1
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Carr BI, Guerra V, Donghia R, Ince V, Akbulut S, Ersan V, Usta S, Isik B, Samdanci E, Yilmaz S. Microscopic Portal Vein Invasion in Relation to Tumor Focality and Dimension in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2022; 26:333-340. [PMID: 34506030 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-021-05126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microscopic portal vein invasion (microPVI) and tumor multifocality are hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis factors. To investigate whether microPVI and multifocality are directly related to each other. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the relationships between microPVI, multifocality, and maximum tumor diameter (MTD) in prospectively collected transplanted HCC patients. RESULTS HCCs with 1, 2, or ≥ 3 foci had more microPVI in larger than in smaller HCCs, with microPVI being present in 52.24% of single large foci. Conversely, microPVI patients had similar percentages of single and multifocal lesions. A linear regression model of MTD, showed microPVI best associated with MTD, with 2.49 as coefficient, whereas multifocality had a 0.83 coefficient. A logistic regression model of microPVI showed significant association with tumor multifocality, especially for small HCCs. Trends for microPVI and multifocality in relation to MTD revealed that both increased with MTD but more significantly for microPVI. Survival was similar in patients with small HCCs, with or without microPVI, but was significantly worse in microPVI patients with larger HCCs. No patient survival differences were found in relation to focality. CONCLUSIONS MTD had stronger associations with microPVI than with multifocality. microPVI was associated with worse survival in patients with large HCCs, but survival was not impacted by number of tumor foci. microPVI and multifocality appear weakly related, having different behavior in relation to MTD and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian I Carr
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Vito Guerra
- National Institute of Digestive Diseases. IRCCS S. de Bellis Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Rossella Donghia
- National Institute of Digestive Diseases. IRCCS S. de Bellis Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Volkan Ince
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sami Akbulut
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Veysel Ersan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sertac Usta
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Burak Isik
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Emine Samdanci
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sezai Yilmaz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Liver Transplant Institute, Inonu University, Elazig Yolu 10. Km, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
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2
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Murakami K, Kumata H, Miyagi S, Kamei T, Sasano H. The prognostic significance of neuroendocrine markers and somatostatin receptor 2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathol Int 2021; 71:682-691. [PMID: 34320691 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostatic and colon carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation are reported to behave more aggressively than those without such differentiation. In hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), however, only a few studies have reported the expression status of neuroendocrine markers and somatostatin receptor 2, the main target of a somatostatin analog. Furthermore, the prognostic significance of the markers in HCCs has not been fully explored. We evaluated the expression of the neuroendocrine makers (chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and CD56) and somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) in 95 HCCs, and investigated the correlation between the expression of these markers and clinicopathological findings. Chromogranin A was immunolocalized in 2 cases, synaptophysin in 15 cases, CD56 in 11 cases, and SSTR2 in 19 cases. Immunoreactivity of synaptophysin and CD56 were the significant unfavorable prognostic factors in terms of 2-year disease-free survival (DFS) and the overall survival (OS) along with a high nuclear mitosis level (>10/10 high-power field), a larger tumor size (>5 cm), the presence of vascular and/or biliary invasion, and high TNM stage (III/IV). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis identified synaptophysin as an independent prognostic factor for 2-year DFS and OS. Synaptophysin expression can be used to predict an unfavorable prognosis in patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Murakami
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumata
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shigehito Miyagi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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3
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Zhang EL, Cheng Q, Huang ZY, Dong W. Revisiting Surgical Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Microvascular Invasion. Front Oncol 2021; 11:691354. [PMID: 34123861 PMCID: PMC8190326 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.691354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although liver resection (LR) and liver transplantation (LT) are widely considered as potentially curative therapies for selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, there is still high risk of tumor recurrence in majority of HCC patients. Previous studies demonstrated that the presence of microvascular invasion (MVI), which was defined as the presence of tumor emboli within the vessels adjacent to HCC, was one of the key factors of early HCC recurrence and poor surgical outcomes after LR or LT. In this review, we evaluated the impact of current MVI status on surgical outcomes after curative therapies and aimed to explore the surgical strategies for HCC based on different MVI status with evidence from pathological examination. Surgical outcomes of HCC patients with MVI have been described as a varied range after curative therapies due to a broad spectrum of current definitions for MVI. Therefore, an international consensus on the validated definition of MVI in HCC is urgently needed to provide a more consistent evaluation and reliable prediction of surgical outcomes for HCC patients after curative treatments. We concluded that MVI should be further sub-classified into MI (microvessel invasion) and MPVI (microscopic portal vein invasion); for HCC patients with MPVI, local R0 resection with a narrow or wide surgical margin will get the same surgical results. However, for HCC patients with MI, local surgical resection with a wide and negative surgical margin will get better surgical outcomes. Nowadays, MVI status can only be reliably confirmed by histopathologic evaluation of surgical specimens, limiting its clinical application. Taken together, preoperative assessment of MVI is of utmost significance for selecting a reasonable surgical modality and greatly improving the surgical outcomes of HCC patients, especially in those with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Lei Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Huang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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4
