In-Hospital Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Coronary Syndrome With Cardiogenic Shock (from a Japanese Nationwide Registry [J-PCI Registry])

Fondaparinux Sodium for Anticoagulant Therapy After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Single-Center Randomized Trial in China

ABSTRACT

In this study, we investigated the safety and efficacy of fondaparinux sodium in postpercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) anticoagulation therapy for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. There are a total of 200 patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction underwent PCI and anticoagulation therapy. They were randomly split into experimental (n = 108) and control groups (n = 92). The experimental group received postoperative fondaparinux sodium (2.5 mg q.d), while the control group received enoxaparin (4000 IU q12 h). We did not use a loading dose for enoxaparin. Bleeding incidence and major adverse cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events were monitored during hospitalization, and at 1, 3, and 6 months postsurgery. The primary end points, including bleeding, mortality, and myocardial infarction during hospitalization, were not significantly different between the 2 groups. For secondary end points, the incidence of combined end point events at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery in the experimental group was lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). According to Cox regression analysis, the risk of bleeding in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group [hazard ratios: 0.506, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.284-0.900] (P = 0.020). The risk of mortality in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control group (hazard ratio: 0.188, 95% CI: 0.040-0.889) (P = 0.035). In summary, perioperative use of fondaparinux sodium during PCI in patients with STEMI in this study was associated with a lower risk of bleeding and death compared with enoxaparin use in the absence of loading dose.

Sex differences in treatments and outcomes of patients with cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and epidemiological meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Women are at higher risk of mortality from many acute cardiovascular conditions, but studies have demonstrated differing findings regarding the mortality of cardiogenic shock in women and men. To examine differences in 30-day mortality and mechanical circulatory support use by sex in patients with cardiogenic shock.

MAIN BODY

Cochrane Central, PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched in April 2024. Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials or observational studies, included adult patients with cardiogenic shock, and reported at least one of the following outcomes by sex: raw mortality, adjusted mortality (odds ratio) or use of mechanical circulatory support. Out of 4448 studies identified, 81 met inclusion criteria, pooling a total of 656,754 women and 1,018,036 men. In the unadjusted analysis for female sex and combined in-hospital and 30-day mortality, women had higher odds of mortality (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26-1.44, p < 0.001). Pooled unadjusted mortality was 35.9% in men and 40.8% in women (p < 0.001). When only studies reporting adjusted ORs were included, combined in-hospital/30-day mortality remained higher in women (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.06-1.15, p < 0.001). These effects remained consistent across subgroups of acute myocardial infarction- and heart failure- related cardiogenic shock. Overall, women were less likely to receive mechanical support than men (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.57-0.79, p < 0.001); specifically, they were less likely to be treated with intra-aortic balloon pump (OR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.71-0.89, p < 0.001) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (OR = 0.84, 95% 0.71-0.99, p = 0.045). No significant difference was seen with use of percutaneous ventricular assist devices (OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.51-1.33, p = 0.42).

CONCLUSION

Even when adjusted for confounders, mortality for cardiogenic shock in women is approximately 10% higher than men. This effect is seen in both acute myocardial infarction and heart failure cardiogenic shock. Women with cardiogenic shock are less likely to be treated with mechanical circulatory support than men. Clinicians should make immediate efforts to ensure the prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment of cardiogenic shock in women.

Transradial versus transfemoral approach for percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

In ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), transradial access (TRA) for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with less bleeding and mortality than transfemoral access (TFA). However, patients in cardiogenic shock (CS) are more often treated via TFA. The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the safety and efficacy of TRA vs. TFA in CS.

METHODS

Systematic review was performed querying PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and clinicaltrials.gov for studies comparing TRA to TFA in PCI for CS. Outcomes included in-hospital, 30-day and ≥1-year mortality, major and access site bleeding, TIMI3 (thrombolytics in myocardial infarction) flow, procedural success, fluoroscopy time, and contrast volume. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models.

RESULTS

Six prospective and eight retrospective studies (TRA, n = 8032; TFA, n = 23 031) were identified. TRA was associated with lower in-hospital (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.52-0.66, P < 0.0001), 30-day and ≥1-year mortality, as well as less in-hospital major (RR 0.41, 0.31-0.56, P < 0.001) and access site bleeding (RR 0.42, 0.23-0.77, P = 0.005). There were no statistically significant differences in post-PCI coronary flow grade, procedural success, fluoroscopy time, and contrast volume between TRA vs. TFA.

