Association between Entamoeba histolytica infection and human leukocyte antigen HLA- DRB1

Host genetic backgrounds: the key to determining parasite-host adaptation

Parasitic diseases pose a significant threat to global public health, particularly in developing countries. Host genetic factors play a crucial role in determining susceptibility and resistance to infection. Recent advances in molecular and biological technologies have enabled significant breakthroughs in understanding the impact of host genes on parasite adaptation. In this comprehensive review, we analyze the host genetic factors that influence parasite adaptation, including hormones, nitric oxide, immune cells, cytokine gene polymorphisms, parasite-specific receptors, and metabolites. We also establish an interactive network to better illustrate the complex relationship between host genetic factors and parasite-host adaptation. Additionally, we discuss future directions and collaborative research priorities in the parasite-host adaptation field, including investigating the impact of host genes on the microbiome, developing more sophisticated models, identifying and characterizing parasite-specific receptors, utilizing patient-derived sera as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and developing novel treatments and management strategies targeting specific host genetic factors. This review highlights the need for a comprehensive and systematic approach to investigating the underlying mechanisms of parasite-host adaptation, which requires interdisciplinary collaborations among biologists, geneticists, immunologists, and clinicians. By deepening our understanding of the complex interactions between host genetics and parasite adaptation, we can develop more effective and targeted interventions to prevent and treat parasitic diseases. Overall, this review provides a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians working in the parasitology field and offers insights into the future directions of this critical research area.

Diversity and Plasticity of Virulent Characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica

The complexity of clinical syndromes of amebiasis, caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica, stems from the intricate interplay between the host immune system, the virulence of the invading parasite, and the surrounding environment. Although there is still a relative paucity of information about the precise relationship between virulence factors and the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica, by accumulating data from clinical and basic research, researchers have identified essential pathogenic factors that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of amebiasis, providing important insights into disease development through animal models. Moreover, the parasite's genetic variability has been associated with differences in virulence and disease outcomes, making it important to fully understand the epidemiology and pathogenesis of amebiasis. Deciphering the true mechanism of disease progression in humans caused by this parasite is made more difficult through its ability to demonstrate both genomic and pathological plasticity. The objective of this article is to underscore the heterogeneous nature of disease states and the malleable virulence characteristics in experimental models, while also identifying persistent scientific issues that need to be addressed.

Analysis of the association of HLA subtypes with cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-negative immunocompetent patients

Objective: We aimed to study the possible relationship between cryptococcal meningitis (CM) and HLA genotypes in HIV-negative immunocompetent patients. Methods: HLA loci of 53 HIV-negative immunocompetent Han Chinese CM patients were compared with those in 481 healthy individuals. Results: We found a significant association between DQB1*05:02 and CM patients compared with controls. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of HLA alleles between CM with and without postinfectious inflammatory response syndrome and controls. Correlation analysis showed DQB1*05:02 was correlated with susceptibility to CM. CM patients carrying the DQB1*05:02 allele had more severe focal neurological deficit, higher initial modified Rankin Scale and British Medical Research Council staging scores. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence for the interaction between specific HLA class II alleles and HIV-negative immunocompetent CM patients.