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subpopulation of cells found within tumors that exhibit properties of self-renewal, like normal stem cells. CSCs have been defined as a crucial factor involved in driving cancer relapse, chemoresistance and metastasis. Prominin-1 (CD133) is one of the most well-characterized markers of CSCs in various tumor types, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CD133+ cells have been demonstrated to be involved in metastasis, tumorigenesis, tumor recurrence, and resistance to treatment in HCC. CD133-related clinical prognosis prediction, and targeted therapy have highlighted the clinical significance of CD133 in HCC. However, there remains controversy over the role of CD133 in experimental and clinical research involving HCC. In this article, we summarize the fundamental cell biology of CD133 in HCC cells and discuss the important characteristics of CD133+ in HCC cells. Furthermore, the prognostic value of CD133, and therapeutic strategies for its targeting in HCC, is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Liu
- Liver Disease Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanzhi Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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5
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Liu L, Borlak J. Advances in Liver Cancer Stem Cell Isolation and their Characterization. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1215-1238. [PMID: 33432485 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade research on cancer stem cells (CSC) significantly contributed to a better understanding of tumor biology. Given their similarity to normal stem cells, i.e. self-renewal and pluripotency the need arises to develop robust protocols for the isolation and characterization of CSCs. As with other malignancies, hepatic tumors are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells including liver cancer stem cells (LCSC). Yet, a precise understanding of why stem cells become cancerous is still lacking. There is unmet need to develop robust protocols for the successful isolation of LCSCs from human tissue resection material as to assist in the development of molecular targeted therapies. Here we review the research progress made in the isolation and characterization of LCSCs by considering a wide range of cell surface markers and sorting methods, as applied to side populations, microsphere cultures and the gradient centrifugation method. We emphasize the different fluorescence activated cell sorting methods and the possibility to enrich LCSCs by immunomagnetic beads. We review the specificity of functional assays by considering ABCG transporter and ALDH1 enzyme activities and evaluate the in vivo tumorigenicity of LCSCs in highly sensitive bioassays. Finally, we evaluate different LCSC markers in association with viral and non-viral liver disease and explore the potential of novel drug delivery systems targeting CD133, EpCAM, CD13 and CD90 for the development of molecular targeted therapies. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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6
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Walcher L, Kistenmacher AK, Suo H, Kitte R, Dluczek S, Strauß A, Blaudszun AR, Yevsa T, Fricke S, Kossatz-Boehlert U. Cancer Stem Cells-Origins and Biomarkers: Perspectives for Targeted Personalized Therapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1280. [PMID: 32849491 PMCID: PMC7426526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis has gained increasing interest over the last decades. In particular, the analysis of biomarkers in cancer patients within the pre- and post-therapeutic period is required to identify several types of cells, which carry a risk for a disease progression and subsequent post-therapeutic relapse. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells that can drive tumor initiation and can cause relapses. At the time point of tumor initiation, CSCs originate from either differentiated cells or adult tissue resident stem cells. Due to their importance, several biomarkers that characterize CSCs have been identified and correlated to diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. However, CSCs have been shown to display a high plasticity, which changes their phenotypic and functional appearance. Such changes are induced by chemo- and radiotherapeutics as well as senescent tumor cells, which cause alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Induction of senescence causes tumor shrinkage by modulating an anti-tumorigenic environment in which tumor cells undergo growth arrest and immune cells are attracted. Besides these positive effects after therapy, senescence can also have negative effects displayed post-therapeutically. These unfavorable effects can directly promote cancer stemness by increasing CSC plasticity phenotypes, by activating stemness pathways in non-CSCs, as well as by promoting senescence escape and subsequent activation of stemness pathways. At the end, all these effects can lead to tumor relapse and metastasis. This review provides an overview of the most frequently used CSC markers and their implementation as biomarkers by focussing on deadliest solid (lung, stomach, liver, breast and colorectal cancers) and hematological (acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia) cancers. Furthermore, it gives examples on how the CSC markers might be influenced by therapeutics, such as chemo- and radiotherapy, and the tumor microenvironment. It points out, that it is crucial to identify and monitor residual CSCs, senescent tumor cells, and the pro-tumorigenic senescence-associated secretory phenotype in a therapy follow-up using specific biomarkers. As a future perspective, a targeted immune-mediated strategy using chimeric antigen receptor based approaches for the removal of remaining chemotherapy-resistant cells as well as CSCs in a personalized therapeutic approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Walcher