CONCLUSIONS

In PCI for STEMI with CS, TRA is associated with significantly lower mortality and bleeding complications than TFA while achieving similar TIMI3 flow and procedural success rates.

Comparative Analysis of Patient Characteristics in Cardiogenic Shock Studies: Differences Between Trials and Registries

OBJECTIVES

This study sought to evaluate the differences in cardiogenic shock patient characteristics in trial patients and real-life patients.

BACKGROUND

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a leading cause of mortality in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the enrollment of patients into clinical trials is challenging and may not be representative of real-world patients.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review of studies in patients presenting with AMI-related CS and compared patient characteristics of those enrolled into randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with those in registries.

RESULTS

We included 14 RCTs (n = 2,154) and 12 registries (n = 133,617). RCTs included more men (73% vs 67.7%, P < 0.001) compared with registries. Patients enrolled in RCTs had fewer comorbidities, including less hypertension (61.6% vs 65.9%, P < 0.001), dyslipidemia (36.4% vs 53.6%, P < 0.001), a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack (7.1% vs 10.7%, P < 0.001), and prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (5.4% vs 7.5%, P < 0.001). Patients enrolled in RCTs also had lower lactate levels (4.7 ± 2.3 mmol/L vs 5.9 ± 1.9 mmol/L, P < 0.001) and higher mean arterial pressure (73.0 ± 8.8 mm Hg vs 62.5 ± 12.2 mm Hg, P < 0.001). Percutaneous coronary intervention (97.5% vs 58.4%, P < 0.001) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (11.6% vs 3.4%, P < 0.001) were used more often in RCTs. The in-hospital mortality (23.9% vs 38.4%, P < 0.001) and 30-day mortality (39.9% vs 45.9%, P < 0.001) were lower in RCT patients.

CONCLUSIONS

RCTs in AMI-related CS tend to enroll fewer women and lower-risk patients compared with registries. Patients enrolled in RCTs are more likely to receive aggressive treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and have lower in-hospital and 30-day mortality.

Resources for cardiovascular healthcare associated with 30-day mortality in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock

Aims

Although primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and mechanical circulatory support (MCS), such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP), have been widely used for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with cardiogenic shock (AMICS), their in-hospital mortality remains high. This study aimed to investigate the association of cardiovascular healthcare resources with 30-day mortality in AMICS.

Methods and results

This was an observational study using a Japanese nationwide administrative data (JROAD-DPC) of 260 543 AMI patients between April 2012 and March 2018. Of these, 45 836 AMICS patients were divided into three categories based on MCS use: with MCS (ECMO with/without IABP), IABP only, or without MCS. Certified hospital density and number of board-certified cardiologists were used as a metric of cardiovascular healthcare resources. We estimated the association of MCS use, cardiovascular healthcare resources, and 30-day mortality. The 30-day mortality was 71.2% for the MCS, 23.9% for IABP only, and 37.8% for the group without MCS. The propensity score-matched and inverse probability-weighted Cox frailty models showed that primary PCI was associated with a low risk for mortality. Higher hospital density and larger number of cardiologists in the responsible hospitals were associated with a lower risk for mortality.

Conclusion

Although the 30-day mortality remained extremely high in AMICS, indication of primary PCI and improvement in providing cardiovascular healthcare resources associated with the short-term prognosis of AMICS.

Impact of Center Volume on Outcomes in Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: A CULPRIT-SHOCK Substudy

Background

Little is known about the impact of center volume on outcomes in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between center volume, treatment strategies, and subsequent outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock.

