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Yi T, Wagner G. Malignant tumor cells engender second membrane-lined organelles for self-protection and tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317141121. [PMID: 38294933 PMCID: PMC10861905 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317141121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of mortality in humans, but the efficacy of current treatments for many cancers is limited, as they lack unique mechanistically defined targets. Here, we show that, upon malignant transformation, aggressive oncocells generate a second membrane exterior to their plasma membrane to form cytocapsulas (CCs) and cytocapsular tubes (CCTs), which all together constitute cytocapsular oncocells with pleotropic biological functions in cancer patient tissues in vivo. Proteomic and biochemical analyses revealed that the PMCA2 calcium pump is highly up-regulated in CCs and CCTs in malignant tumors but not in normal tissues, thus identifying a unique cancer biomarker and target for cancer therapy. Cytocapsular oncocells are universally present in solid cancers and appear in hematologic cancers in immune organs. Multi-cell malignant tumors are also enveloped by protective CC membranes. These cytocapsular tumors (CTs) generate numerous CCTs that form freeways for cancer cell metastasis to both neighboring and distant destinations. Entire cytocapsular tumor networks (CTNs) dominate physical cancer metastasis pathways in cancer patients in vivo. Later, CCTs invade micro blood vessels and release cytocapsular oncocells into the blood, providing a source of circulating tumor cells. CTNs interconnect cytocapsular tumors in primary and secondary cancer niches, creating larger cytocapsular tumor network systems (CTNSs). Primary and secondary CTNSs are in turn interconnected, forming dynamic and integrated CTNSs. Thus, interconnected cytocapsular oncocells, CTNs, and CTNSs coordinate cancer progression via the integrated cytocapsular membrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfang Yi
- Cytocapsula Research Institute, Cambridge, MA02142
- Centiver Ltd., Cambridge, MA02142
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Cytocapsula Research Institute, Cambridge, MA02142
- Centiver Ltd., Cambridge, MA02142
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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2
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Abdulrahman N, Honda TJ, Ali A, Abdulrahman N, Vrinceanu D, Shishodia S. Impacts of Indoor Dust Exposure on Human Colonic Cell Viability, Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis. TOXICS 2023; 11:633. [PMID: 37505597 PMCID: PMC10383473 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Environmental exposure to indoor dust is known to be associated with myriad health conditions, especially among children. Established routes of exposure include inhalation and non-dietary ingestion, which result in the direct exposure of gastrointestinal epithelia to indoor dust. Despite this, little prior research is available on the impacts of indoor dust on the health of human gastrointestinal tissue. METHODS Cultured human colonic (CCD841) cells were exposed for 24 h to standard trace metal dust (TMD) and organic contaminant dust (OD) samples at the following concentrations: 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay and protease analysis (glycyl-phenylalanyl-aminofluorocoumarin (GF-AFC)); cytotoxicity was assessed with a lactate dehydrogenase release assay, and apoptosis was assessed using a Caspase-Glo 3/7 activation assay. RESULTS TMD and OD decreased cellular metabolic and protease activity and increased apoptosis and biomarkers of cell membrane damage (LDH) in CCD841 human colonic epithelial cells. Patterns appeared to be, in general, dose-dependent, with the highest TMD and OD exposures associated with the largest increases in apoptosis and LDH, as well as with the largest decrements in metabolic and protease activities. CONCLUSIONS TMD and OD exposure were associated with markers of reduced viability and increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human colonic cells. These findings add important information to the understanding of the physiologic effects of indoor dust exposure on human health. The doses used in our study represent a range of potential exposure levels, and the effects observed at the higher doses may not necessarily occur under typical exposure conditions. The effects of long-term, low-dose exposure to indoor dust are still not fully understood and warrant further investigation. Future research should explore these physiological mechanisms to further our understanding and inform public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Abdulrahman
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Trenton J Honda
- School of Clinical and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ayat Ali
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Nabras Abdulrahman
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Daniel Vrinceanu
- Department of Physics, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Shishir Shishodia
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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3
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Khamis T, Diab AAAA, Zahra MH, El-Dahmy SE, Abd Al-Hameed BA, Abdelkhalek A, Said MA, Abdellatif H, Fericean LM, Banatean-Dunea I, Arisha AH, Attia MS. The Antiproliferative Activity of Adiantum pedatum Extract and/or Piceatannol in Phenylhydrazine-Induced Colon Cancer in Male Albino Rats: The miR-145 Expression of the PI-3K/ Akt/ p53 and Oct4/ Sox2/ Nanog Pathways. Molecules 2023; 28:5543. [PMID: 37513415 PMCID: PMC10383735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. Despite advances in medical science, the treatment of colon cancer still poses a significant challenge. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of Adiantum pedatum (AP) extract and/or piceatannol on colon cancer induced via phenylhydrazine (PHZ) in terms of the antioxidant and apoptotic pathways and histopathologic changes in the colons of male albino rats. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups: control, AP extract, piceatannol (P), PHZ, PHZ and AP treatments, PHZ and P treatments, PHZ and both AP and P, and PHZ and prophylaxis with both AP and P. The results demonstrated that PHZ induced oxidative damage, apoptosis, and histopathological changes compared to the control group. However, the administration of AP or P or AP + P as therapy or prophylaxis significantly ameliorated these changes and upregulated the colonic mir-145 and mRNA expression of P53 and PDCD-4 while downregulating the colonic mRNA expression of PI3K, AKT, c-Myc, CK-20, SOX-2, OCT-4, and NanoG compared to the PHZ group. These findings suggest that the candidate drugs may exert their anti-cancer effects through multiple mechanisms, including antioxidant and apoptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | | | - Mansour H Zahra
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Samih Ebrahim El-Dahmy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | | | - Adel Abdelkhalek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Said
- Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hussein Abdellatif
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Liana Mihaela Fericean
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences, King Mihai I" from Timisoara [ULST], Aradului St. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Banatean-Dunea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences, King Mihai I" from Timisoara [ULST], Aradului St. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ahmed Hamed Arisha
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City 11829, Egypt
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mai S Attia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Huang YY, Bao TY, Huang XQ, Lan QW, Huang ZM, Chen YH, Hu ZD, Guo XG. Machine learning algorithm to construct cuproptosis- and immune-related prognosis prediction model for colon cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:372-388. [PMID: 37009317 PMCID: PMC10052662 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i3.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past few years, research into the pathogenesis of colon cancer has progressed rapidly, and cuproptosis is an emerging mode of cellular apoptosis. Exploring the relationship between colon cancer and cuproptosis benefits in identifying novel biomarkers and even improving the outcome of the disease.
AIM To look at the prognostic relationship between colon cancer and the genes associated with cuproptosis and the immune system in patients. The main purpose was to assess whether reasonable induction of these biomarkers reduces mortality among patients with colon cancers.
METHOD Data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus and the Genotype-Tissue Expression were used in differential analysis to explore differential expression genes associated with cuproptosis and immune activation. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and Cox regression algorithm was applied to build a cuproptosis- and immune-related combination model, and the model was utilized for principal component analysis and survival analysis to observe the survival and prognosis of the patients. A series of statistically meaningful transcriptional analysis results demonstrated an intrinsic relationship between cuproptosis and the micro-environment of colon cancer.
RESULTS Once prognostic characteristics were obtained, the CDKN2A and DLAT genes related to cuproptosis were strongly linked to colon cancer: The first was a risk factor, whereas the second was a protective factor. The finding of the validation analysis showed that the comprehensive model associated with cuproptosis and immunity was statistically significant. Within the component expressions, the expressions of HSPA1A, CDKN2A, and UCN3 differed markedly. Transcription analysis primarily reflects the differential activation of related immune cells and pathways. Furthermore, genes linked to immune checkpoint inhibitors were expressed differently between the subgroups, which may reveal the mechanism of worse prognosis and the different sensitivities of chemotherapy.