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Kistenmacher
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Huizhen Suo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reni Kitte
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Dluczek
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Strauß
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - André-René Blaudszun
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Kossatz-Boehlert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Shi C, Yang J, Hu L, Liao B, Qiao L, Shen W, Xie F, Zhu G. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid induces stemness and chemoresistance via the STAT3 signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:15546-15555. [PMID: 32756004 PMCID: PMC7467378 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is primarily attributed to its high frequency of recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the acquisition of cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the fundamental drivers of chemoresistance in HCC. Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC), a component of bile acid (BA), has been reported to induce necrosis in primary human hepatocytes. In the present work, we investigated the function of GCDC in HCC chemoresistance. We found that GCDC promoted chemoresistance in HCC cells by down-regulating and up-regulating the expression of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes, respectively. Furthermore, GCDC induced the EMT phenotype and stemness in HCC cells and activated the STAT3 signaling pathway. These findings reveal that GCDC promotes chemoresistance in HCC by inducing stemness via the STAT3 pathway and could be a potential target in HCC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Shi
- Department of Hepatology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiamei Yang
- Department of Hepatology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longmiao Hu
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boyi Liao
- Department of Hepatology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Hepatology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Shen
- Department of Hepatology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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8
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Cancer Stem Cells: Acquisition, Characteristics, Therapeutic Implications, Targeting Strategies and Future Prospects. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 15:331-355. [PMID: 30993589 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since last two decades, the major cancer research has focused on understanding the characteristic properties and mechanism of formation of Cancer stem cells (CSCs), due to their ability to initiate tumor growth, self-renewal property and multi-drug resistance. The discovery of the mechanism of acquisition of stem-like properties by carcinoma cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has paved a way towards a deeper understanding of CSCs and presented a possible avenue for the development of therapeutic strategies. In spite of years of research, various challenges, such as identification of CSC subpopulation, lack of appropriate experimental models, targeting cancer cells and CSCs specifically without harming normal cells, are being faced while dealing with CSCs. Here, we discuss the biology and characteristics of CSCs, mode of acquisition of stemness (via EMT) and development of multi-drug resistance, the role of tumor niche, the process of dissemination and metastasis, therapeutic implications of CSCs and necessity of targeting them. We emphasise various strategies being developed to specifically target CSCs, including those targeting biomarkers, key pathways and microenvironment. Finally, we focus on the challenges that need to be subdued and propose the aspects that need to be addressed in future studies in order to broaden the understanding of CSCs and develop novel strategies to eradicate them in clinical applications. Graphical Abstract Cancer Stem Cells(CSCs) have gained much attention in the last few decades due to their ability to initiate tumor growth and, self-renewal property and multi-drug resistance. Here, we represent the CSC model of cancer, Characteristics of CSCs, acquisition of stemness and metastatic dissemination of cancer, Therapeutic implications of CSCs and Various strategies being employed to target and eradicate CSCs.
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9
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The Concomitant Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Embryonic Genes in Cancer Cells under Microenvironmental Changes is a Potential Target for Antiretroviral Drugs. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2019; 12:105-118. [PMID: 31691184 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-019-00231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In our genomes there are thousands of copies of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) originated from the integration of exogenous retroviruses that infected germ line cells millions of years ago, and currently an altered expression of this elements has been associated to the onset, progression and acquisition of aggressiveness features of many cancers. The transcriptional reactivation of HERVs is mainly an effect of their responsiveness to some factors in cell microenvironment, such as nutrients, hormones and cytokines. We have already demonstrated that, under pressure of microenvironmental changes, HERV-K (HML-2) activation is required to maintain human melanoma cell plasticity and CD133+ cancer stem cells survival. In the present study, the transcriptional activity of HERV-K (HML-2), HERV-H, CD133 and the embryonic transcription factors OCT4, NANOG and SOX2 was evaluated during the in vitro treatment with antiretroviral drugs in cells from melanoma, liver and lung cancers exposed to microenvironmental changes. The exposure to stem cell medium induced a phenotype switching with the generation of sphere-like aggregates, characterized by the concomitant increase of HERV-K (HML-2) and HERV-H, CD133 and embryonic genes transcriptional activity. Although with heterogenic response among the different cell lines, the in vitro treatment with antiretroviral drugs affected HERVs transcriptional activity in parallel with the reduction of CD133 and embryonic genes expression, clonogenic activity and cell growth, accompanied by the induction of apoptosis. The responsiveness to antiretroviral drugs treatment of cancer cells with stemness features and expressing HERVs suggests the use of these drugs as innovative approach to treat aggressive tumours in combination with chemotherapeutic/radiotherapy regimens.