Methods and Results

In this subanalysis of the randomized CULPRIT‐SHOCK (Culprit Lesion Only PCI Versus Multivessel PCI in Cardiogenic Shock) trial, study sites were categorized based on the annual volume of acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock into low‐/intermediate‐/high‐volume centers (<50; 50–100; and >100 cases/y). Subjects from the study/compulsory registry with available volume data were included. Baseline/procedural characteristics, overall treatment, and 1‐year all‐cause mortality were compared across categories. n=1032 patients were included in this study (537 treated at low‐volume, 240 at intermediate‐volume, and 255 at high‐volume centers). Baseline risk profile of patients across the volume categories was similar, although high‐volume centers included a larger number of older patients. Low‐/intermediate‐volume centers had more resuscitated patients (57.5%/58.8% versus 42.2%; P<0.01), and more patients on mechanical ventilation in comparison to high‐volume centers. There were no differences in reperfusion success despite considerable differences in adjunctive pharmacological/device therapies. There was no difference in 1‐year all‐cause mortality across volume categories (51.1% versus 56.5% versus 54.4%; P=0.34).

Conclusions

In this study of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock, considerable differences in adjunctive medical and mechanical support therapies were observed. However, we could not detect an impact of center volume on reperfusion success or mortality.

Institutional Characteristics and Prognosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction With Cardiogenic Shock in Japan - Analysis From the JROAD/JROAD-DPC Database

BACKGROUND

The high mortality of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with cardiogenic shock (i.e., Killip class IV AMI) remains a challenge in emergency cardiovascular care. This study aimed to examine institutional factors, including the number of JCS board-certified members, that are independently associated with the prognosis of Killip class IV AMI patients.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In the Japanese registry of all cardiac and vascular diseases-diagnosis procedure combination (JROAD-DPC) database (years 2012-2016), the 30-day mortality of Killip class IV AMI patients (n=21,823) was 42.3%. Multivariate analysis identified age, female sex, admission by ambulance, deep coma, and cardiac arrest as patient factors that were independently associated with higher 30-day mortality, and the numbers of JCS board-certified members and of intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) cases per year as institutional factors that were independently associated with lower mortality in Killip class IV patients, although IABP was associated with higher mortality in Killip classes I-III patients. Among hospitals with the highest quartile (≥9 JCS board-certified members), the 30-day mortality of Killip class IV patients was 37.4%.

CONCLUSIONS

A higher numbers of JCS board-certified members was associated with better survival of Killip class IV AMI patients. This finding may provide a clue to optimizing local emergency medical services for better management of AMI patients in Japan.

Invasive Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Cardiogenic shock (CS) remains the most common cause of mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The SHOCK trial (Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock) demonstrated a survival benefit with early revascularization in patients with CS complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMICS) 20 years ago. After an initial improvement in mortality related to revascularization, mortality rates have plateaued. A recent Society of Coronary Angiography and Interventions classification scheme was developed to address the wide range of CS presentations. In addition, a recent scientific statement from the American Heart Association recommended the development of CS centers using standardized protocols for diagnosis and management of CS, including mechanical circulatory support devices (MCS). A number of CS programs have implemented various protocols for treating patients with AMICS, including the use of MCS, and have published promising results using such protocols. Despite this, practice patterns in the cardiac catheterization laboratory vary across health systems, and there are inconsistencies in the use or timing of MCS for AMICS. Furthermore, mortality benefit from MCS devices in AMICS has yet to be established in randomized clinical trials. In this article, we outline the best practices for the contemporary interventional management of AMICS, including coronary revascularization, the use of MCS, and special considerations such as the treatment of patients with AMICS with cardiac arrest.

The relationship between procedural volume and patient outcomes for percutaneous coronary interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The relationship between procedural volume and outcomes for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) is contentious, with previous reviews suggesting an inverse volume-outcome relationship. The aim of this study was to systematically review contemporary evidence to re-examine this relationship.

METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to examine the relationship between PCI procedural volume (both at hospital- and operator-levels) and outcomes in adults. The primary outcome was mortality. The secondary outcomes were complications, healthcare utilisation and process outcomes. Searches were conducted from 1 January 2008 to 28 May 2019. Certainty of the evidence was assessed using 'Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations' (GRADE). Screening, data extraction, quality appraisal and GRADE assessments were conducted independently by two reviewers.

