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Zhao H, Li Z, Liu Y, Zhang M, Li K. Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis in the Pathology and Therapeutic Application in Friedreich's Ataxia. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:695-698. [PMID: 36575352 PMCID: PMC10073379 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-01007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Kuanyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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2
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Bernardo-Seisdedos G, Schedlbauer A, Pereira-Ortuzar T, Mato JM, Millet O. Protoporphyrin IX Binds to Iron(II)-Loaded and to Zinc-Loaded Human Frataxin. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010222. [PMID: 36676171 PMCID: PMC9866752 DOI: 10.3390/life13010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Human frataxin is an iron binding protein that participates in the biogenesis of iron sulfur clusters and enhances ferrochelatase activity. While frataxin association to other proteins has been extensively characterized up to the structural level, much less is known about the putative capacity of frataxin to interact with functionally related metabolites. In turn, current knowledge about frataxin's capacity to coordinate metal ions is limited to iron (II and III); (2) Methods: here, we used NMR spectroscopy, Molecular Dynamics, and Docking approaches to demonstrate new roles of frataxin; (3) Results: We demonstrate that frataxin also binds Zn2+ in a structurally similar way to Fe2+, but with lower affinity. In turn, both Fe2+-loaded and Zn2+-loaded frataxins specifically associate to protoporphyrin IX with micromolar affinity, while apo-frataxin does not bind to the porphyrin. Protoporphyrin IX association to metal-loaded frataxin shares the binding epitope with ferrochelatase; and (4) Conclusions: these findings expand the plethora of relevant molecular targets for frataxin and may help to elucidate the yet unknown different roles that this protein exerts in iron regulation and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeko Bernardo-Seisdedos
- ATLAS Molecular Pharma, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Andreas Schedlbauer
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Tania Pereira-Ortuzar
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - José M. Mato
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Millet
- ATLAS Molecular Pharma, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Precision Medicine and Metabolism Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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3
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Takazaki KAG, Quinaglia T, Venancio TD, Martinez ARM, Shah RV, Neilan TG, Jerosch-Herold M, Coelho-Filho OR, França MC. Pre-clinical left ventricular myocardial remodeling in patients with Friedreich's ataxia: A cardiac MRI study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246633. [PMID: 33770103 PMCID: PMC7996973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart Failure (HF) is the most common cause of death in Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), an inherited mitochondrial disease. Myocardial fibrosis and myocardial hypertrophy are well-documented autopsy features among FRDA patients with HF. OBJECTIVES To leverage the unique tissue characterization features of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for characterizing myocardial remodeling in patients with genetically confirmed FRDA without HF and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF > 55%). METHODS Twenty-seven FRDA's patients (age 27.6 ± 9.7 years, 15 women) and 10 healthy controls (32.6±7.3 years, 5 women) underwent a CMR for assessment of LV function, myocardial T1, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), extracellular volume fraction (ECV), and intracellular water-lifetime (τic), a marker of cardiomyocyte size. RESULTS As compared to controls, FRDA patients had a preserved LVEF (LVEF: 70.5±7.4% vs. 63.9±9.0%, P<0.058), larger LV mass index (LVMASSi: 61±21.7 vs. 45±4.2g/m2, P<0.02), and decreased LV end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi 53.1±12.0 vs. 75.7±16.1ml/m2, P<0.001), compared with controls. Additionally, ECV and cardiomyocyte size (τic,) were larger in FRDA patients (ECV: 0.36 ±0.05 vs. 0.25±0.02, P<0.001; τic: 0.15±0.08 vs. 0.06±0.03 s, P = 0.02). ECV and τic were positively associated with LV mass-to-volume ratio (ECV: r = 0.57, P = 0.003; τic: r = 0.39; P = 0.05). LVMASSi and cardiomyocyte mass-index [(1-ECV)·LVMASSi] declined with age at the CMR exam, independent of the age at initial diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS LV hypertrophy and concentric LV remodeling in FRDA are associated at the tissue level with an expansion of the ECV and an increase in cardiomyocyte size. The adverse tissue remodeling assessed by ECV and τic is associated with more severe cardiomyopathy classification, suggesting a role for these markers in tracking disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. G. Takazaki
- Division of Medicine, Section of Neurology, Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Quinaglia
- Division of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medicine, Section of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago D. Venancio
