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Schoffelen T, Papan C, Carrara E, Eljaaly K, Paul M, Keuleyan E, Martin Quirós A, Peiffer-Smadja N, Palos C, May L, Pulia M, Beovic B, Batard E, Resman F, Hulscher M, Schouten J. European society of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases guidelines for antimicrobial stewardship in emergency departments (endorsed by European association of hospital pharmacists). Clin Microbiol Infect 2024; 30:1384-1407. [PMID: 39029872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE This European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases guideline provides evidence-based recommendations to support a selection of appropriate antibiotic use practices for patients seen in the emergency department (ED) and guidance for their implementation. The topics addressed in this guideline are (a) Do biomarkers or rapid pathogen tests improve antibiotic prescribing and/or clinical outcomes? (b) Does taking blood cultures in common infectious syndromes improve antibiotic prescribing and/or clinical outcomes? (c) Does watchful waiting without antibacterial therapy or with delayed antibiotic prescribing reduce antibiotic prescribing without worsening clinical outcomes in patients with specific infectious syndromes? (d) Do structured culture follow-up programs in patients discharged from the ED with cultures pending improve antibiotic prescribing? METHODS An expert panel was convened by European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and the guideline chair. The panel selected in consensus the four most relevant antimicrobial stewardship topics according to pre-defined relevance criteria. For each main question for the four topics, a systematic review was performed, including randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Both clinical outcomes and stewardship process outcomes related to antibiotic use were deemed relevant. The literature searches were conducted between May 2021 and March 2022. In April 2022, the panel members were formally asked to suggest additional studies that were not identified in the initial searches. Data were summarized in a meta-analysis if possible or otherwise summarized narratively. The certainty of the evidence was classified according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria. The guideline panel reviewed the evidence per topic critically appraising the evidence and formulated recommendations through a consensus-based process. The strength of the recommendations was classified as strong or weak. To substantiate the implementation process, implementation trials or observational studies describing facilitators/barriers for implementation were identified from the same searches and were summarized narratively. RECOMMENDATIONS The recommendations on the use of biomarkers and rapid pathogen diagnostic tests focus on the initiation of antibiotics in patients admitted through the ED. Their effect on the discontinuation or de-escalation of antibiotics during hospital stay was not reported, neither was their effect on hospital infection prevention and control practices. The recommendations on watchful waiting (i.e. withholding antibiotics with some form of follow-up) focus on specific infectious syndromes for which the primary care literature was also included. The recommendations on blood cultures focus on the indication in three common infectious syndromes in the ED explicitly excluding patients with sepsis or septic shock. Most recommendations are based on very low and low certainty of evidence, leading to weak recommendations or, when no evidence was available, to best practice statements. Implementation of these recommendations needs to be adapted to the specific settings and circumstances of the ED. The scarcity of high-quality studies in the area of antimicrobial stewardship in the ED highlights the need for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teske Schoffelen
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Cihan Papan
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Centre for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Elena Carrara
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Khalid Eljaaly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mical Paul
- Infectious Diseases, Rambam Health Care Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Emma Keuleyan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia, Bulgaria; Ministry of Health, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Nathan Peiffer-Smadja
- Infectious Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, INSERM, IAME, Paris, France; National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carlos Palos
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Resistance Committee, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Larissa May
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Michael Pulia
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bojana Beovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eric Batard
- Emergency Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Cibles et Médicaments des Infections et du Cancer, IICiMed UR1155, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Fredrik Resman
- Clinical Infection Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marlies Hulscher
- IQ Health Science Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Schouten
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Zhang M, Dong C, Jiang Y, Guo F, Cui K, Zhang S, Xu Y, Yang Y. Low thoracic skeletal muscle is a risk factor for 6-month mortality of severe community-acquired pneumonia in older men in intensive care unit. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:387. [PMID: 39129026 PMCID: PMC11318290 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-03200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) often exhibit muscle catabolism, muscle weakness, and/or atrophy, all related to an increased morbidity and mortality. However, the relationship between thoracic skeletal muscle mass and sCAP-related mortality has not been well-studied. Early recognition of sarcopenia in ICU patients with sCAP would benefit their prognosis. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, involving 101 patients with sCAP admitted in the ICU between December 2022 and February 2023. We measured the cross-sectional aera of the pectoralis, intercostal, paraspinal, serratus, and latissimus muscles at the T4 vertebral level (T4CSA) using chest computed tomography. Discriminatory thresholds were established by performing receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, with a designated cutoff value of 96.75 cm2 for male patients. This cohort was classified into mortality and survival groups based on a 6-month post-admission outcome. Univariate and multifactorial logistic regression analyses were performed to validate the correlation between low thoracic skeletal muscle area and prognostic outcomes. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 75.39 ± 12.09 years, with an overall 6-month mortality of 73.27%. T4CSA of the 6-month survival group was significantly larger than that in the mortality group for overall cohort. The T4CSA in the survival group was significantly larger than that in the mortality group (104.29 ± 23.98cm2 vs. 87.44 ± 23.0cm2, p = 0.008). T4CSA predicted the 6-month mortality from sCAP in males with an AUC of 0.722 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.582-0.861). The specificity and sensitivity were 71.4% and 71.1%, respectively, (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of T4CSA. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that low thoracic skeletal muscle mass increased the risk of all-cause 6-month mortality in ICU patients with sCAP, particularly among male patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No.150, Ximen Street, Linhai City, China
| | - Cuicui Dong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No.150, Ximen Street, Linhai City, China
| | - Yongpo Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No.150, Ximen Street, Linhai City, China
| | - Fangjun Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No.150, Ximen Street, Linhai City, China
| | - Ke Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No.150, Ximen Street, Linhai City, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No.150, Ximen Street, Linhai City, China
| | - Yinghe Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No.150, Ximen Street, Linhai City, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No.150, Ximen Street, Linhai City, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is known as a major worldwide health concern considering it has been shown to account for 78% of infection-related deaths in the USA. It is a common cause for hospitalization with a continued incidence rise in the elderly, high mortality rate and long-term sequelae in critically ill patients. Severe CAP (sCAP) is an accepted terminology used to describe ICU admitted patients with CAP. The aim of this review is to further report on the major advances in treatment for patients with sCAP including new antibiotic treatments despite macrolide resistance as seen in the ICU, and multifaceted antibiotic stewardship interventions that may lead to the reduction broad-spectrum antibiotic use in CAP. RECENT FINDINGS We aim to examine the most recent findings in order to determine appropriate empirical antibiotic choices, timing regimens and evidence for clinical effectiveness. This will be addressed by focusing on the use combination therapies, the usefulness of severity scores and the difficulty to treat multidrug-resistant pathogens, including gram negatives such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Relevant reports referenced within included randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, observational studies, systematic reviews and international guidelines where applicable. SUMMARY New antibiotics have been recently launched with direct agent-specific properties that have been shown to avoid the overuse of previous broad-spectrum antibiotics when treating patients sCAP. Although narrow-spectrum antibiotics are now recommended and imperative in improving a patients' prognosis, there are also some considerations when prescribing antibiotics that are beyond the spectrum. There is a need to implement effective policies of de-escalation to avoid antibiotic resistance and the risk for developing subsequent infections by combining informed clinical judgement and the application of biomarkers. Reaching clinical stability and avoidance of treatment failure are the most important pillars in treatment success.
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Qu J, Zhang J, Chen Y, Huang Y, Xie Y, Zhou M, Li Y, Shi D, Xu J, Wang Q, He B, Shen N, Cao B, She D, Shi Y, Su X, Zhou H, Fan H, Ye F, Zhang Q, Tian X, Lai G. Etiology of Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults Identified by Combined Detection Methods: A Multi-center Prospective Study in China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:556-566. [PMID: 35081880 PMCID: PMC8843176 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2035194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia (SCAP) challenges public health globally. Considerable improvements in molecular pathogen testing emerged in the last few years. Our prospective study combinedly used traditional culture, antigen tests, PCR and mNGS in SCAP pathogen identification with clinical outcomes. From June 2018 to December 2019, we conducted a multi-centre prospective study in 17 hospitals of SCAP patients within 48 hours of emergency room stay or hospitalization in China. All clinical data were uploaded into an online database. Blood, urine and respiratory specimens were collected for routine culture, antigen detection, PCR and mNGS as designed appropriately. Aetiology confirmation was made by the local attending physician group and scientific committee according to microbiological results, clinical features, and response to the treatment. Two hundred seventy-five patients were included for final analysis. Combined detection methods made identification rate up to 74.2% (222/299), while 14.4% (43/299) when only using routine cultures and 40.8% (122/299) when not using mNGS. Influenza virus (23.2%, 46/198), S. pneumoniae (19.6%, 39/198), Enterobacteriaceae (14.6%, 29/198), Legionella pneumophila (12.6%, 25/198), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (11.1%, 22/198) were the top five common pathogens. The in-hospital mortality of patients with pathogen identified and unidentified was 21.7% (43/198) and 25.9% (20/77), respectively. In conclusion, early combined detection increased the pathogen identification rate and possibly benefitted survival. Influenza virus, S. pneumoniae, Enterobacteriaceae was the leading cause of SCAP in China, and there was a clear seasonal distribution pattern of influenza viruses. Physicians should be aware of the emergence of uncommon pathogens, including Chlamydia Psittaci and Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieming Qu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai
| | - Yusang Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The first affiliated Hospital Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang
| | - Dongwei Shi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai
| | - Jinfu Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The first hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang
| | - Bei He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing
| | - Danyang She
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The first affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliate Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing
| | - Xinlun Tian
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing
| | - Guoxiang Lai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou
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Lin X, Jian W, Yip W, Pan J. Perceived Competition and Process of Care in Rural China. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:1161-1173. [PMID: 32884377 PMCID: PMC7439494 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s258812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although there is much debate about the effect of hospital competition on healthcare quality, its impact on the process of care remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether hospital competition improves the process of care in rural China. Patients and Methods The county hospital questionnaire survey data and the randomly sampled medical records of bacterial pneumonia patients in 2015 in rural area of Guizhou, China, were used in this study. The processes of care for bacterial pneumonia were measured by the following three measures: 1) oxygenation assessment, 2) antibiotic treatment, and 3) first antibiotic treatment within 6 hours after admission. Hospital competition was measured by asking hospital directors to rate the competition pressure they perceive from other hospitals. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to determine the relationship between perceived competition and the processes of care for patients with bacterial pneumonia. Results A total of 2167 bacterial pneumonia patients from 24 county hospitals in 2015 were included in our study. Our results suggested that the likelihood of receiving antibiotic treatment and first antibiotic treatment within 6 hours after admission was significantly higher in the hospitals perceiving higher competition pressure. However, no significant relationship was found between perceived competition and oxygenation assessment for patients with bacterial pneumonia. Conclusion This study revealed the role of perceived competition in improving the process of care under the fee-for-service payment system and provided empirical evidence to support the pro-competition policies in China’s new round of national healthcare reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lin
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,West China Research Center for Rural Health Development, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyan Jian
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Winnie Yip
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jay Pan
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,West China Research Center for Rural Health Development, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Fally M, Israelsen S, Benfield T, Tarp B, Ravn P. Time to antibiotic administration and patient outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia: results from a prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:406-412. [PMID: 32896655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a frequently occurring disease linked to high mortality and morbidity. Previous studies indicated that the administration of antibiotics within 4 hrs of admission can improve key patient outcomes associated with CAP, such as mortality and time to clinical stability. However, the results have been heterogeneous and may not be applicable to all healthcare settings. Therefore, we designed a cohort study to estimate the impact of timely antibiotic administration on outcomes in patients admitted with CAP. METHODS The impact of antibiotic administration within 4 hrs of admission and other covariates were estimated for 30-day mortality, stability within 72 hrs, 30-day readmission and time to discharge, using multivariable regression models. Sensitivity analyses were performed on a subset of patients with the most severe CAP and a propensity score matched cohort. RESULTS In total, 2264 patients were included. Of these, 273 (12.1%) died within 30 days of admission, 1277 (56.4%) were alive and stable within 72 hrs and 334 (14.8%) were discharged alive and readmitted within 30 days. Median length of hospital stay was 5 days (interquartile range 3-8). In all models, the administration of antibiotics within 4 hrs of admission had no significant effect on the outcomes. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) derived from the multivariable models for 30-day mortality, stability within 72 hrs and 30-day readmission were 1.01 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76; 1.33), 0.88 (95% CI 0.74; 1.05) and 1.05 (95% CI 0.82; 1.34). The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for time to discharge was 1.00 (95% CI 0.91; 1.10). DISCUSSION A strict 4-hr threshold for antibiotic administration in all patients admitted with CAP is not reasonable. Instead, our results suggested that patients should be triaged and prioritized according to age, comorbidities, clinical condition and pneumonia severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fally
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section for Pulmonary Diseases, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Simone Israelsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Britta Tarp
- Diagnostic Centre, Silkeborg Regional Hospital, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Pernille Ravn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section for Infectious Diseases, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