CONCLUSION The prognosis of the high-risk group evaluated in the combined model was poorer, and cuproptosis was highly correlated with the prognosis of colon cancer. It is possible that we may be able to improve patients’ prognosis by regulating the gene expression to intervene the risk score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yi Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ting-Yu Bao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xu-Qi Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Sixth Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi-Wen Lan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Medical Imageology, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Min Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-De Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xu-Guang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, King Med School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong Province, China
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Curcumae longae Rhizoma (Jianghuang) extract reverses the 5-Fluoruracil resistance in colorectal cancer cells via TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2022; 46:101976. [PMID: 35710041 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2022.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intensive efforts have been made in the area of identifying drug resistance modulators from traditional Chinese medicine. Various natural plant extracts have been reported for their reversal effect of drug resistance in cancers. This study was to assess the reversal potential of Curcumae longae Rhizoma extract (CLRE) in 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) resistance to colon cancer and explore its underly mechanism. METHODS Increased concentrations of 5-Fu were used to culture SW480. A series of concentrations of CLRE were used to treat the 5-Fu resistant SW480 cells. WST-8 assay was used to detect the cell viability. Cell apoptosis was assessed by SuperView™ 488 Caspase-3 Assay Kit. The quantification of mentioned factors was archived by RT-qPCR. Network pharmacology analysis was used to explore the target of CLRE. RESULTS 5-Fu resistant cell line (SW480/5-FuR) was established. The IC50 value of CLRE against SW480/5-FuR was 181.0 ± 14.12 µg/ml. CLRE can resensitize the SW480/5-FuR to 5-Fu by inhibiting cell growth. The combination treatment (CLRE+5-Fu) induced cell apoptosis via inhibition of bcl-2 and activation of caspase-3 and bax. Three active ingredients from CLRE were identified. TLR4 was targeted by these three ingredients and linked these ingredients to PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The levels of TLR4, PI3K, AKT1, and mTORC1 mRNA were decreased when 5-Fu was combined with CLRE. CONCLUSIONS CLRE could reverse 5-Fu resistance in colon cancer by inactivating TLR4/PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway. This finding might provide a molecular basis and a valuable direction for further clinical applications and research for treating 5-Fu resistant colon cancer.
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Chen Y, Ma S, Pi D, Wu Y, Zuo Q, Li C, Ouyang M. Luteolin induces pyroptosis in HT-29 cells by activating the Caspase1/Gasdermin D signalling pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:952587. [PMID: 36105214 PMCID: PMC9464948 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.952587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Luteolin, which is a natural flavonoid, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Numerous studies have proven that luteolin inhibits the growth of many types of cancer cells by promoting apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle arrest in tumour cells. However, in vivo research on this topic has been limited. In addition, other studies have shown that luteolin exerts a good inhibitory effect on apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. While existing studies have not completely elucidated the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, we assume that luteolin, which is a natural compound that exerts its effects through various mechanisms, may have the potential to inhibit tumour growth. In our study, we proved that luteolin exerted a good inhibitory effect on the proliferation of colon cancer cells according to CCK8 and EdU fluorescence assays, and the same conclusion was drawn in animal experiments. In addition, we found that luteolin, which is an antioxidant, unexpectedly promoted oxidative stress as shown by measuring the levels of oxidative balance-related indicators, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), SOD, H2O2 and GSH. However, the decreased oxidation of luteolin-treated HT-29 cells after treatment with the active oxygen scavenger NAC did not reverse the inhibition of cell growth. However, the Caspase1 inhibitor VX765 did reverse the inhibition of cell growth. Western blotting analysis showed that luteolin treatment increased the expression of Caspase1, Gasdermin D and IL-1β, which are members of the pyroptosis signalling pathway, in colon cancer cells. We further intuitively observed NLRP3/Gasdermin D colocalization in luteolin-treated HT-29 cells and mouse tumour tissues by immunofluorescence. These results suggest that luteolin inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer cells through a novel pathway called pyroptosis. This study provides a new direction for the development of natural products that inhibit tumour growth by inducing pyroptosis.
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Parseh B, Khosravi A, Fazel A, Ai J, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Verdi J, Shahbazi M. 3-Dimensional Model to Study Apoptosis Induction of Activated Natural Killer Cells Conditioned Medium Using Patient-Derived Colorectal Cancer Organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895284. [PMID: 35721501 PMCID: PMC9204536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that can kill tumor cells via different pathways, including the secretion of cytotoxic granules in immunological synapses and the binding of apoptosis-inducing ligands with cognate death receptors on tumor cells. These ligands are also soluble in NK cells conditioned medium (NK-CM). However, novel preclinical in vitro models are required for solid tumors such as colorectal cancer (CRC) to investigate apoptosis induction of activated NK-CM in a tissue-like structure. In the present study, we established a patient-derived CRC organoid culture system as a new tool for CRC research in the last decade. Tumor organoids were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and compared with the original tumor taken from the patient. Goblet cell differentiation and mucus secretion were evaluated using periodic acid–Schiff and alcian blue histochemical staining. Moreover, tumor organoids were stained for CDX2 and Ki67 markers with immunohistochemistry (IHC) to investigate gastrointestinal origin and proliferation. Histopathological evaluations indicated tumor organoids represent patient tumor characteristics. Primary NK cells were isolated and characterized using CD56 marker expression and the lack of the CD3 marker. Flow cytometry results showed the purity of isolated CD3−and CD56 + NK cells about 93%. After further ex vivo expansion, IL-2-activated NK-CM was collected. Secretions of IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured to characterize activated NK-CM. Cytokines levels were significantly elevated in comparison to the control group. Soluble forms of apoptosis-inducing ligands, including TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and FasL, were detected by western blot assay. Colon cancer organoids were treated by IL-2-activated NK-CM. Apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and quantified by flow cytometry. In conclusion, despite the activated NK-CM containing apoptosis-inducing ligands, these ligands’ soluble forms failed to induce apoptosis in patient-derived colon cancer organoids. Nevertheless, we report a reliable in vitro assessment platform in a personalized setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyamin Parseh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ayyoob Khosravi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Fazel
- Cancer Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Shahbazi
- Medical Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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p53: A Double-Edged Sword in Tumor Ferroptosis. Pharmacol Res 2021; 177:106013. [PMID: 34856333 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of lipid peroxidation-induced cell death that can be regulated in various ways, from changing the activity of antioxidant enzymes to the levels of transcription factors. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is the "guardian of the genome" and is involved in controlling cell survival and division under various pressures. In addition to its effects on apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle, p53, through the way of transcription dependent or independent two-way, also regulates the biological processes of tumor cell sensitivity to ferroptosis, including the metabolism of amino acids, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and lipid peroxidation, as well as the biosynthesis of glutathione, phospholipids, NADPH and coenzyme Q10.As reviewed here, we summarized the metabolic network of p53 and its signaling pathway in regulating ferroptosis and elucidated possible factors and potential clinical application of p53 regulating ferroptosis. This review will provide a basis for further understanding the role of p53 in tumor ferroptosis and new strategies for cancer therapeutic avenues.
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9
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Curcumin induces apoptosis through caspase dependent pathway in human colon carcinoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1351-1360. [PMID: 34806141 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the apoptotic effects of curcumin in the colon carcinoma cell line SW480. METHODS AND RESULTS Cells were treated with 40-200 μM curcumin for 24, 48, and 72 h, and the IC50 values were determined for each time interval. BrdU, caspase-3, and TUNEL staining results and the gene expression of FADD, CASP8, and CASP3 were evaluated. Curcumin treatments significantly inhibited cell proliferation and significantly induced apoptosis for 24, 48, and 72 h. The proportion of BrdU-stained cells in the control groups were 58%, 57% and 61% and 28%, 27%, and 30% in the curcumin treatment groups at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. The proportion of apoptotic cells was 28%, 29%, and 28% in the control groups and 59%, 61%, and 60% in the curcumin treatment groups at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. As expected, caspase-3 staining also revealed a higher number of apoptotic cells in curcumin treatment groups at 24, 48, and 72 h compared to controls. The proportion of Caspase-3-stained cells in the control groups were 23%, 25%, and 24% and 59%, 60%, and 62% in the curcumin treatment groups at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. To prove caspase-3 staining results, FADD, CASP8, and CASP3 gene expressions were evaluated by real-time qPCR. Unlike the immunohistochemical results, no statistically significant upregulation was found at 24 and 48 h, while relative gene expressions of FADD, CASP8, and CASP3 was significantly upregulated at 72 h. The expression level increase was 0.88-, 1.19-, and 2.11-fold for FADD, 1.25-, 1.29-, and 1.59-fold for CASP8, and 1.33-, 1.46-, and 3.00-fold for CASP3 at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that curcumin may be a potential protective or treatment agent against colon cancer; however, further studies on curcumin-rich diets and curcumin bioavailability are required.