RESULTS

Of 1,154 unique records retrieved, 22 observational studies with 6,432,265 patients were included. No significant association was found between total PCI hospital volume and mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-1.03, I 2 = 86%). A temporal trend from significant to non-significant pooled effect estimates was observed. The pooled effect estimate for mortality was found to be significantly in favour of high-volume operators for total PCI procedures (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.63-0.94, I 2 = 93%), and for high-volume hospitals for primary PCI procedures (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.94, I 2 = 78%). Overall, GRADE certainty of evidence was 'very low'. There were mixed findings for secondary outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

A volume-outcome relationship may exist in certain situations, although this relationship appears to be attenuating with time, and there is 'very low' certainty of evidence. While volume might be important, it should not be the only standard used to define an acceptable PCI service and a broader evaluation of quality metrics should be considered that encompass patient experience and clinical outcomes. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO, CRD42019125288.

Impact of peripheral artery disease on short-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: A report from Japanese nationwide registry

Atherosclerosis is a systemic process. As the population ages, increasingly more patients who undergo coronary revascularization are complicated with peripheral artery disease (PAD). However, the large body of evidence in this area has not been limited to analysis from trial-based data from younger and relatively uncomplicated patients in Western countries. The impact of PAD on the outcomes can differ by patient characteristics, and integrated analysis of large-scale data is necessary. J-PCI is a universal (all-comer) nationwide registration system in Japan, regulated and audited by professional society that controls national board-certification system. For the present study, we extracted data of 894,014 percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) cases performed between 2014 and 2017 (mean age 70.2 years [standard deviation 11.0]). In-hospital outcomes of PAD and Non-PAD patients were compared. PAD was defined as a previous history of stenosis of peripheral arteries or abdominal aortic aneurysm. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and multivariable modeling was performed. A total of 66,891 patients (8.1%) had PAD. Crude in-hospital mortality rate was higher in this group (0.99% vs. 0.67% in Non-PAD group). PAD was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.383 [95% confidence interval 1.251-1.528]). However, the impact of PAD differed by kidney condition (OR 1.578 [1.370-1.821] for patients with chronic kidney disease [CKD] and OR 1.234 [1.076-1.416] without CKD: P for interaction 0.005), and by clinical presentation: PAD was not associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing PCI for silent ischemia (OR 1.211 [0.8701-1.685]: P for interaction 0.002). Presence of PAD was independently associated with in-hospital mortality in patients receiving PCI. However, its impact varied substantially by the patient background or indication of the procedure.

Improved Renal Function After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Non-Dialysis Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Advanced Renal Dysfunction

BACKGROUND

The deterioration of renal function is a strong prognostic predictor in patients with coronary artery disease. Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has sometimes resulted in improved renal function (IRF) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, its clinical implications have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of IRF after PCI and its relationship with long-term renal outcomes.

METHODS

In this retrospective observational cohort study, we examined data from 177 ACS patients with non-dialysis advanced renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²) who underwent PCI. Patients with and without IRF were compared in terms of baseline demographic, clinical, and procedural characteristics and renal outcomes. IRF was defined as a 20% increase in eGFR from baseline at 7 or 30 days after the index PCI.

RESULTS

IRF was observed in 66 (37.3%) patients. ST-elevation myocardial infarction and shock during PCI were independent predictors of IRF. Patients were followed up for a median of 695 days. Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated that patients with IRF had the lower incidence of initiation of permanent dialysis than those without IRF (Log-rank P = 0.015).

CONCLUSIONS

IRF was relatively common in non-dialysis patients with ACS and advanced renal dysfunction who underwent PCI. ST-elevation myocardial infarction and shock, which may be indicative of hemodynamic instability during PCI, were independent predictors of IRF. Further, IRF was associated with favorable renal outcomes. Hemodynamic stabilization may be important for improving the short-term and long-term renal outcomes of high-risk patients.

Contemporary use and trends in percutaneous coronary intervention in Japan: an outline of the J-PCI registry

Cardiovascular interventions have achieved a level of excellence, with many outstanding advanced techniques and results. The mission of the Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics (CVIT) is to further our understanding of cardiovascular intervention and establish its procedural safety. [1] The Japanese Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (J-PCI) registry was established and sponsored by CVIT, and aims to provide basic statistics on the performance of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in Japan. Today, the database has grown to become one of the largest healthcare procedural database with more than 200,000 cases registered annually from approximately 900 institutions in Japan representing over 90% of all PCI hospitals in the nation. Importantly, case registrations in the J-PCI registry are essential for coronary interventionalist and educating hospital certification. The present manuscript aimed to summarize the history of the J-PCI registry and outline the definitions of various items.