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Impact of time to antibiotic therapy on clinical outcome in patients with bacterial infections in the emergency department: implications for antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 27:175-181. [PMID: 32120032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid initiation of antibiotic treatment is considered crucial in patients with severe infections such as septic shock and bacterial meningitis, but may not be as important for other infectious syndromes. A better understanding of which patients can tolerate a delay in start of therapy is important for antibiotic stewardship purposes. OBJECTIVES To explore the existing evidence on the impact of time to antibiotics on clinical outcomes in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with bacterial infections of different severity of illness and source of infection. SOURCES A literature search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE database using combined search terms for various infectious syndromes (sepsis/septic shock, bacterial meningitis, lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, intra-abdominal infections and skin and soft tissue infections), time to antibiotic treatment, and clinical outcome. CONTENT The literature search generated 8828 hits. After screening titles and abstracts and assessing potentially relevant full-text papers, 60 original articles (four randomized controlled trials, 43 observational studies) were included. Most articles addressed sepsis/septic shock, while few studies evaluated early initiation of therapy in mild to moderate disease. The lack of randomized trials and the risk of confounding factors and biases in observational studies warrant caution in the interpretation of results. We conclude that the literature supports prompt administration of effective antibiotics for septic shock and bacterial meningitis, but there is no clear evidence showing that a delayed start of therapy is associated with worse outcome for less severe infectious syndromes. IMPLICATIONS For patients presenting with suspected bacterial infections, withholding antibiotic therapy until diagnostic results are available and a diagnosis has been established (e.g. by 4-8 h) seems acceptable in most cases unless septic shock or bacterial meningitis are suspected. This approach promotes the use of ecologically favourable antibiotics in the ED, reducing the risks of side effects and selection of resistance.
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Purba AKR, Ascobat P, Muchtar A, Wulandari L, Dik JW, d'Arqom A, Postma MJ. Cost-Effectiveness Of Culture-Based Versus Empirical Antibiotic Treatment For Hospitalized Adults With Community-Acquired Pneumonia In Indonesia: A Real-World Patient-Database Study. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2019; 11:729-739. [PMID: 31819563 PMCID: PMC6890194 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s224619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyzes the cost-effectiveness of culture-based treatment (CBT) versus empirical treatment (ET) as a guide to antibiotic selection and use in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). PATIENTS AND METHODS A model was developed from the individual patient data of adults with CAP hospitalized at an academic hospital in Indonesia between 2014 and 2017 (ICD-10 J.18x). The directed antibiotic was assessed based on microbiological culture results in terms of the impact on hospital costs and life expectancy (LE). We conducted subgroup analyses for implementing CBT and ET in adults under 60 years, elderly patients (≥ 60 years), moderate-severe CAP (PSI class III-V) cases, and ICU patients. The model was designed with a lifetime horizon and adjusted patients' ages to the average LE of the Indonesian population with a 3% discount each for cost and LE. We applied a sensitivity analyses on 1,000 simulation cohorts to examine the economic acceptability of CBT in practice. Willingness to pay (WTP) was defined as 1 or 3 times the Indonesian GDP per capita (US$ 3,570). RESULTS CBT would effectively increase the patients' LE and be cost-saving (dominant) as well. The ET group's hospitalization cost had the greatest influence on economic outcomes. Subgroup analyses showed that CBT's dominance remained for Indonesian patients aged under 60 years or older, patients with moderate-severe CAP, and patients in the ICU. Acceptability rates of CBT over ET were 74.9% for 1xWTP and 82.8% for 3xWTP in the base case. CONCLUSION Both sputum and blood cultures provide advantages for cost-saving and LE gains for hospitalized patients with CAP. CBT is cost-effective in patients all ages, PSI class III or above patients, and ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khairul Rizki Purba
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology And -Economics (PTE2), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Purwantyastuti Ascobat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Armen Muchtar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Laksmi Wulandari
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Jan-Willem Dik
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette d'Arqom
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Faculty of Science, Faculty of Medicine Ramatibodhi Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maarten J Postma
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology And -Economics (PTE2), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Economics, Econometrics and Finance, University of Groningen, Faculty of Economics & Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mula CT, Middleton L, Human N, Varga C. Assessment of factors that influence timely administration of initial antibiotic dose using collaborative process mapping at a referral hospital in Malawi: a case study of pneumonia patients. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:697. [PMID: 30587155 PMCID: PMC6307292 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timely initiation of antibiotics within one hour of prescription is one of the recommended antibiotic stewardship interventions when managing patients with pneumonia in the emergency department. Effective implementation of this intervention depends on effective communication, a well-established coordination process and availability of resources. Understanding what may influence this aspect of care by using process mapping is an important component when planning for improvement interventions. The aim of the study was to identify factors that influence antibiotic initiation following prescription in the Adult Emergency and Trauma Centre of the largest referral hospital in Malawi. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational case study using process mapping of two purposively selected adult pneumonia patients. One of the investigators CM observed the patient from the time of arrival at the triage area to the time he/she received initial dose of antibiotics. With purposively selected members of the clinical team; we used simple questions to analyze the map and identified facilitators, barriers and potential areas for improvement. RESULTS Both patients did not receive the first dose of antibiotic within one hour of prescription. Despite the situation being less than ideal, potential facilitators to timely antibiotic initiation were: prompt assessment and triaging; availability of different expertise, timely first review by the clinician; and blood culture collected prior to antibiotic initiation. Barriers were: long waits, lack of communication/coordinated care and competency gap. Improvements are needed in communication, multidisciplinary teamwork, education and leadership/supervision. CONCLUSION Process mapping can have a significant impact in unveiling the system-related factors that influence timely initiation of antibiotics. The mapping exercise brought together stakeholders to evaluate and identify the facilitators and barriers. Recommendations here focused on improving communication, multidisciplinary team culture such as teamwork, good leadership and continuing professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimwemwe Tusekile Mula
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Kamuzu College of Nursing, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Lyn Middleton
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nicola Human
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Lenz H, Norby GO, Dahl V, Ranheim TE, Haagensen RE. Five-year mortality in patients treated for severe community-acquired pneumonia - a retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2017; 61:418-426. [PMID: 28164259 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality rate in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) is high. We investigated the 5-year mortality rate and causes of death in a patient population treated for SCAP in our intensive care unit (ICU), and compared the mortality rate in patients with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as comorbidity. METHODS This retrospective study, which covers a period of 10 years, included patients aged > 18 years admitted to our ICU with SCAP as primary diagnosis and in need of mechanical ventilation for more than 24 h. Data were collected from the ICU internal database and the patients' medical records. The times of death were collected from the Norwegian National Registry, and the causes of death from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. RESULTS Hundred and seventy three patients were included in the study. The 5-year mortality rate for the total study population was 57.2%. There were no significant differences in the mortality rate between the group with COPD and the group without COPD (61.2% vs. 54.7%, P = 0.43). There was a wide range of comorbidities. The most common were COPD, myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus. The two main causes of death after discharge were COPD (17 deaths) and cardiovascular diseases (seven deaths). CONCLUSIONS The 5-year mortality rate of the study population was high (57.2%). COPD did not seem to be a risk factor for mortality compared to non-COPD patients. The most common causes of death after discharge were COPD and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Lenz
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care; Department of Anaesthesiology; Oslo University Hospital - Ullevaal; Oslo Norway
| | - G. O. Norby
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - V. Dahl
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Akershus University Hospital; Lørenskog Norway
| | - T. E. Ranheim
- Department of Microbiology; Akershus University Hospital; Lørenskog Norway
| | - R. E. Haagensen
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Akershus University Hospital; Lørenskog Norway
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Bray BD, Steventon A. What have we learnt after 15 years of research into the 'weekend effect'? BMJ Qual Saf 2016; 26:607-610. [PMID: 27903756 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2016-005793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Bray
- Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, University College London, London UK
| | - Adam Steventon
- Department of Data Analytics, The Health Foundation, London, UK
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12
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Garin N, Marti C. Community-acquired pneumonia: the elusive quest for the best treatment strategy. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:E571-4. [PMID: 27500647 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.05.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Garin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland;; Division of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital Riviera-Chablais, Monthey, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Marti
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Kahn JM, Gould MK, Krishnan JA, Wilson KC, Au DH, Cooke CR, Douglas IS, Feemster LC, Mularski RA, Slatore CG, Wiener RS. An official American thoracic society workshop report: developing performance measures from clinical practice guidelines. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11:S186-95. [PMID: 24828810 PMCID: PMC5469393 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201403-106st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many health care performance measures are either not based on high-quality clinical evidence or not tightly linked to patient-centered outcomes, limiting their usefulness in quality improvement. In this report we summarize the proceedings of an American Thoracic Society workshop convened to address this problem by reviewing current approaches to performance measure development and creating a framework for developing high-quality performance measures by basing them directly on recommendations from well-constructed clinical practice guidelines. Workshop participants concluded that ideally performance measures addressing care processes should be linked to clinical practice guidelines that explicitly rate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations, such as the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) process. Under this framework, process-based performance measures would only be developed from strong recommendations based on high- or moderate-quality evidence. This approach would help ensure that clinical processes specified in performance measures are both of clear benefit to patients and supported by strong evidence. Although this approach may result in fewer performance measures, it would substantially increase the likelihood that quality-improvement programs based on these measures actually improve patient care.