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Dahham SS, Tabana Y, Asif M, Ahmed M, Babu D, Hassan LE, Ahamed MBK, Sandai D, Barakat K, Siraki A, Majid AMSA. β-Caryophyllene Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Angiogenesis in Colorectal Cancer Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10550. [PMID: 34638895 PMCID: PMC8508804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-Caryophyllene (BCP), a naturally occurring sesquiterpene abundantly found in cloves, hops, and cannabis, is the active candidate of a relatively new group of vascular-inhibiting compounds that aim to block existing tumor blood vessels. Previously, we have reported the anti-cancer properties of BCP by utilizing a series of in-vitro anti-tumor-related assays using human colorectal carcinoma cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of BCP on in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo models of anti-angiogenic assays and evaluate its anti-cancer activity in xenograft tumor (both ectopic and orthotopic) mice models of human colorectal cancer. Computational structural analysis and an apoptosis antibody array were also performed to understand the molecular players underlying this effect. BCP exhibited strong anti-angiogenic activity by blocking the migration of endothelial cells, tube-like network formation, suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells and sprouting of rat aorta microvessels. BCP has a probable binding at Site#0 on the surface of VEGFR2. Moreover, BCP significantly deformed the vascularization architecture compared to the negative control in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. BCP showed a remarkable reduction in tumor size and fluorescence molecular tomography signal intensity in all the mice treated with BCP, in a dose-dependent relationship, in ectopic and orthotopic tumor xenograft models, respectively. The histological analysis of the tumor from BCP-treated mice revealed a clear reduction of the density of vascularization. In addition, BCP induced apoptosis through downregulation of HSP60, HTRA, survivin, and XIAP, along with the upregulation of p21 expressions. These results suggest that BCP acts at multiple stages of angiogenesis and could be used as a promising therapeutic candidate to halt the growth of colorectal tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S. Dahham
- Department of Science, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Rustaq 10 P.C:329, Oman
| | - Yasser Tabana
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (Y.T.); (M.A.); (K.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan;
| | - Marawan Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (Y.T.); (M.A.); (K.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Dinesh Babu
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (Y.T.); (M.A.); (K.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Loiy E. Hassan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science & Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, P.O. Box 382, Omdurman 14415, Sudan;
| | - Mohamed B. Khadeer Ahamed
- EMAN Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.B.K.A.); (A.M.S.A.M.)
| | - Doblin Sandai
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (Y.T.); (M.A.); (K.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Arno Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (Y.T.); (M.A.); (K.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Amin M. S. A. Majid
- EMAN Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia; (M.B.K.A.); (A.M.S.A.M.)
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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11
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Oleanolic Acid Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis via the AMPK-mTOR Signaling Pathway in Colon Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:8281718. [PMID: 34326874 PMCID: PMC8310446 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8281718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aims The purpose of this study was to explore the biological functions of the mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways in colon cancer (CC). The potential molecular mechanisms by which oleanolic acid (OA) induces autophagy and apoptosis were also investigated. Methods The biological functions of mTOR were analyzed by GeneCards, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING), and the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was used to obtain prognostic and survival data of CC patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The effects of OA on the CC cell lines HCT-116 and SW-480 were analyzed by CCK-8, colony formation assay, and high-content system (HCS) array scan. The apoptosis rate of SW-480 and HCT-116 cells was detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression levels in HCT-116 and SW-480 cells and NCM-460 normal colonic epithelial cells were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results mTOR was highly expressed in CC patients and acted as an oncogene. The AMPK signaling pathway mediated by mTOR predicted the poor prognosis of CC patients. OA effectively inhibited the proliferation and viability of CC cells. Furthermore, the apoptosis rate of CC cells was clearly increased following OA administration. Regarding the molecular mechanism of OA, the results indicated that mTOR and the antiapoptosis gene Bcl-2 were downregulated by OA. In addition, regulator genes of autophagy and apoptosis, including BAX, caspase-9, caspase-8, and caspase-3, were significantly upregulated by OA. Moreover, OA upregulated AMPK and its downstream proteins, including TSC2, BAX, Beclin 1, LC3B-II, and ULK1, to induce autophagy and apoptosis in CC cells. Conclusion The findings from this study demonstrate that OA could effectively inhibit the proliferation and viability of CC cells. The anti-CC activity of OA is closely related to the activation of the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTOR are involved in the induction of autophagy and apoptosis by OA. OA induced autophagy and apoptosis mainly in an AMPK activation-dependent manner in CC cells.
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12
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhu B, Ma L, Xing Q. A Novel Nine Apoptosis-Related Genes Signature Predicting Overall Survival for Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma and its Associations with Immune Infiltration. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:567730. [PMID: 33748185 PMCID: PMC7969794 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.567730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study was designed to establish a sensitive prognostic model based on apoptosis-related genes to predict overall survival (OS) in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Methods: Obtaining the expression of apoptosis-related genes and associated clinical parameters from online datasets (The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA), their biological function analyses were performed through differently expressed genes. By means of LASSO, unadjusted and adjusted Cox regression analyses, this predictive signature was constructed and validated by internal and external databases (both TCGA and ArrayExpress). Results: A total of nine apoptosis-related genes (SLC27A2, TNFAIP2, IFI44, CSF2, IL4, MDK, DOCK8, WNT5A, APP) were ultimately screened as associated hub genes and utilized to construct a prognosis model. Then our constructed riskScore model significantly passed the validation in both the internal and external datasets of OS (all p < 0.05) and verified their expressions by qRT-PCR. Moreover, we conducted the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), finding the area under the ROC curves (AUCs) were all above 0.70 which indicated that riskScore was a stable independent prognostic factor (p < 0.05). Furthermore, prognostic nomograms were established to figure out the relationship between 1-, 3- and 5-year OS and individual parameters for ccRCC patients. Additionally, survival analyses indicated that our riskScore worked well in predicting OS in subgroups of age, gender, grade, stage, T, M, N0, White (all p < 0.05), except for African, Asian and N1 (p > 0.05). We also explored its association with immune infiltration and applied cMap database to seek out highly correlated small molecule drugs. Conclusion: Our study successfully constructed a prognostic model containing nine hub apoptosis-related genes for ccRCC, helping clinicians predict patients' OS and making the prognostic assessment more standardized. Future prospective studies are required to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yinhao Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Bingye Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Limin Ma
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qianwei Xing
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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13
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Vundavilli H, Datta A, Sima C, Hua J, Lopes R, Bittner M. Targeting oncogenic mutations in colorectal cancer using cryptotanshinone. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247190. [PMID: 33596259 PMCID: PMC7888617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in the world and ranks second in cancer deaths in the US. Despite the recent improvements in screening and treatment, the number of deaths associated with CRC is still very significant. The complexities involved in CRC therapy stem from multiple oncogenic mutations and crosstalk between abnormal pathways. This calls for using advanced molecular genetics to understand the underlying pathway interactions responsible for this cancer. In this paper, we construct the CRC pathway from the literature and using an existing public dataset on healthy vs tumor colon cells, we identify the genes and pathways that are mutated and are possibly responsible for the disease progression. We then introduce drugs in the CRC pathway, and using a boolean modeling technique, we deduce the drug combinations that produce maximum cell death. Our theoretical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of Cryptotanshinone, a traditional Chinese herb derivative, achieved by targeting critical oncogenic mutations and enhancing cell death. Finally, we validate our theoretical results using wet lab experiments on HT29 and HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haswanth Vundavilli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aniruddha Datta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chao Sima
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jianping Hua
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rosana Lopes
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael Bittner
- TEES-AgriLife Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering (CBGSE), College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Wang G, Han J, Wang G, Wu X, Huang Y, Wu M, Chen Y. ERO1α mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis via microRNA-101/EZH2 axis in colon cancer RKO and HT-29 cells. Hum Cell 2021; 34:932-944. [PMID: 33559868 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although colon cancer is a leading and typical gastrointestinal tumor, there is little published data on the underlying molecular mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we investigated the role of ERO1α and its impact on microRNA (miR)-101 expression and ER stress in colon cancer cells. Cell ER stress was established by treating RKO or HT-29 cells with 1 μM thapsigargin (THG). Cell biological behaviors were detected using CCK-8, bromodeoxyuridine assay, flow cytometry and western blot. We also investigated the expression of ERO1α and miR-101 after THG treatment using RT-qPCR. Moreover, effects of ERO1α and miR-101 on ER stress of colon cancer cells were detected. Additionally, miR-101 impact on EZH2 expression and relevance of this regulation was confirmed by RT-qPCR and luciferase reporter. The regulation of miR-101/EZH2 axis and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ER stress were investigated. Our results demonstrated that THG induced ER stress in colon cancer cells. Silencing ERO1α further promoted ER stress-induced cell apoptosis. ERO1α knockdown up-regulated miR-101 expression and promoted colon cancer cell apoptosis via regulating miR-101. Surprisingly, miR-101 negatively regulated EZH2 expression via miRNA-mRNA targeting. Moreover, ER stress promoted colon cancer cell apoptosis via regulating miR-101/EZH2 axis. Wnt/β-catenin pathway was also involved in the regulation of ERO1α/miR-101/EZH2 in ER stress of colon cancer cells. These findings illustrated that silencing ERO1α regulated ER stress-induced apoptosis via miR-101/EZH2 axis in RKO and HT-29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Wang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiangqiong Han
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Gaowei Wang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Department Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Youguang Huang
- Tumor Institute of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Wu
- Tumor Institute of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunlan Chen
- Cadre Medical Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, No. 517 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.