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10
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Wang K, Sun D. Cancer stem cells of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23306-23314. [PMID: 29796190 PMCID: PMC5955417 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignant tumor arising from hepatocytes. The hepatocellular carcinoma is dictated by a subset of cells with stem cell-like features. These cells are apoptosis-resistant and have particular biomarkers, which serve as seeds in different stages of tumorigenesis including initiation, progression, metastasis, and relapse of hepatocellular carcinoma. Signaling pathways of cancer stem cells are novel targets for the radical intervention of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Harbin, China.,Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Harbin, China.,Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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11
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Garcia C, Acosta LF, Gedaly R. Expanding the boundaries of Milan. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2017; 6:329-331. [PMID: 29152480 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2017.05.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Garcia
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Luis F Acosta
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Roberto Gedaly
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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12
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Sun J, Luo Q, Liu L, Yang X, Zhu S, Song G. Salinomycin attenuates liver cancer stem cell motility by enhancing cell stiffness and increasing F-actin formation via the FAK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway. Toxicology 2017; 384:1-10. [PMID: 28395993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salinomycin has recently been identified as an antitumour drug for several types of cancer stem cell (CSC) treatments. However, the effects of salinomycin on the migratory and invasive properties of liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) are unclear. In present study, we investigated the effect of salinomycin on the migration and invasion of LCSCs, and examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of salinomycin. Here we showed that the migration and invasion of LCSCs were significantly suppressed in a salinomycin dose-dependent manner. Moreover, western blot analysis showed that salinomycin repressed the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Taken together, these findings provide new evidence that salinomycin suppresses the migration and invasion of LCSCs by inhibiting the expression of the FAK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway. In addition, the analysis of the mechanical properties showed that salinomycin increased cell stiffness in LCSCs via the FAK, and ERK1/2 pathways, suggesting that the inhibition of LCSC migration might partially contribute to the increase in cell stiffness stimulated by salinomycin. To further examine the role of salinomycin on cell motility and stiffness, the actin cytoskeleton of LCSCs was detected. The increased F-actin filaments in LCSCs induced by salinomycin reflected the increase in cell stiffness and the decrease in cell migration. Overall, these results showed that salinomycin inhibits the migration and invasion of LCSCs through the dephosphorylated FAK and ERK1/2 pathways, reflecting the changes in cell stiffness resulting from the increased actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China; School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 500025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Zhang RX, Li Y, Tian DD, Liu Y, Nian W, Zou X, Chen QZ, Zhou LY, Deng ZL, He BC. Ursolic acid inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by inactivating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human osteosarcoma cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1973-1982. [PMID: 27665868 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multiple chemotherapeutic agents have been used for osteosarcoma (OS) treatment, their mechanisms need further study. Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, can reduce cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in various cancer cells, such as OS. However, the exact mechanism underlying this function remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the anti‑proliferative effect of UA in human OS 143B cells and dissected the possible molecular mechanism underlying this effect. We demonstrated that UA can reduce cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and arrest cell cycle in 143B cells, as well as inhibit OS tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we found that the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling is inhibited by UA in 143B cells. Correspondingly, the expression level and nuclear translocation of β‑catenin are both decreased by UA. Exogenous expression of β‑catenin attenuates the anticancer effect of UA in 143B cells, while knockdown of β‑catenin enhances this effect. UA increases the expression level of p53 in a concentration‑dependent manner, and inhibition of p53 reduces the anticancer effect of UA in 143B cells. Moreover, inhibition of p53 partly reverses the UA‑induced downregulation of β‑catenin, as do the targets of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling, such as c‑Myc and cyclin D1. Our findings indicated that UA can inhibit the proliferation of 143B OS cells through inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which may be mediated partly by upregulating the expression of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Xi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Dong Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Wu Nian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Zhao Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Yun Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Liang Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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14
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Cancer Stem Cells: The Potential Targets of Chinese Medicines and Their Active Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060893. [PMID: 27338343 PMCID: PMC4926427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the initiation and progression of malignancies has been rigorously validated, and the specific methods for identifying and isolating the CSCs from the parental cancer population have also been rapidly developed in recent years. This review aims to provide an overview of recent research progress of Chinese medicines (CMs) and their active compounds in inhibiting tumor progression by targeting CSCs. A great deal of CMs and their active compounds, such as Antrodia camphorate, berberine, resveratrol, and curcumin have been shown to regress CSCs, in terms of reversing drug resistance, inducing cell death and inhibiting cell proliferation as well as metastasis. Furthermore, one of the active compounds in coptis, berbamine may inhibit tumor progression by modulating microRNAs to regulate CSCs. The underlying molecular mechanisms and related signaling pathways involved in these processes were also discussed and concluded in this paper. Overall, the use of CMs and their active compounds may be a promising therapeutic strategy to eradicate cancer by targeting CSCs. However, further studies are needed to clarify the potential of clinical application of CMs and their active compounds as complementary and alternative therapy in this field.
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