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Asrar Khan W, Woodhead M. Major advances in managing community-acquired pneumonia. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2013; 5:43. [PMID: 24167724 PMCID: PMC3790563 DOI: 10.12703/p5-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article is a non-systematic review of selected recent publications in community-acquired pneumonia, including a comparison of various guidelines. Risk stratification of patients has recently been advanced by the addition of several useful biomarkers. The issue of single versus dual antibiotic treatment remains controversial and awaits a conclusive randomized controlled trial. However, in the meantime, there is a working consensus that more severe patients should receive dual therapy.
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Bray BD, Ayis S, Campbell J, Hoffman A, Roughton M, Tyrrell PJ, Wolfe CDA, Rudd AG. Associations between the organisation of stroke services, process of care, and mortality in England: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2013; 346:f2827. [PMID: 23667071 PMCID: PMC3650920 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the relations between the organisation of stroke services, process measures of care quality, and 30 day mortality in patients admitted with acute ischaemic stroke. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Hospitals (n=106) admitting patients with acute stroke in England and participating in the Stroke Improvement National Audit Programme and 2010 Sentinel Stroke Audit. PARTICIPANTS 36,197 adults admitted with acute ischaemic stroke to a participating hospital from 1 April 2010 to 30 November 2011. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Associations between process of care (the assessments, interventions, and treatments that patients receive) and 30 day all cause mortality, adjusting for patient level characteristics. Process of care was measured using six individual measures of stroke care and summarised into an overall quality score. RESULTS Of 36,197 patients admitted with acute ischaemic stroke, 25,904 (71.6%) were eligible to receive all six care processes. Patients admitted to stroke services with high organisational scores were more likely to receive most (5 or 6) of the six care processes. Three of the individual processes were associated with reduced mortality, including two care bundles: review by a stroke consultant within 24 hours of admission (adjusted odds ratio 0.86, 95%confidence interval 0.78 to 0.96), nutrition screening and formal swallow assessment within 72 hours (0.83, 0.72 to 0.96), and antiplatelet therapy and adequate fluid and nutrition for first the 72 hours (0.55, 0.49 to 0.61). Receipt of five or six care processes was associated with lower mortality compared with receipt of 0-4 in both multilevel (0.74, 0.66 to 0.83) and instrumental variable analyses (0.62, 0.46 to 0.83). CONCLUSIONS Patients admitted to stroke services with higher levels of organisation are more likely to receive high quality care as measured by audited process measures of acute stroke care. Those patients receiving high quality care have a reduced risk of death in the 30 days after stroke, adjusting for patient characteristics and controlling for selection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Bray
- King's College London, Division of Health and Social Care Research, London SE13QD, UK.
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Shafiq M, Mansoor MS, Khan AA, Sohail MR, Murad MH. Adjuvant steroid therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hosp Med 2013. [PMID: 23184813 DOI: 10.1002/jhm.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adults. Although steroids appear to be beneficial in animal models of CAP, clinical trial data in humans are either equivocal or conflicting. PURPOSE Our purpose was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the impact of steroid therapy on clinical outcomes among adults admitted with CAP. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through a systematic search of published literature up to July 2011. DATA EXTRACTION We estimated relative risks (RR) and weighted mean differences, pooled from each study using a random effects model. DATA SYNTHESIS Eight RCTs, comprising 1119 patients, met our selection criteria. Overall quality of the studies was moderate. Adjunctive steroid therapy had no effect on hospital mortality or length of stay in the intensive care unit, but reduced the overall length of hospital stay (RR: -1.21 days [95% confidence interval (CI): -2.12 to -0.29]). Less robust data also demonstrated reduced incidence of delayed shock (RR: 0.12 [95% CI: 0.03 to 0.41]) and reduced persistence of chest x-ray abnormalities (RR: 0.13 [95% CI: 0.06 to 0.27]). A priori subgroup and sensitivity analyses did not alter these findings. CONCLUSIONS Moderate-quality evidence suggests that adjunctive steroid therapy for adults hospitalized with CAP reduced the length of hospital stay but did not alter mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Shafiq
- Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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