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15
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Becer E, Soykut G, Kabadayi H, Mammadov E, ÇaliŞ İ, Vatansever S. Obtaining Stem Cell Spheroids from Foreskin Tissue and the Effect of Corchorus olitorius L. on Spheroid Proliferation. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:265-270. [PMID: 32636703 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.05658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Mesenchymal stem cells are self-renewing stem cells. The human foreskin has potential to be used as a source of stem cells. The aim of the study was to obtain spheroid formation of human foreskin cells (hnFSSCs) isolated from newborn human foreskin tissue. In addition, the apoptotic and proliferative effects of a traditional plant, Corchorus olitorius L. (C. olitorius), on hnFSSC spheroids were investigated. Materials and Methods After a routine circumcision procedure the cells were isolated and cultured in suitable medium. The plant leaves was extracted with ethanol and their composition was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The foreskin stem cells were characterized immunocytochemically by CD45, CD34, and CD90 antibodies. hnFSSC spheroids were formed using the hanging drop technique. Immunofluorescence staining was used on the obtained spheroids to determine the distribution of caspase-3 and Ki-67 after being treated with C. olitorius extract for 48 h. Results Immunostaining analysis showed that hnFSSCs were positive for CD45 and CD34 and negative for CD90. According to LC-MS/MS C. olitorius was rich in flavanols and hydrocinnamic acid derivatives. Although the spheroids obtained were loose and floating, the cells interacted with each other. Caspase-3 activity was higher in the control group than in the extract-treated group and Ki-67 was higher in the extract-treated group than in the control group, suggesting that the plant might have the capacity to increase stem cell proliferation due to its rich polyphenolic content. Conclusion The results suggest that hnFSSCs and spheroids might be used in stem cell generation, tissue repair and renewal as human foreskin tissue has potential to be used as a stem cell source. C. olitorius also increased proliferation of hnFSSCs, showing that polyphenols might increase proliferation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Becer
- Near East University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Nicosia, North Cyprus
| | - Günsu Soykut
- Near East University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Nicosia, North Cyprus
| | - Hilal Kabadayi
- Manisa Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Emil Mammadov
- Near East University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nicosia, North Cyprus
| | - İhsan ÇaliŞ
- Near East University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Nicosia, North Cyprus
| | - Seda Vatansever
- Manisa Celal Bayar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Manisa, Turkey
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16
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Ginkgolic acid (GA) suppresses gastric cancer growth by inducing apoptosis and suppressing STAT3/JAK2 signaling regulated by ROS. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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17
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Vania L, Morris G, Otgaar TC, Bignoux MJ, Bernert M, Burns J, Gabathuse A, Singh E, Ferreira E, Weiss SFT. Patented therapeutic approaches targeting LRP/LR for cancer treatment. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:987-1009. [PMID: 31722579 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1693543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The ubiquitously expressed 37 kDa/67 kDa high-affinity laminin receptor (laminin receptor precursor/laminin receptor, LRP/LR) is a protein found to play several roles within cells. The receptor is located in the nucleus, cytosol and the cell surface. LRP/LR mediates cell proliferation, cell adhesion and cell differentiation. As a result, it is seen to enhance tumor angiogenesis as well as invasion and adhesion, key steps in the metastatic cascade of cancer. Recent findings have shown that LRP/LR is involved in the maintenance of cell viability through apoptotic evasion, allowing for tumor progression. Thus, several patented therapeutic approaches targeting the receptor for the prevention and treatment of cancer have emerged.Areas covered: The several roles that LRP/LR plays in cancer progression as well as an overview of the current therapeutic patented strategies targeting LRP/LR and cancer to date.Expert opinion: Small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and small interfering RNAs might act used as powerful tools in preventing tumor angiogenesis and metastasis through the induction of apoptosis and telomere erosion in several cancers. This review offers an overview of the roles played by LRP/LR in cancer progression, while providing novel patented approaches targeting the receptor as potential therapeutic routes for the treatment of cancer as well as various other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Vania
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Gavin Morris
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Tyrone C Otgaar
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Monique J Bignoux
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Martin Bernert
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jessica Burns
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Anne Gabathuse
- Wits Commercial Enterprise, The Commercial Development Hub, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Elvira Singh
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Eloise Ferreira
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Stefan F T Weiss
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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18
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Sun X, Ng TTH, Sham KWY, Zhang L, Chan MTV, Wu WKK, Cheng CHK. Bufalin, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound, Prevents Tumor Formation in Two Murine Models of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 12:653-666. [PMID: 31431500 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemoprevention is cost-effective for colorectal cancer when targeted at intermediate- or high-risk populations. Bufalin is a cardiac glycoside extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) "Chan Su," which has been used as an anticancer agent. On the basis of the relative safety of bufalin, we investigated whether bufalin could act as a chemoprophylactic agent to prevent colon tumorigenesis in two murine models, namely colitis-associated colorectal cancer and Apc germline mutation-developed colorectal cancer. Our results revealed that long-term (12-16 weeks) administration of low-dose bufalin (0.5 mg/kg) effectively suppressed tumorigenesis in both colorectal cancer models, accompanied by attenuated epithelial cell proliferation (reduced bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, lower levels of cyclin A, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cyclin-dependent kinases-2/4, and higher levels of p21 and p27) and promoted apoptosis (increased TUNEL positivity and caspase-3/9 cleavages, reduced levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and survivin, and increased levels of Bax and Bak). Bufalin also suppressed the expression of proinflammatory mediators [reduced levels of cyclooxygenase-2, tumor TNFα, IL1β, IL6, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-1, CXCL-2, and CXCL-5] in the colitis-associated colorectal cancer model. These effects were associated with the inhibition of oncogenic NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways. Our findings unveil a novel chemoprophylactic action of bufalin in colorectal cancer in vivo and provided efficacy data and mechanistic evidence for further clinical evaluation of this TCM compound for colorectal cancer chemoprevention in individuals at risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tony T H Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kathy W Y Sham
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William K K Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Institute of Digestive Diseases and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. .,Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Christopher H K Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. .,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Correlation study of GAPDH, Bcl-2, and Bax protein immunoexpression in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2018; 13:322-331. [PMID: 30581507 PMCID: PMC6300847 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2018.79813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third and second most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide in males and females, respectively. Despite prominent progress in diagnosis and treatment, the recurrence rates are still high. A tumour hypoxic environment leads to an increase in glycolytic metabolism. The crucial intermediate component of glycolysis, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), could play a significant role in cancer progression. An increased level of GAPDH has been described in oncogene-induced transformation and anti-apoptotic function. In other studies, GAPDH has been involved in apoptosis induction. Aim We examined colorectal adenocarcinoma samples to assess the immunoexpression of GAPDH protein. We also evaluated the correlation between the expression of GAPDH protein and apoptotic parameters including expression of Bcl2 and Bax. Material and methods Paraffin sections were incubated for 60 min with primary antibody against GAPDH, Bcl-2, and Bax. Results Results of our study have shown that GAPDH expression in colorectal cancer is upregulated. We revealed significant positive correlation between expression of this protein and grade and size of tumour, and regional lymph node involvement. In the case of apoptosis-associated proteins, e.g. Bcl-2 and Bax, we found negative correlations between expression of these proteins and grade and size of tumour, lymphovascular invasion, and regional lymph node involvement. Finally, we demonstrated that GAPDH up-regulation is connected with down-regulation in Bcl-2 and Bax. Conclusions Up-regulation of GAPDH protein and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax may result in increased of cancer.
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20
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Asif M, Yehya AHS, Dahham SS, Mohamed SK, Shafaei A, Ezzat MO, Abdul Majid AS, Oon CE, Abdul Majid AMS. Establishment of in vitro and in vivo anti-colon cancer efficacy of essential oils containing oleo-gum resin extract of Mesua ferrea. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1620-1629. [PMID: 30551416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proven the great potential of essential oils as anticancer agents, the current study intended to explore molecular mechanisms responsible for in vitro and in vivo anti-colon cancer efficacy of essential oil containing oleo-gum resin extract (RH) of Mesua ferrea. MTT cell viability studies showed that RH had broad spectrum cytotoxic activities. However, it induced more profound growth inhibitory effects towards two human colon cancer cell lines i.e., HCT 116 and LIM1215 with an IC50 values of 17.38 ± 0.92 and 18.86 ± 0.80 μg/mL respectively. RH induced relatively less toxicity in normal human colon fibroblasts i.e., CCD-18co. Cell death studies conducted, revealed that RH induced characteristic morphological and biochemical changes in HCT 116. At protein level it down-regulated expression of multiple pro-survival proteins i.e., survivin, xIAP, HSP27, HSP60 and HSP70 and up-regulated expression of ROS, caspase-3/7 and TRAIL-R2 in HCT 116. Furthermore, significant reduction in invasion, migration and colony formation potential was observed in HCT 116 treated with RH. Chemical characterization by GC-MS and HPLC methods revealed isoledene and elemene as one the major compounds. RH showed potent antitumor activity in xenograft model. Overall, these findings suggest that RH holds a promise to be further studied for cheap anti-colon cancer naturaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, 38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan; EMAN Testing and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Ashwaq H S Yehya
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Saad Sabbar Dahham
- Department of Science, Rustaq College of Education, Ministry of Higher Education, 329-Rustaq, Sultanate of Oman, Oman
| | - Shazmin Kithur Mohamed
- EMAN Testing and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Armaghan Shafaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Oday Ezzat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education for Women, University of Anbar, 31001, Ramadi, Anbar, Iraq
| | - Aman Shah Abdul Majid
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Quest International University, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chern Ein Oon
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia
| | - Amin Malik Shah Abdul Majid
- EMAN Testing and Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia; ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australia.