- Division of Medicine, Section of Neurology, Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto R. M. Martinez
- Division of Medicine, Section of Neurology, Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ravi V. Shah
- Division of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Imaging Research Program and Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tomas G. Neilan
- Division of Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Imaging Research Program and Cardiac MR PET CT Program, Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Jerosch-Herold
- Division of Medicine, Section of MRI Physics, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Otávio R. Coelho-Filho
- Division of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medicine, Section of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcondes C. França
- Division of Medicine, Section of Neurology, Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas – UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Orisakwe OE. Crude oil and public health issues in Niger Delta, Nigeria: Much ado about the inevitable. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110725. [PMID: 33428909 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The importance of crude oil has come at a great cost. In many developing economies of the world, it can be described as the bitter-sweet crude for its double-edged impacts on the welfare, wellness and wellness of the people. Agitations and restiveness remain characteristic features of Niger Delta following claims of exploitation and neglect of the local population by the multinationals. Literature on the environmental and public health impacts of crude oil was searched from relevant databases such as google scholar, Science Direct, Scopus and PubMed. This paper is a translational scientific and toxicological insight on what should be done by the major players rather than casting unending aspersions. Since living near oil spills and crude oil production sites is an environmental stressor occasioned by exposure to both chemical pollutants and physical menace that are all detrimental to health, cumulative risk assessment CRA is proposed as a viable approach for a comprehensive understanding of the size of this problem. Multinational oil companies should support development of Environmental Medicine Research which will in turn generate data on both how to harness the natural resources to combat the public health issues associated with oil exploration and the mitigation and remediation of the environment. This endeavor will create a waste-to-wealth program that will pacify the restiveness in oil exploring communities. It will be interesting to know that in the same environment that breeds the elephant-in-the-parlor lies the natural antidotes to check-mate the public health malady.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB,5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
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5
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Tamarit J, Britti E, Delaspre F, Medina-Carbonero M, Sanz-Alcázar A, Cabiscol E, Ros J. Mitochondrial iron and calcium homeostasis in Friedreich ataxia. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:543-553. [PMID: 33675183 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Friedreich Ataxia is a neuro-cardiodegenerative disease caused by the deficiency of frataxin, a mitochondrial protein. Many evidences indicate that frataxin deficiency causes an unbalance of iron homeostasis. Nevertheless, in the last decade many results also highlighted the importance of calcium unbalance in the deleterious downstream effects caused by frataxin deficiency. In this review, the role of these two metals has been gathered to give a whole view of how iron and calcium dyshomeostasys impacts on cellular functions and, as a result, which strategies can be followed to find an effective therapy for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Tamarit
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elena Britti
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Fabien Delaspre
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Arabela Sanz-Alcázar
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Elisa Cabiscol
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joaquim Ros
- Dept. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
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6
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Kurzawa-Akanbi M, Keogh M, Tsefou E, Ramsay L, Johnson M, Keers S, Wsa Ochieng L, McNair A, Singh P, Khan A, Pyle A, Hudson G, Ince PG, Attems J, Burn J, Chinnery PF, Morris CM. Neuropathological and biochemical investigation of Hereditary Ferritinopathy cases with ferritin light chain mutation: Prominent protein aggregation in the absence of major mitochondrial or oxidative stress. