data in humans. Recent experimental data from a hyperlipidemic diabetic pig model strongly suggest that increased Lp-PLA2 in the vessel wall is associated with a more vulnerable plaque phenotype which can be modulated by inhibiting Lp-PLA2 activity. A biomarker study in more than 1,000 patients with CHD over three months has demonstrated a positive effect on various inflammatory molecules. In addition, an imaging study using IVUS based modalities (greyscale, virtual histology, and palpography) together with a panel of biomarkers (IBIS-2) has been done in more than 300 patients with CHD treated over 12 months and results indicate that the progression of the necrotic core of the plaque can be retarded. Inhibition of the pro-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory effects of Lp-PLA2 may therefore contribute to decrease the residual risk in high risk patients already on polypharmacotherapy. This hypothesis is now being tested in two large phase 3 clinical trials. Thus, Lp-PLA2 indeed may represent a biomarker and a promising target for intervention.
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Markakis KP, Koropouli MK, Grammenou-Savvoglou S, van Winden EC, Dimitriou AA, Demopoulos CA, Tselepis AD, Kotsifaki EE. Implication of lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 activity in oxLDL uptake by macrophages. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2191-201. [PMID: 20332422 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m003558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition and uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) by scavenger receptors of macrophages and foam cell formation are mediated by the oxidatively modified apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and lipid moiety of oxLDL. A great amount of oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC) of oxLDL is hydrolyzed at the sn-2 position by lipoprotein associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) to lysophosphatidylcholine and small oxidation products. This study examines the involvement of Lp-PLA(2) in the uptake of oxLDL by mouse peritoneal macrophages. LDL with intact Lp-PLA(2) activity [LDL(+)] and LDL with completely inhibited Lp-PLA(2) activity [LDL(-)] were subjected to oxidation with 5 microM CuSO(4) for 6 h [moderately oxLDL (MoxLDL)], or 24 h [heavily oxLDL (HoxLDL)] and peritoneal macrophages were incubated with these preparations. The uptake of MoxLDL(-) was about 30% increased compared with that of MoxLDL(+), and HoxLDL(-) uptake was about 20% increased compared with that of HoxLDL(+). Inhibition of Lp-PLA(2) activity had no effect on the uptake of ApoB-liposomes conjugates with ApoB isolated from MoxLDL(-), MoxLDL(+), HoxLDL(-), and HoxLDL(+). Liposomes prepared from the lipid extract of MoxLDL(-), MoxLDL(+), HoxLDL(-), and HoxLDL(+) exhibited a similar pattern to that observed in the uptake of the corresponding intact lipoproteins. This study suggests that the progressive inactivation of Lp-PLA(2) during LDL oxidation leads to an increased uptake of oxLDL by macrophages, which could be primarily attributed to the increased uptake of the oxidized phospholipids enriched lipid moiety of oxLDL.
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Karakas M, Koenig W. Phospholipase A2 as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.09.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF. Lipid oxidation and peroxidation in CNS health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:125-69. [PMID: 19624272 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced at low levels in mammalian cells by various metabolic processes, such as oxidative phosphorylation by the mitochondrial respiratory chain, NAD(P)H oxidases, and arachidonic acid oxidative metabolism. To maintain physiological redox balance, cells have endogenous antioxidant defenses regulated at the transcriptional level by Nrf2/ARE. Oxidative stress results when ROS production exceeds the cell's ability to detoxify ROS. Overproduction of ROS damages cellular components, including lipids, leading to decline in physiological function and cell death. Reaction of ROS with lipids produces oxidized phospholipids, which give rise to 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-oxo-2-nonenal, and acrolein. The brain is susceptible to oxidative damage due to its high lipid content and oxygen consumption. Neurodegenerative diseases (AD, ALS, bipolar disorder, epilepsy, Friedreich's ataxia, HD, MS, NBIA, NPC, PD, peroxisomal disorders, schizophrenia, Wallerian degeneration, Zellweger syndrome) and CNS traumas (stroke, TBI, SCI) are problems of vast clinical importance. Free iron can react with H(2)O(2) via the Fenton reaction, a primary cause of lipid peroxidation, and may be of particular importance for these CNS injuries and disorders. Cholesterol is an important regulator of lipid organization and the precursor for neurosteroid biosynthesis. Atherosclerosis, the major risk factor for ischemic stroke, involves accumulation of oxidized LDL in the arteries, leading to foam cell formation and plaque development. This review will discuss the role of lipid oxidation/peroxidation in various CNS injuries/disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Muralikrishna Adibhatla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53792-3232, USA.