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Pandurangan AK, Ismail S, Esa NM, Munusamy MA. Inositol-6 phosphate inhibits the mTOR pathway and induces autophagy-mediated death in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:1281-1288. [PMID: 30393482 PMCID: PMC6209706 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.76935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common, with a worldwide incidence estimated at more than 1 million cases annually. Therefore, the search for agents for CRC treatment is highly warranted. Inositol-6 phosphate (IP6) is enriched in rice bran and possesses many beneficial effects. In the present study the effect of IP6 on autophagy-mediated death by modulating the mTOR pathway in HT-29 colon cancer cells was studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS Autophagy was assessed by acridine orange (AO) staining, transmission electron microscopy, and western blotting to detect LC3-II and Beclin 1. Akt/mTOR signaling protein expression was also analyzed by western blotting. Apoptosis was analyzed by annexin V staining. RESULTS Incubation of cells with IP6 resulted in downregulation of the p-Akt at 3h. Along with that confocal microscopic analysis of p-AKT, IP6 administration resulted that a diminished expression of p-Akt. mTOR pathway regulates autophagy and incubation with IP6 to HT-29 cells showed decreased expression of p-70S6Kinase, 4-EBP-1 in a time-dependent manner. Inositol-6 phosphate (10 μg/ml, 24 and 48 h) induced autophagic vesicles, as confirmed by AO staining and transmission electron microscopy. We also found increased expression of LC3-II and Beclin 1 in a time-dependent manner after incubation with IP6. Furthermore, IP6 induced apoptosis, as revealed by annexin V staining. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly indicate that IP6 induces autophagy by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Pandurangan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Salmiah Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhaizan Mohd Esa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murugan A. Munusamy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Vania L, Rebelo TM, Ferreira E, Weiss SFT. Knock-down of LRP/LR promotes apoptosis in early and late stage colorectal carcinoma cells via caspase activation. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:602. [PMID: 29843646 PMCID: PMC5975593 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death around the world, where incidence and mortality rates are at a constant increase. Tumourigenic cells are characteristically seen to over-express the 37 kDa/67 kDa laminin receptor (LRP/LR) compared to their normal cell counterparts. This receptor has numerous roles in tumourigenesis including metastasis, angiogenic enhancement, telomerase activation, cell viability and apoptotic evasion. This study aimed to expose the role of LRP/LR on the cellular viability of early (SW-480) and late (DLD-1) stage colorectal cancer cells. Methods siRNA were used to down-regulate the expression of LRP/LR in SW-480 and DLD-1 cells which was assessed using western blotting. Subsequently, cell survival was evaluated using the MTT cell survival assay and confocal microscopy. Thereafter, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and caspase activity assays were used to investigate the mechanism underlying the cell death observed upon LRP/LR knockdown. The data was analysed using Student’s t-test with a confidence interval of 95%, with p-values of less than 0.05 seen as significant. Results Here we reveal that siRNA-mediated knock-down of LRP led to notable decreases in cell viability through increased levels of apoptosis, apparent by compromised membrane integrity and significantly high caspase-3 activity. Down-regulated LRP resulted in a significant increase in caspase-8 and -9 activity in both cell lines. Conclusions These findings show that the receptor is critically implicated in apoptosis and that LRP/LR down-regulation induces apoptosis in early and late stage colorectal cancer cells through both apoptotic pathways. Thus, this study suggests that siRNA-mediated knock-down of LRP could be a possible therapeutic strategy for the treatment of early and late stage colorectal carcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4531-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Vania
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Thalia M Rebelo
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Eloise Ferreira
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Stefan F T Weiss
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.
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23
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Gong X, Chen Z, Han Q, Chen C, Jing L, Liu Y, Zhao L, Yao X, Sun X. Sanguinarine triggers intrinsic apoptosis to suppress colorectal cancer growth through disassociation between STRAP and MELK. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:578. [PMID: 29783958 PMCID: PMC5963096 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies showed sanguinarine induced apoptosis in CRC cells but did not define the underlying mechanisms. The purpose of this work was to determine the in vivo and in vitro effects of sanguinarine on CRC tumors and to elucidate the mechanism in regulating the intrinsic apoptosis. Methods Cell viability of CRC cell lines treated with sanguinarine was measured by MTT assay. Apoptotic cells stained with Annexin V and 7-AAD were detected by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed by JC-1 and DCFH-DA staining, respectively. The in vitro kinase activity of MELK was analyzed by using HTRF® KinEASE™-STK kit. The expression of proteins were determined using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorecence were used to study the interaction between STRAP and MELK. The anti-neoplastic effect of sanguinarine was observed in vivo in an orthotopic CRC model. Results Sanguinarine decreased the tumor size in a dose-dependent manner in orthotopical colorectal carcinomas through intrinsic apoptosis pathway in BALB/c-nu mice. It significantly increased cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP in implanted colorectal tissues. Sanguinarine increased mitochondrial ROS and triggered mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization in multiple colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. NAC pretreatment lowered ROS level and downregulated apoptosis induced by sanguinarine. The intrinsic apoptosis induced by sanguinarine was Bax-dependent. The elevated expression and association between serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein (STRAP) and maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) were observed in Bax positive cells but not in Bax negative cells. Sanguinarine dephosphorylated STRAP and MELK and disrupted the association between them in HCT116 and SW480 cells. The expression and association between STRAP and MELK were also attenuated by sanguinarine in the tumor tissues. Importantly, we found that STRAP and MELK were overexpressed and highly phosphorylated in colorectal adenocarcinomas and their expression were significantly correlated with tumor stages. Furthermore, the expression of MELK, but not STRAP, was associated with lymph node metastasis. Conclusions Sanguinarine dephosphorelates STRAP and MELK and disassociates the interaction between them to trigger intrinsic apoptosis. Overexpression of STRAP and MELK may be markers of CRC and their disassociation may be a determinant of therapeutic efficacy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4463-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianling Gong
- The key laboratory of molecular biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, (510515), China.,School of pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, Dongguan, (523808), China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- School of pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, Dongguan, (523808), China
| | - Qinrui Han
- The key laboratory of molecular biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, (510515), China
| | - Chunhui Chen
- The key laboratory of molecular biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, (510515), China
| | - Linlin Jing
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, (510315), China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, (510515), China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Nanfang hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, (510515), China
| | - Xueqing Yao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, (510120), China.
| | - Xuegang Sun
- The key laboratory of molecular biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, (510515), China. .,Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, (510315), China.
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24
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Cheah FK, Leong KH, Thomas NF, Chin HK, Ariffin A, Awang K. Resveratrol analogue, (E)-N-(2-(4-methoxystyryl) phenyl) furan-2-carboxamide induces G2/M cell cycle arrest through the activation of p53–p21CIP1/WAF1 in human colorectal HCT116 cells. Apoptosis 2018; 23:329-342. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-1457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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25
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Physalin B induces cell cycle arrest and triggers apoptosis in breast cancer cells through modulating p53-dependent apoptotic pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:334-341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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26
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The Tumor Suppressor p53 Limits Ferroptosis by Blocking DPP4 Activity. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1692-1704. [PMID: 28813679 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that may facilitate the selective elimination of tumor cells. The tumor suppressor p53 (TP53) has been demonstrated to promote ferroptosis via a transcription-dependent mechanism. Here, we show that TP53 limits erastin-induced ferroptosis by blocking dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) activity in a transcription-independent manner. Loss of TP53 prevents nuclear accumulation of DPP4 and thus facilitates plasma-membrane-associated DPP4-dependent lipid peroxidation, which finally results in ferroptosis. These findings reveal a direct molecular link between TP53 and DPP4 in the control of lipid metabolism and may provide a precision medicine strategy for the treatment of colorectal cancer by induction of ferroptosis.
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27
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Mandal P. Molecular signature of nitric oxide on major cancer hallmarks of colorectal carcinoma. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:331-336. [PMID: 29289998 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the one of the most important diseases throughout the world. Several aetiological risk factors, viz. sedentary life style, smoking, alcohol intake, less physical activity, red meat, and microbiota, are associated with the development of CRC. Molecular pathophysiology of CRC implies inflammation, metastasis, apotosis and angiogenesis. Inflammation involves interaction between various immune cells, inflammatory cells, chemokines, cytokines, and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, which may lead to signalling towards, tumour cell proliferation, growth, and invasion whereas nitric oxide (NO) has been associated with metastasis, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Therefore, this review emphasises on the potential molecular mechanisms associated with NO with alteration of cancer biomarkers during development of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Mandal
- Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India.