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 47:26-42. [PMID: 32464705 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neuroferritinopathy (NF) or hereditary ferritinopathy (HF) is an autosomal dominant movement disorder due to mutation in the light chain of the iron storage protein ferritin (FTL). HF is the only late-onset neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation disorder and study of HF offers a unique opportunity to understand the role of iron in more common neurodegenerative syndromes. METHODS We carried out pathological and biochemical studies of six individuals with the same pathogenic FTL mutation. RESULTS CNS pathological changes were most prominent in the basal ganglia and cerebellar dentate, echoing the normal pattern of brain iron accumulation. Accumulation of ferritin and iron was conspicuous in cells with a phenotype suggesting oligodendrocytes, with accompanying neuronal pathology and neuronal loss. Neurons still survived, however, despite extensive adjacent glial iron deposition, suggesting neuronal loss is a downstream event. Typical age-related neurodegenerative pathology was not normally present. Uniquely, the extensive aggregates of ubiquitinated ferritin identified indicate that abnormal FTL can aggregate, reflecting the intrinsic ability of FTL to self-assemble. Ferritin aggregates were seen in neuronal and glial nuclei showing parallels with Huntington's disease. There was neither evidence of oxidative stress activation nor any significant mitochondrial pathology in the affected basal ganglia. CONCLUSIONS HF shows hallmarks of a protein aggregation disorder, in addition to iron accumulation. Degeneration in HF is not accompanied by age-related neurodegenerative pathology and the lack of evidence of oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage suggests that these are not key mediators of neurodegeneration in HF, casting light on other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by iron deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kurzawa-Akanbi
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M Keogh
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Tsefou
- Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L Ramsay
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Academic Unit of Pathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Johnson
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - S Keers
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - L Wsa Ochieng
- Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A McNair
- Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P Singh
- Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Khan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Pyle
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - G Hudson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P G Ince
- Academic Unit of Pathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Attems
- Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - J Burn
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P F Chinnery
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - C M Morris
- Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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7
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De Samber B, Vanden Berghe T, Meul E, Bauters S, Seyrich M, Smet J, De Paepe B, da Silva JC, Bohic S, Cloetens P, Van Coster R, Vandenabeele P, Vincze L. Nanoscopic X-ray imaging and quantification of the iron cellular architecture within single fibroblasts of Friedreich's ataxia patients. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:185-198. [PMID: 31868751 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519015510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by an increase in intracytoplasmic iron concentration. Here the nanoscale iron distribution within single fibroblasts from FRDA patients was investigated using synchrotron-radiation-based nanoscopic X-ray fluorescence and X-ray in-line holography at the ID16A nano-imaging beamline of the ESRF. This unique probe was deployed to uncover the iron cellular two-dimensional architecture of freeze-dried FRDA fibroblasts. An unsurpassed absolute detection capability of 180 iron atoms within a 30 nm × 50 nm nanoscopic X-ray beam footprint was obtained using state-of-the-art X-ray focusing optics and a large-solid-angle detection system. Various micrometre-sized iron-rich organelles could be revealed for the first time, tentatively identified as endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosomes. Also a multitude of nanoscopic iron hot-spots were observed in the cytosol, interpreted as chaperoned iron within the fibroblast's labile iron pool. These observations enable new hypotheses on the storage and trafficking of iron in the cell and ultimately to a better understanding of iron-storage diseases such as Friedreich's ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn De Samber
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Eline Meul
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Joél Smet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Boel De Paepe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Rudy Van Coster
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolism, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Laszlo Vincze