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Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 20:1-18. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770903463905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Martín-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM, Tuñón J, Muñoz-García B, Madrigal-Matute J, Moreno JA, Vega de Céniga M, Egido J. Biomarkers in cardiovascular medicine. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009; 62:677-88. [PMID: 19480764 DOI: 10.1016/s1885-5857(09)72232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the principal cause of death in developed countries. The underlying pathological process is arterial wall thickening due to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, which is frequently complicated by thrombus, thereby giving rise to the possibility of acute coronary syndrome or stroke. One of the major challenges in cardiovascular medicine is to find a way of predicting the risk that an individual will suffer an acute thrombotic event. During the last few decades, there has been considerable interest in finding diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that can be detected in blood. Of these, C-reactive protein is the best known. Others, such as the soluble CD40 ligand, can be used to predict cardiovascular events. However, to date, no biomarker has been generally accepted for use in clinical practice. At present, there are a number of high-performance techniques, such as proteomics, that have the ability to detect multiple potential biomarkers. In the near future, these approaches may lead to the discovery of new biomarkers that, when used with imaging techniques, could help improve our ability to predict the occurrence of acute vascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Martín-Ventura
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
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Kitsiouli E, Nakos G, Lekka ME. Phospholipase A2 subclasses in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:941-53. [PMID: 19577642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) catalyse the cleavage of fatty acids esterified at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. In acute lung injury-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI-ARDS) several distinct isoenzymes appear in lung cells and fluid. Some are capable to trigger molecular events leading to enhanced inflammation and lung damage and others have a role in lung surfactant recycling preserving lung function: Secreted forms (groups sPLA2-IIA, -V, -X) can directly hydrolyze surfactant phospholipids. Cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2-IVA) requiring Ca2+ has a preference for arachidonate, the precursor of eicosanoids which participate in the inflammatory response in the lung. Ca(2+)-independent intracellular PLA2s (iPLA2) take part in surfactant phospholipids turnover within alveolar cells. Acidic Ca(2+)-independent PLA2 (aiPLA2), of lysosomal origin, has additionally antioxidant properties, (peroxiredoxin VI activity), and participates in the formation of dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine in lung surfactant. PAF-AH degrades PAF, a potent mediator of inflammation, and oxidatively fragmented phospholipids but also leads to toxic metabolites. Therefore, the regulation of PLA2 isoforms could be a valuable approach for ARDS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kitsiouli
- Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, School of Sciences and Technologies, University of Ioannina, Greece
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Martín-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM, Tuñón J, Muñoz-García B, Madrigal-Matute J, Moreno JA, Vega de Céniga M, Egido J. Biomarcadores en la medicina cardiovascular. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(09)71335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Burke JE, Dennis EA. Phospholipase A2 structure/function, mechanism, and signaling. J Lipid Res 2008; 50 Suppl:S237-42. [PMID: 19011112 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800033-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 632] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tremendous advances in understanding the structure and function of the superfamily of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes has occurred in the twenty-first century. The superfamily includes 15 groups comprising four main types including the secreted sPLA2, cytosolic cPLA2, calcium-independent iPLA2, and platelet activating factor (PAF) acetyl hydrolase/oxidized lipid lipoprotein associated (Lp)PLA2. We review herein our current understanding of the structure and interaction with substrate phospholipids, which resides in membranes for a representative of each of these main types of PLA2. We will also briefly review the development of inhibitors of these enzymes and their roles in lipid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Burke
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
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Stafforini DM. Biology of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH, lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2008; 23:73-83. [PMID: 18949548 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-008-6133-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article is focused on platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a lipoprotein bound, calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) activity also referred to as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) or PLA(2)G7. PAF-AH catalyzes the removal of the acyl group at the sn-2 position of PAF and truncated phospholipids generated in settings of inflammation and oxidant stress. DISCUSSION Here, I discuss current knowledge related to the structural features of this enzyme, including the molecular basis for association with lipoproteins and susceptibility to oxidative inactivation. The circulating form of PAF-AH is constitutively active and its expression is upregulated by mediators of inflammation at the transcriptional level. This mechanism is likely responsible for the observed up-regulation of PAF-AH during atherosclerosis and suggests that increased expression of this enzyme is a physiological response to inflammatory stimuli. Administration of recombinant forms of PAF-AH attenuate inflammation in a variety of experimental models. Conversely, genetic deficiency of PAF-AH in defined human populations increases the severity of atherosclerosis and other syndromes. Recent advances pointing to an interplay among oxidized phospholipid substrates, Lp(a), and PAF-AH could hold the key to a number of unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Suite 3364, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.
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Moldoveanu E, Mut-Vitcu B, Tanaseanu GR, Marta DS, Manea G, Kosaka T, Vidulescu C, Tanaseanu C. Low basal levels of circulating adiponectin in patients undergoing coronary stenting predict in-stent restenosis, independently of basal levels of inflammatory markers: lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2, and myeloperoxidase. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:1429-33. [PMID: 18930040 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to find a pre-interventional marker with the capacity to predict in-stent restenosis (ISR). Considering the anti-atherosclerotic role of adiponectin (APO), an adipocytokine with anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-oxidative and anti-thrombotic properties, low plasma levels of APO might be correlated with the risk of ISR. We investigated the correlations between the plasma levels of APO and two markers of inflammation: lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). DESIGN AND METHODS 80 patients with angiographically significant stenosis underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with bare metal stent. Plasma APO concentration and plasma Lp-PLA2 and MPO activities were evaluated immediately before and after PCI, then followed-up at 24, 48, 72 h, and at 1, 3, 6 months, respectively. ISR was evaluated at 6 months after stenting by follow-up coronary angiograms, and it was defined as >50% stenosis of the target lesion. RESULTS ISR was present in 33.75% of patients. Baseline APO plasma concentration, measured before PCI, was lower in ISR patients than those without ISR [3.97 (+/-1.05) vs 6.65 (+/-2.95) microg/mL respectively, p<0.001]. The patients with APO values less than 4.9 microg/mL at discharge were more susceptible to develop ISR (odd ratio, 4.27; 95% CI, 1.56-11.72, p<0.001). ISR rate was independent of inflammation markers Lp-PLA2 and MPO baseline values, measured before PCI. CONCLUSIONS The persistence of a low APO plasma level at discharge and 6 months afterwards may be used as a clinically useful marker for ISR prediction in patients undergoing PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moldoveanu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology and Biomedical Research, Bucharest, Romania.
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