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28
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Chang LC, Fan CW, Tseng WK, Chein HP, Hsieh TY, Chen JR, Hwang CC, Hua CC. The ratio of thioredoxin/Keap1 protein level is a predictor of distant metastasis in colorectal cancer. Biomark Med 2017; 11:1103-1111. [PMID: 29053012 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Thioredoxin can reduce the cysteine group of Keap1 which could induce proteasome degradation of Nrf2, PGAM5 and Bcl-xL. Nrf2 regulates redox balance and Bcl-xL is anti-apoptotic and both are important in tumor progression. Methods: The protein levels of Keap1, thioredoxin, PGAM5 and Bcl-xL in the normal and tumor tissues of 64 subjects with colorectal cancer (CRC) were determined by western blot. Results: The tumor had higher Keap1 but lower PGAM5s and Bcl-xL protein expression than the normal tissue. The ratio of thioredoxin/Keap1 protein level in the normal (OR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02–0.83) or tumor tissue (OR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.03–0.89) was a negative predictor for distant metastasis in CRC. Conclusion: Keap1-mediated degradation of PGAM5 and Bcl-xL may be active in CRC. The ratio of thioredoxin/Keap1 protein level may be useful for suggesting distant metastasis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Che Chang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung & Chang Gung University, 222 Maijin Road, Keelung 204, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Wei Fan
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung & Chang Gung University, 222 Maijin Road, Keelung 204, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ko Tseng
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung & Chang Gung University, 222 Maijin Road, Keelung 204, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ping Chein
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung & Chang Gung University, 222 Maijin Road, Keelung 204, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsan-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung & Chang Gung University, 222 Maijin Road, Keelung 204, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jim-Ray Chen
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung & Chang Gung University, 222 Maijin Road, Keelung 204, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung & Chang Gung University, 222 Maijin Road, Keelung 204, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Ching Hua
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung & Chang Gung University, 222 Maijin Road, Keelung 204, Taiwan, Republic of China
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29
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LncRNA MEG3 has anti-activity effects of cervical cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:636-643. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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30
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Son JC, Jeong HO, Park D, No SG, Lee EK, Lee J, Chung HY. miR-10a and miR-204 as a Potential Prognostic Indicator in Low-Grade Gliomas. Cancer Inform 2017; 16:1176935117702878. [PMID: 28469392 PMCID: PMC5397276 DOI: 10.1177/1176935117702878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify and characterize microRNAs (miRNAs) that are related to radiosensitivity in low-grade gliomas (LGGs). The miRNA expression levels in radiosensitive and radioresistant LGGs were compared using The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and differentially expressed miRNAs were identified using the EBSeq package. The miRNA target genes were predicted using Web databases. Fifteen miRNAs were differentially expressed between the groups, with miR-10a and miR-204 being related to overall survival (OS) of patients with LGG. Patients with upregulated miR-10a expression had a higher mortality rate and shorter OS time, whereas patients with downregulated miR-204 expression had a lower mortality rate and longer OS time. Two genes, HSP90AA1 and CREB5, were targets for both miRNAs. Thus, this study suggests that expression of miR-10a and miR-204 is significantly related to both radiosensitivity and the survival of patients with LGG. These miRNAs could therefore act as clinical biomarkers for LGG prognosis and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Cheol Son
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Oh Jeong
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Deaui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Koera Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyoon No
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyeong Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Koera Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Deajeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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31
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Lai X, Friedman A. Exosomal microRNA concentrations in colorectal cancer: A mathematical model. J Theor Biol 2017; 415:70-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Tica Sedlar I, Petricevic J, Saraga-Babic M, Pintaric I, Vukojevic K. Apoptotic pathways and stemness in the colorectal epithelium and lamina propria mucosae during the human embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:693-703. [PMID: 27612611 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Programmed cell death is essential both during normal organ development and carcinogenesis. In this study we immunohistochemically analyzed different pathways of cell death in 11 human conceptuses 5th-10th-weeks old, 10 low and high grade colorectal carcinomas (CRC), and 10 normal colon samples by using markers for apoptosis (caspase-3, AIF, TUNEL), proliferation (Ki-67) and stemness (Oct-4). RESULTS Between the 5th and 10th week of development, caspase-3 and AIF showed moderate-to-strong expression in the developing gut wall. During development, number of caspase-3-reactive cells decreased, while AIF increased. While healthy colorectal control and low grade CRC showed moderate expression of caspase-3 and AIF, in high grade CRC their expression was strong. Tumor tissues displayed significantly higher number of positive cells than controls. Occasionally, co-expressing of both markers characterized dying cells. In developing colon, Oct-4 and Ki-67 showed moderate-to-strong expression, while some cells co-expressed both markers. Their number decreased in the epithelium and increased in the connective tissue in later development. Healthy colorectal control displayed moderate Ki-67 and mild Oct-4 reactivity. While in low-grade CRC expression Oct-4 and Ki-67 was moderate, in high-grade CRC their expression was strong. Although Oct-4 and TUNEL occasionally co-expressed in all samples, both grades of CRC contained cells that were Oct-4 positive only. CONCLUSION Our study revealed two different parallel pathways of cell death, with characteristic increase of AIF-mediated apoptosis when compared to caspase-3, and presence of stemness cells both during colon development and carcinogenesis. These finding might be considered as important diagnostic, survival and CRC therapy predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tica Sedlar
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Mostar, Kralja Tvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - J Petricevic
- Department of Pathology, Citology and Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Mostar, Kralja Tvrtka bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Bijeli brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - M Saraga-Babic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - I Pintaric
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - K Vukojevic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, Bijeli brijeg bb, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Isoledene from Mesua ferrea oleo-gum resin induces apoptosis in HCT 116 cells through ROS-mediated modulation of multiple proteins in the apoptotic pathways: A mechanistic study. Toxicol Lett 2016; 257:84-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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34
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Byun S, Shin SH, Park J, Lim S, Lee E, Lee C, Sung D, Farrand L, Lee SR, Kim KH, Dong Z, Lee SW, Lee KW. Sulforaphene suppresses growth of colon cancer-derived tumors via induction of glutathione depletion and microtubule depolymerization. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1068-78. [PMID: 26918318 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201501011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Cruciferous vegetables harbor a number of isothiocyanates that have been recognized for their cancer-related properties. Out of these, sulforaphene (a naturally occurring derivative of sulforaphane) has received little attention in studies of colon cancer and its mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS We observed that sulforaphene inhibited growth of human colon cancer cell lines HCT116, HT-29, KM12, SNU-1040, and DLD-1, while exhibiting negligible toxicity toward nonmalignant cells. Sulforaphene induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of colon cancer cells analyzed by flow cytometry, concomitant with phosphorylation of CDK1 and CDC25B at inhibitory sites, and upregulation of the p38 and JNK pathways. It was further determined that sulforaphene is a potent inhibitor of microtubule polymerization while generating reactive oxygen species via the depletion of glutathione. These observations further extended into inhibitory effects against colon tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that sulforaphene may contribute to the anti-tumor effects of cruciferous vegetables that contain sulforaphene and other isothiocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanguine Byun
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea.,Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Seung Ho Shin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA.,Program in Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jiman Park
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea.,Research Center, Ottogi Corp, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Semi Lim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea.,Traditional Alcoholic Beverage Research Team, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyoon Lee
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongeun Sung
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lee Farrand
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Sam W Lee
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seou, Republic of Korea
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35
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Basri DF, Alamin ZAZ, Chan KM. Assessment of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of stem bark extracts from Canarium odontophyllum Miq. (dabai) against HCT 116 human colorectal cancer cell line. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:36. [PMID: 26822971 PMCID: PMC4731986 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Canarium odontophyllum Miq. is a plant species widely known as ‘dabai’ and can be vastly found in Sarawak. The aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of extracts from stem bark of C. odontophyllum against HCT 116 human colorectal cancer cell line. Method The IC50 values of the aqueous, methanol, and acetone extracts against HCT 116 cells as well as the acetone extract against human colon fibroblast cell line CCD-18co were determined using the MTT assay. The concentration of the extracts ranged from 12.5 to 200 μg/ml at treatment time of 24, 48 and 72 h. Annexin V-FITC/PI labelling assay was employed to determine mode of HCT 116 cell death induced by acetone extract at 48 h. The DNA damage induced by the extract in HCT 116 cells was detected using alkaline comet assay at 30 min of IC10 and IC25 treatment. Results Acetone extract exhibited the highest cytotoxic effect against HCT 116 cells compared to methanol and aqueous extract at 24, 48 and 72 h. Despite no cytotoxic effect by acetone extract against CCD-18co cells at 24 and 48 h, however at 72 h, CCD-18co cells proliferated. Apoptosis assessment using Annexin V-FITC/PI labelling assay revealed that the primary cell death was via apoptosis after 48 h treatment. Low doses of acetone extract from stem bark of C. odontophyllum showed significant DNA damage in HCT 116 cells with tail moment of 6.187 ± 0.718 A.U and 7.877 ± 0.142 A.U, respectively. Conclusions Acetone extract from stem bark of C. odontophyllum has high potential in the development of anticancer agent against HCT 116 cells with no cytotoxic effect against human colon fibroblast cells.