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Delatycki MB, Bidichandani SI. Friedreich ataxia- pathogenesis and implications for therapies. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104606. [PMID: 31494282 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia is the most common of the hereditary ataxias. It is due to homozygous/compound heterozygous mutations in FXN. This gene encodes frataxin, a protein largely localized to mitochondria. In about 96% of affected individuals there is homozygosity for a GAA repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene. Studies of people with Friedreich ataxia and of animal and cell models, have provided much insight into the pathogenesis of this disorder. The expanded GAA repeat leads to transcriptional deficiency of the FXN gene. The consequent deficiency of frataxin protein leads to reduced iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis and mitochondrial ATP production, elevated mitochondrial iron, and oxidative stress. More recently, a role for inflammation has emerged as being important in the pathogenesis of Friedreich ataxia. These findings have led to a number of potential therapies that have been subjected to clinical trials or are being developed toward human studies. Therapies that have been proposed include pharmaceuticals that increase frataxin levels, protein and gene replacement therapies, antioxidants, iron chelators and modulators of inflammation. Whilst no therapies have yet been approved for Friedreich ataxia, there is much optimism that the advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder since the discovery its genetic basis, will result in approved disease modifying therapies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sanjay I Bidichandani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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9
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Clay A, Hearle P, Schadt K, Lynch DR. New developments in pharmacotherapy for Friedreich ataxia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:1855-1867. [PMID: 31311349 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1639671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), a rare disease caused by the deficiency of the mitochondrial matrix protein frataxin, affects roughly 1 in 50,000 individuals worldwide. Current and emerging therapies focus on reversing the deleterious effects of such deficiency including mitochondrial augmentation and increasing frataxin levels, providing the possibility of treatment options for this physiologically complex, multisystem disorder. Areas covered: In this review article, the authors discuss the current and prior in vivo and in vitro research studies related to the treatment of FRDA, with a particular interest in future implications of each therapy. Expert opinion: Since the discovery of FXN in 1996, multiple clinical trials have occurred or are currently occurring; at a rapid pace for a rare disease. These trials have been directed at the augmentation of mitochondrial function and/or alleviation of symptoms and are not regarded as potential cures in FRDA. Either a combination of therapies or a drug that replaces or increases the pathologically low levels of frataxin better represent potential cures in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Clay
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Patrick Hearle
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Kim Schadt
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - David R Lynch
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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10
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Pathak D, Srivastava AK, Gulati S, Rajeswari MR. Assessment of cell-free levels of iron and copper in patients with Friedreich's ataxia. Biometals 2019; 32:307-315. [PMID: 30874991 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by trinucleotide (GAA) repeat expansion in frataxin (fxn) gene which results in decreased levels of frataxin protein. Insufficient frataxin levels leads to iron and copper deposits in the brain and cardiac cells. A total of hundred and twenty patients, suspected of FRDA were screened for the (GAA) repeats in the fxn gene and only confirmed patients (n = 25) were recruited in the study. The total Iron and total copper concentrations were measured in blood plasma using Nitro PAPS and Dibrom PAESA method, respectively both in patients and age, sex matched healthy controls. The iron levels mean ± SD (6.2 ± 3.8) in plasma of FRDA patients were found to be significantly decreased as compared to healthy controls mean ± SD (15.2 ± 4.2). A similar trend was observed in case of plasma copper levels in FRDA patient (8.15 ± 4.6) as compared to controls (17.5 ± 3.40). Present results clearly prove abnormal distribution of extra-cellular iron in FRDA patients, which is in accordance with the well established fact of intracellular iron overload, which is the key feature of the pathogenesis of this disease. This can be of importance in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease in association with frataxin/iron. It appears that intracellular sequestration of trace metals in FRDA patients (due to low frataxin) results in their sub-optimal levels in blood plasma (extra-cellular) an observation that can find prognostic application in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | | | - Sheffali Gulati
- Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Moganty R Rajeswari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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11