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36
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Ahmed I, Roy BC, Subramaniam D, Ganie SA, Kwatra D, Dixon D, Anant S, Zargar MA, Umar S. An ornamental plant targets epigenetic signaling to block cancer stem cell-driven colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:385-96. [PMID: 26785732 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals modulate key cellular signaling pathways and have proven anticancer effects. Alcea rosea(AR; Hollyhock) is an ornamental plant with known anti-inflammatory properties. This study explored its role as an anticancer agent. The AR seed extract (AR extract) inhibited proliferation and colony formation in a dose- and time-dependent manner and promoted apoptosis as was evidenced by cleavage of PARP and increased expression of Bax accompanying reduced levels of BCL-xl protein in HCT116 and SW480 cells, respectively. In addition, AR extract-arrested cells at Go/G1 phase of cell cycle and exhibited decreases in Cyclin D1. AR extract-treated cells exhibited reduced number and size of colonospheres in a dose-dependent manner concomitant with decreases in cancer stem cell (CSC) markers ALDH1A1 and Dclk1. Relative levels of β-catenin, Notch-ICD, Hes1 and EZH2 were also attenuated by AR extract. TOP-flash reporter activity, a measure of Wnt signaling, decreased significantly in response to treatment while overexpression of wild type but not mutant EZH2, reversed the inhibitory effects. Moreover, WIF1 (a Wnt antagonist) promoter activity increased dramatically following treatment with AR extract which phenocopied increases in WIF1 reporter activity following EZH2 knockdown.In vivo, AR extract attenuated tumor growth due probably to reduced levels of EZH2, β-catenin, CyclinD1 and Ki-67 along with reduced levels of CSC markers. Since partial purification via HPLC yielded a prominent peak, efforts are underway to identify the active ingredient(s). Taken together, the results clearly suggest that AR extract/active component(s) can be an effective preventative/therapeutic agent to target colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Badal C Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Dharmalingam Subramaniam
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Deep Kwatra
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Adminstration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Wang L, Wang Y, Lu Y, Zhang Q, Qu X. Heterozygous deletion of ATG5 in Apc(Min/+) mice promotes intestinal adenoma growth and enhances the antitumor efficacy of interferon-gamma. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:383-91. [PMID: 25695667 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2014.1002331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy related gene 5 (ATG5) was lost in 23% of the patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and the role of loss of ATG5 in the pathogenesis of CRC remains unclear. Knockdown of ATG5 in cancer cells enhances the antitumor efficacy of lots of chemotherapeutic agents. However, there is still no animal model to validate these in vitro observations in vivo. In this study, we found that heterozygous deletion of ATG5 in Apc(Min/+) mice increased the number and size of adenomas as compared with those in Apc(Min/+)ATG5(+/+) mice. To investigate whether ATG5 deficiency could sensitize tumors to chemotherapies, we compared the antitumor effects of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) between Apc(Min/+)ATG5(+/+) and Apc(Min/+)ATG5(+/-) mice, as IFN-γ is a potential tumor suppressor for CRC and has been used clinically as an efficient adjuvant to chemotherapy of cancer. We revealed that heterozygous deletion of ATG5 significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy of IFN-γ. Early treatment of Apc(Min/+)ATG5(+/-) mice with IFN-γ decreased tumor incidence rate to 16.7% and reduced the number of adenomas by 95.5% and late treatment led to regression of tumor. Moreover, IFN-γ treatment did not cause any evident toxic reaction. Mechanistic analysis revealed that heterozygous deletion of ATG5 activated EGFR/ERK1/2 and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in adenomas of Apc(Min/+) mice and enhanced the effects of IFN-γ-dependent inhibition of these 2 pathways. Our results demonstrate that ATG5 plays important roles in intestinal tumor growth and combination of IFN-γ and ATG5 deficiency or ATG5-targeted inhibition is a promising strategy for prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Key Words
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- ATG5
- ATG5, autophagy related gene 5
- Apc, adenomatous polyposis coli
- ApcMin/+ mouse
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- Erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- IFN-γ
- IFN-γ, Interferon-gamma
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- colorectal cancer
- heterozygous deletion
- intestinal adenoma
- siRNAs, small interfering RNAs
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- a Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Shandong University ; Jinan , Shandong , China
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Applegate CC, Lane MA. Role of retinoids in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:184-203. [PMID: 26483874 PMCID: PMC4606174 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i10.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives, retinoids, have been widely studied for their use as cancer chemotherapeutic agents. With respect to colorectal cancer (CRC), several critical mutations dysregulate pathways implicated in progression and metastasis, resulting in aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling, gain-of-function mutations in K-ras and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt, cyclooxygenase-2 over-expression, reduction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activation, and loss of p53 function. Dysregulation leads to increased cellular proliferation and invasion and decreased cell-cell interaction and differentiation. Retinoids affect these pathways by various mechanisms, many involving retinoic acid receptors (RAR). RAR bind to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) to induce the transcription of genes responsible for cellular differentiation. Although most research concerning the chemotherapeutic efficacy of retinoids focuses on the ability of ATRA to decrease cancer cell proliferation, increase differentiation, or promote apoptosis; as CRC progresses, RAR expression is often lost, rendering treatment of CRCs with ATRA ineffective. Our laboratory focuses on the ability of dietary vitamin A to decrease CRC cell proliferation and invasion via RAR-independent pathways. This review discusses our research and others concerning the ability of retinoids to ameliorate the defective signaling pathways listed above and decrease tumor cell proliferation and invasion through both RAR-dependent and RAR-independent mechanisms.
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Harmse L, Dahan-Farkas N, Panayides JL, van Otterlo W, Penny C. Aberrant Apoptotic Response of Colorectal Cancer Cells to Novel Nucleoside Analogues. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138607. [PMID: 26390405 PMCID: PMC4577089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increased understanding of colorectal cancer and the introduction of targeted drug therapy, the metastatic phase of the disease remains refractory to treatment. Since the deregulation of normal apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, novel nucleoside analogues were synthesized here and evaluated for their ability to induce apoptosis and cause cell death in two colorectal adeno-carcinoma cell lines, Caco-2 and HT-29. Three novel nucleoside analogues assessed here showed cytotoxic activity, as measured by the MTT assay against both cell lines: the IC50 values ranged between 3 and 37 μM, with Caco-2 cells being more sensitive than HT-29 cells. Compared to camptothecin, the positive control, the nucleoside analogues were significantly less toxic to normal unstimulated leukocytes (p>0.05). Moreover, the nucleosides were able to induce apoptosis as measured by an increase in caspase 8 and caspase 3 activity above that of the control. This was additionally supported by data derived from Annexin V-FITC assays. Despite marginal changes to the mitochondrial membrane potential, all three nucleosides caused a significant increase in cytosolic cytochrome c (p>0.05), with a corresponding decrease in mitochondrial cytochrome c. Morphological analysis of both cell lines showed the rapid appearance of vacuoles following exposure to two of the nucleosides, while a third caused cellular detachment, delayed cytoplasmic vacuolisation and nuclear abnormalities. Preliminary investigations, using the autophagic indicator monodansylcadaverine and chloroquine as positive control, showed that two of the nucleosides induced the formation of autophagic vacuoles. In summary, the novel nucleoside analogues showed selective cytotoxicity towards both cancer cell lines and are effective initiators of an unusual apoptotic response, demonstrating their potential to serve as structural scaffolds for more potent analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Harmse
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Nurit Dahan-Farkas
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Jenny-Lee Panayides
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Willem van Otterlo
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Clement Penny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
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Enterobacter Strains Might Promote Colon Cancer. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:403-11. [PMID: 26143056 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have been performed to determine the interaction between bacterial species and cancer. However, there has been no attempts to demonstrate a possible relationship between Enterobacter spp. and colon cancer so far. Therefore, in the present study, it is aimed to investigate the effects of Enterobacter strains on colon cancer. Bacterial proteins were isolated from 11 Enterobacter spp., one Morganella morganii, and one Escherichia coli strains, and applied onto NCM460 (Incell) and CRL1790 (ATCC) cell lines. Cell viability and proliferation were determined in MTS assay. Flow Cytometry was used to detect CD24 level and apoptosis. Real-Time PCR studies were performed to determine NFKB and Bcl2 expression. Graphpad Software was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that proteins, isolated from the Enterobacter spp., have significantly increased cell viability and proliferation, while decreasing the apoptosis of the cell lines tested. The data in the present study indicated that Enterobacter strains might promote colon cancer. Moreover, Enterobacter spp. could be a clinically important factor for colon cancer initiation and progression. Studies can be extended on animal models in order to develop new strategies for treatment.