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Llorens JV, Soriano S, Calap-Quintana P, Gonzalez-Cabo P, Moltó MD. The Role of Iron in Friedreich's Ataxia: Insights From Studies in Human Tissues and Cellular and Animal Models. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:75. [PMID: 30833885 PMCID: PMC6387962 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a rare early-onset degenerative disease that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems, and other extraneural tissues, mainly the heart and endocrine pancreas. This disorder progresses as a mixed sensory and cerebellar ataxia, primarily disturbing the proprioceptive pathways in the spinal cord, peripheral nerves and nuclei of the cerebellum. FRDA is an inherited disease with an autosomal recessive pattern caused by an insufficient amount of the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein frataxin, which is an essential and highly evolutionary conserved protein whose deficit results in iron metabolism dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The first experimental evidence connecting frataxin with iron homeostasis came from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; iron accumulates in the mitochondria of yeast with deletion of the frataxin ortholog gene. This finding was soon linked to previous observations of iron deposits in the hearts of FRDA patients and was later reported in animal models of the disease. Despite advances made in the understanding of FRDA pathophysiology, the role of iron in this disease has not yet been completely clarified. Some of the questions still unresolved include the molecular mechanisms responsible for the iron accumulation and iron-mediated toxicity. Here, we review the contribution of the cellular and animal models of FRDA and relevance of the studies using FRDA patient samples to gain knowledge about these issues. Mechanisms of mitochondrial iron overload are discussed considering the potential roles of frataxin in the major mitochondrial metabolic pathways that use iron. We also analyzed the effect of iron toxicity on neuronal degeneration in FRDA by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent and ROS-independent mechanisms. Finally, therapeutic strategies based on the control of iron toxicity are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Vicente Llorens
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unit for Psychiatry and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sirena Soriano
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Pablo Calap-Quintana
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unit for Psychiatry and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases CIBERER, Valencia, Spain
- Associated Unit for Rare Diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Moltó
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unit for Psychiatry and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Network Research on Mental Health CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a degenerative disease that affects both the central and the peripheral nervous systems and non-neural tissues including, mainly, heart, and endocrine pancreas. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a GAA triplet-repeat localized within an Alu sequence element in intron 1 of frataxin (FXN) gene, which encodes a mitochondrial protein FXN. This protein is essential for mitochondrial function by the involvement of iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis. The effects of its deficiency also include disruption of cellular, particularly mitochondrial, iron homeostasis, i.e., relatively more iron accumulated in mitochondria and less iron presented in cytosol. Though iron toxicity is commonly thought to be mediated via Fenton reaction, oxidative stress seems not to be the main problem to result in detrimental effects on cell survival, particularly neuron survival. Therefore, the basic research on FXN function is urgently demanded to understand the disease. This chapter focuses on the outcome of FXN expression, regulation, and function in cellular or animal models of FRDA and on iron pathophysiology in the affected tissues. Finally, therapeutic strategies based on the control of iron toxicity and iron cellular redistribution are considered. The combination of multiple therapeutic targets including iron, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and FXN regulation is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuanyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Mitochondrial calcium signalling and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuronal Signal 2018; 2:NS20180061. [PMID: 32714593 PMCID: PMC7373239 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is utilised by cells in signalling and in regulating ATP production; it also contributes to cell survival and, when concentrations are unbalanced, triggers pathways for cell death. Mitochondria contribute to calcium buffering, meaning that mitochondrial calcium uptake and release is intimately related to cytosolic calcium concentrations. This review focuses on the proteins contributing to mitochondrial calcium homoeostasis, the roles of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and mitochondrial calcium-activated proteins, and their relevance in neurodegenerative pathologies. It also covers alterations to calcium homoeostasis in Friedreich ataxia (FA).
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14
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Monnier V, Llorens JV, Navarro JA. Impact of Drosophila Models in the Study and Treatment of Friedreich's Ataxia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1989. [PMID: 29986523 PMCID: PMC6073496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been for over a century the model of choice of several neurobiologists to decipher the formation and development of the nervous system as well as to mirror the pathophysiological conditions of many human neurodegenerative diseases. The rare disease Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA) is not an exception. Since the isolation of the responsible gene more than two decades ago, the analysis of the fly orthologue has proven to be an excellent avenue to understand the development and progression of the disease, to unravel pivotal mechanisms underpinning the pathology and to identify genes and molecules that might well be either disease biomarkers or promising targets for therapeutic interventions. In this review, we aim to summarize the collection of findings provided by the Drosophila models but also to go one step beyond and propose the implications of these discoveries for the study and cure of this disorder. We will present the physiological, cellular and molecular phenotypes described in the fly, highlighting those that have given insight into the pathology and we will show how the ability of Drosophila to perform genetic and pharmacological screens has provided valuable information that is not easily within reach of other cellular or mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Monnier
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, UMR8251 CNRS, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Jose Vicente Llorens
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Campus of Burjassot, 96100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Navarro
- Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsbiologie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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15
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Nanoscopic X-ray fluorescence imaging and quantification of intracellular key-elements in cryofrozen Friedreich's ataxia fibroblasts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190495. [PMID: 29342155 PMCID: PMC5771581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation based nanoscopic X-ray fluorescence (SR nano-XRF) analysis can visualize trace level elemental distribution in a fully quantitative manner within single cells. However, in-air XRF analysis requires chemical fixation modifying the cell's chemical composition. Here, we describe first nanoscopic XRF analysis upon cryogenically frozen (-150°C) fibroblasts at the ID16A-NI 'Nano-imaging' end-station located at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble (France). Fibroblast cells were obtained from skin biopsies from control and Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) patients. FRDA is an autosomal recessive disorder with dysregulation of iron metabolism as a key feature. By means of the X-ray Fundamental Parameter (FP) method, including absorption correction of the ice layer deposited onto the fibroblasts, background-corrected mass fraction elemental maps of P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe and Zn of entire cryofrozen human fibroblasts were obtained. Despite the presence of diffracting microcrystals in the vitreous ice matrix and minor sample radiation damage effects, clusters of iron-rich hot-spots with similar mass fractions were found in the cytoplasm of both control and FRDA fibroblasts. Interestingly, no significant difference in the mean iron concentration was found in the cytoplasm of FRDA fibroblasts, but a significant decrease in zinc concentration. This finding might underscore metal dysregulation, beyond iron, in cells derived from FRDA patients. In conclusion, although currently having slightly increased limits of detection (LODs) compared to non-cryogenic mode, SR based nanoscopic XRF under cryogenic sample conditions largely obliterates the debate on chemical sample preservation and provides a unique tool for trace level elemental imaging in single cells close to their native state with a superior spatial resolution of 20 nm.
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16
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Lin H, Magrane J, Rattelle A, Stepanova A, Galkin A, Clark EM, Dong YN, Halawani SM, Lynch DR. Early cerebellar deficits in mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory chain complexes in the KIKO mouse model of Friedreich ataxia. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1343-1352. [PMID: 29125827 PMCID: PMC5719255 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), the most common recessive inherited ataxia, results from deficiency of frataxin, a small mitochondrial protein crucial for iron-sulphur cluster formation and ATP production. Frataxin deficiency is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in FRDA patients and animal models; however, early mitochondrial pathology in FRDA cerebellum remains elusive. Using frataxin knock-in/knockout (KIKO) mice and KIKO mice carrying the mitoDendra transgene, we show early cerebellar deficits in mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory chain complexes in this FRDA model. At asymptomatic stages, the levels of PGC-1α (PPARGC1A), the mitochondrial biogenesis master regulator, are significantly decreased in cerebellar homogenates of KIKO mice compared with age-matched controls. Similarly, the levels of the PGC-1α downstream effectors, NRF1 and Tfam, are significantly decreased, suggesting early impaired cerebellar mitochondrial biogenesis pathways. Early mitochondrial deficiency is further supported by significant reduction of the mitochondrial markers GRP75 (HSPA9) and mitofusin-1 in the cerebellar cortex. Moreover, the numbers of Dendra-labeled mitochondria are significantly decreased in cerebellar cortex, confirming asymptomatic cerebellar mitochondrial biogenesis deficits. Functionally, complex I and II enzyme activities are significantly reduced in isolated mitochondria and tissue homogenates from asymptomatic KIKO cerebella. Structurally, levels of the complex I core subunit NUDFB8 and complex II subunits SDHA and SDHB are significantly lower than those in age-matched controls. These results demonstrate complex I and II deficiency in KIKO cerebellum, consistent with defects identified in FRDA patient tissues. Thus, our findings identify early cerebellar mitochondrial biogenesis deficits as a potential mediator of cerebellar dysfunction and ataxia, thereby providing a potential therapeutic target for early intervention of FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jordi Magrane