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Menon DB, Gopalakrishnan VK. Terpenoids Isolated From the Shoot ofPlectranthus hadiensisInduces Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells Via the Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:697-705. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1019631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Song L, Zhao M, Liu J, Li Z, Xiao H, Liu W. p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane inhibits the apoptosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD1 cells through PI3K/AKT and Hedgehog/Gli1 signaling pathways. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00006h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is able to inhibit the apoptosis of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, which may be an important mechanism to contribute to colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Research Center of Environmental Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310032
- China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Department of Pathology
- The First Affiliated Hospital
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310058
- China
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Elkady AI, Hussein RAEH, Abu-Zinadah OA. Differential control of growth, apoptotic activity and gene expression in human colon cancer cells by extracts derived from medicinal herbs, Rhazya stricta and Zingiber officinale and their combination. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15275-88. [PMID: 25386076 PMCID: PMC4223261 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of extracts from Rhazya stricta (R. stricta) and Zingiber officinale (Z. officinale) on human colorectal cancer cells. METHODS Human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116) were subjected to increasing doses of crude alkaloid extracts from R. stricta (CAERS) and crude flavonoid extracts from Z. officinale (CFEZO). Cells were then harvested after 24, 48 or 72 h and cell viability was examined by trypan blue exclusion dye test; clonogenicity and soft agar colony-forming assays were also carried out. Nuclear stain (Hoechst 33342), acridine orange/ethidium bromide double staining, agarose gel electrophoresis and comet assays were performed to assess pro-apoptotic potentiality of the extracts. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), using gene-specific primers and Western blot analyses were performed to assess the impact of CAERS and CFEZO on the expression levels of key regulatory proteins in HCT116 cells. RESULTS Treatment with a combination of CAERS and CFEZO synergistically suppressed the proliferation, colony formation and anchorage-independent growth of HCT116 cells. Calculated IC50, after 24, 48 and 72 h, were 70, 90 and 130 μg/mL for CAERS, 65, 85 and 120 μg/mL for CFEZO and 20, 25 and 45 μg/mL for both agents, respectively. CAERS- and CFEZO-treated cells exhibited morphologic and biochemical features of apoptotic cell death. The induction of apoptosis was associated with the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, activation of caspases 3 and 9 and cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase. CAERS and CFEZO treatments downregulated expression levels of anti-apoptotic proteins including Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Mcl-1, survivin and XIAP, and upregulated expression levels of proapoptotic proteins such as Bad and Noxa. CAERS and CFEZO treatments elevated expression levels of the oncosuppressor proteins, p53, p21 and p27, and reduced levels of the oncoproteins, cyclin D1, cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase-4 and c-Myc. CONCLUSION These data suggest that a combination of CAERS and CFEZO is a promising treatment for the prevention of colon cancer.
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Nicholson AD, Guo X, Sullivan CA, Cha CH. Automated Quantitative Analysis of Tissue Microarray of 443 Patients with Colorectal Adenocarcinoma: Low Expression of Bcl-2 Predicts Poor Survival. J Am Coll Surg 2014; 219:977-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kasdagly M, Radhakrishnan S, Reddivari L, Veeramachaneni DR, Vanamala J. Colon carcinogenesis: Influence of Western diet-induced obesity and targeting stem cells using dietary bioactive compounds. Nutrition 2014; 30:1242-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang Y, Li Y, Zhou B, Zhang WY, Guan JT, Wang R, Yang L, Xia QJ, Zhou ZG, Sun XF. Expression of the apoptosis inhibitor livin in colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence: correlations with pathology and outcome. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:11791-8. [PMID: 25339450 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis family member livin is expressed in several types of cancer but not in most benign tissues, and it has been considered to be a poor prognostic mark in various malignancies. However, livin expression and its prognostic relevance have not been evaluated in colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. In this study, we analyzed the difference of livin expression among normal mucosa, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma and investigated the relationship of livin expression in carcinomas with clinicopathological variables using immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcription-PCR. We observed that the expression of livin protein was mainly present on base of colorectal crypts in adenoma and throughout the epithelium in carcinoma, whereas did not present in accompanying normal mucosa, and the expression of livin messenger RNA (mRNA) in adenocarcinomas was significantly higher than in adenomas and in normal mucosa (P = 0.001, respectively), whereas, compared with normal mucosa, the expression level of livin mRNA was up-regulated in adenomas but no significant difference (P = 0.196). We also found that the expression levels of livin mRNA in rectal cancer was significantly higher than those in colonic cancer, and livin mRNA expression was strongly related to colorectal cancer invasive depth but not to clinical tumor stage, differentiation, lymph node metastasis, tumor morphological category and pathological type, and patient's age and gender. These findings support the possibility that the livin gene may play a role in colorectal tumorigenesis, and increased expression of livin mRNA may serve as a new target for colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Institute of Digestive Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China,
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Ramzan Z, Nassri AB, Huerta S. Genotypic characteristics of resistant tumors to pre-operative ionizing radiation in rectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2014; 6:194-210. [PMID: 25024812 PMCID: PMC4092337 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v6.i7.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a wide range of clinical response in patients undergoing neo-adjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer it is essential to understand molecular factors that lead to the broad response observed in patients receiving the same form of treatment. Despite extensive research in this field, the exact mechanisms still remain elusive. Data raging from DNA-repair to specific molecules leading to cell survival as well as resistance to apoptosis have been investigated. Individually, or in combination, there is no single pathway that has become clinically applicable to date. In the following review, we describe the current status of various pathways that might lead to resistance to the therapeutic applications of ionizing radiation in rectal cancer.
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Chemical characterization and antitumor activities of polysaccharide extracted from Ganoderma lucidum. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9103-16. [PMID: 24857920 PMCID: PMC4057777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15059103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) is a biologically active substance reported to possess anti-tumor ability. Nonetheless, the mechanisms of GLP-stimulated apoptosis are still unclear. This study aims to determine the inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of GLP on HCT-116 cells. We found that GLP reduced cell viability on HCT-116 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which in turn, induced cell apoptosis. The observed apoptosis was characterized by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential decrease, S phase population increase, and caspase-3 and -9 activation. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by SP600125 led to a dramatic decrease of the GLP-induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis unveiled that GLP up-regulated the expression of Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). These results demonstrate that apoptosis stimulated by GLP in human colorectal cancer cells is associated with activation of mitochondrial and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways.
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Sadowska A, Car H, Pryczynicz A, Guzińska-Ustymowicz K, Kowal KW, Cepowicz D, Kędra B. Expression of apoptotic proteins in human colorectal cancer and metastatic lymph nodes. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 210:576-81. [PMID: 24939147 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the expression of Bak, Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and procaspase-3 proteins in colorectal tumor and regional lymph nodes, as well as to investigate the correlation between them and with clinicopathologic parameters. METHODS Expression of the examined proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemical study. RESULTS No significant correlation was revealed between Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bak, Bax and procaspase-3 expressions and age, gender, location or size of primary tumor and grade in the main tumor mass or in lymph nodes. Additionally, the only association we found was between Bak protein in primary tumor and in adjacent metastatic lymph nodes. CONCLUSION Bcl-2 protein seems to exert substantial effects prevention of apoptosis in pT3 CRC with positive lymph node involvement, while lower expressions of Bcl-xl proteins suggest that it does not play a significant part in the inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Pryczynicz
- Department of General Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Dariusz Cepowicz
- 2nd Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Bogusław Kędra
- 2nd Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Lee Y, Sung B, Kang YJ, Kim DH, Jang JY, Hwang SY, Kim M, Lim HS, Yoon JH, Chung HY, Kim ND. Apigenin-induced apoptosis is enhanced by inhibition of autophagy formation in HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1599-606. [PMID: 24626522 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid, shown to have chemopreventive and/or anticancer properties in a variety of human cancer cells. The involvement of autophagy in apigenin-induced apoptotic cell death of HCT116 human colon cancer cells was investigated. Apigenin induced suppression of cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner in HCT116 cells. Flow cytometric analyses indicated that apigenin resulted in G2/M phase arrest. This flavone also suppressed the expression of both cyclin B1 and its activating partners, Cdc2 and Cdc25c, whereas the expression of cell cycle inhibitors, such as p53 and p53-dependent p21(CIP1/WAF1), was increased after apigenin treatment. Apigenin induced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and decreased the levels of procaspase-8, -9 and -3. In addition, the apigenin-treated cells exhibited autophagy, as characterized by the appearance of autophagosomes under fluorescence microscopy and the accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the results of the western blot analysis revealed that the levels of LC3-II, the processed form of LC3-I, was increased by apigenin. Treatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly enhanced the apoptosis induced by apigenin, which was accompanied by an increase in the levels of PARP cleavage. These results indicate that apigenin has apoptosis- and autophagy-inducing effects in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Autophagy plays a cytoprotective role in apigenin-induced apoptosis, and the combination of apigenin and an autophagy inhibitor may be a promising strategy for colon cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Lee
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Sung
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jung Kang
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Yoon Jang
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Hwang
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Lim
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Yoon
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Deuk Kim
- Division of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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