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amy Rattelle
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna Stepanova
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Alexander Galkin
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Elisia M Clark
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yi Na Dong
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah M Halawani
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David R Lynch
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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17
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Singh J, Parkash J, Kaur V, Singh R. New approach for the quantification of metallic species in healthcare products based on optical switching of a Schiff base possessing ONO donor set. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 185:263-270. [PMID: 28587946 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new method is reported for the quantification of some metallic components of healthcare products utilizing a Schiff base chelator derived from 2-hydroxyacetophenone and ethanolamine. The Schiff base chelator recognizes some metallic species such as iron, copper and zinc (important components of some healthcare products), and cadmium (common contaminant in healthcare products) giving colorimetric/fluorimetric response. It coordinates with Fe2+/Fe3+ and Cu2+ ions via ONO donor set and switches the colour to bright red, green and orange, respectively. Similarly, it switches 'ON' a fluorometric response when coordinates with Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions. In the present approach, detailed studies on the colorimetric and fluorimetric response of ONO Schiff base is investigated in detail. The Job plot for the complexation of ONO switch with various metal ions suggested formation of 1:1 (metal-chelator) complex with Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ while 1:2 (metal-chelator) for Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions. The limit of detection, limit of quantification are 6.73, 18.0, 25.0, 0.65, 1.10μM and 27.0, 72.0, 100.0, 2.60 and 4.40μM for Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, chelator was used for the quantification of important metals present in healthcare products via direct dissolution and furnace treatment during sample preparation. The results were found precise and accurate for both sample preparation techniques using the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaswant Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Department of Chemistry, Sikh National College, Banga 144505, India
| | - Varinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Raghubir Singh
- Department of Chemistry, DAV College, Sec-10, Chandigarh 160011, India.
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18
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Crombie DE, Curl CL, Raaijmakers AJA, Sivakumaran P, Kulkarni T, Wong RCB, Minami I, Evans-Galea MV, Lim SY, Delbridge L, Corben LA, Dottori M, Nakatsuji N, Trounce IA, Hewitt AW, Delatycki MB, Pera MF, Pébay A. Friedreich's ataxia induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes display electrophysiological abnormalities and calcium handling deficiency. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:1440-1452. [PMID: 28562313 PMCID: PMC5472743 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We sought to identify the impacts of Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) on cardiomyocytes. FRDA is an autosomal recessive degenerative condition with neuronal and non-neuronal manifestations, the latter including progressive cardiomyopathy of the left ventricle, the leading cause of death in FRDA. Little is known about the cellular pathogenesis of FRDA in cardiomyocytes. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were derived from three FRDA individuals with characterized GAA repeats. The cells were differentiated into cardiomyocytes to assess phenotypes. FRDA iPSC- cardiomyocytes retained low levels of FRATAXIN (FXN) mRNA and protein. Electrophysiology revealed an increased variation of FRDA- cardiomyocyte beating rates which was prevented by addition of nifedipine, suggestive of a calcium handling deficiency. Finally, calcium imaging was performed and we identified small amplitude, diastolic and systolic calcium transients confirming a deficiency in calcium handling. We defined a robust FRDA cardiac-specific electrophysiological profile in patient-derived iPSCs which could be used for high throughput compound screening. This cell-specific signature will contribute to the identification and screening of novel treatments for this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan E. Crombie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire L. Curl
- Department of Physiology, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Tejal Kulkarni
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Neural Engineering & Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raymond CB Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Itsunari Minami
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Marguerite V. Evans-Galea
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shiang Y. Lim
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Lea Delbridge
- O'Brien Institute Department, St Vincent Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Louise A. Corben
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Centre for Neural Engineering & Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ian A. Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Martin B. Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Australia
| | - Martin F. Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, the University of Melbourne, Florey Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Australia
| | - Alice Pébay
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Pleasure D. New hearts for Friedreich patients. J Neurol Sci 2017; 375:474-475. [PMID: 28131391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pleasure
- Neurology, UC Davis, c/o Shriners Hospital, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States.
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