Combination of platelet rich plasma and stromal vascular fraction on the level of vascular endothelial growth factor in rat subjects experiencing deep dermal burn injury

Skin graft surgery and its impact on platelet counts in Iranian burn patients: a non-randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Platelets are critical in maintaining homeostasis and immune response in burn patients. The concentration of platelets decreases in burn patients, and any intervention that increases serum platelet concentration can prevent serious consequences and patient death. The present study aimed to assess the impact of skin graft surgery on burn patients' platelet counts.

METHODS

In this non-randomized clinical trial, 200 burn patients were investigated. The patients were recruited from the surgical ward of Imam Khomeini Teaching Hospital during the first six months of 2021. After completing the checklist, patients underwent skin graft surgery. Blood was taken from the patients during surgery in the operating room and on the third and fifth day after the surgery to check platelets. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software (ver. 22.0).

RESULTS

Most patients (63.5%) were male, and 73 (36.5%) were female. One hundred eighty-one patients (90.5%) had deep burns, and 19 (9.5%) had superficial burns. The mean burns percentage in the patients was 19.3 ± 15.4%, the lowest was 2%, and the highest was 90%. The most common burns were caused by flame (42%) and boiling water (30.5%). The patients' outcomes revealed that 6% gained complete recovery, 86.5% partial recovery, 2.5% showed transplant rejection, and 5% died. Mean platelet levels in deceased patients had an upward trend. The mean platelet counts of patients were elevated during surgery (289,855 ± 165,378), decreased three days after surgery (282,778 ± 317,310), and elevated again five days after surgery (330,375 ± 208,571). However, no significant difference was found between the mean platelet counts during surgery, the third and fifth days after surgery in patients undergoing skin grafts (P = 0.057).

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that skin graft positively increases the patient's platelets. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings and elucidate the mechanism. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial approval code (IRCT# IRCT20131112015390N8 & 06/01/2024).

Kinetics of Inflammatory Mediators in the Immune Response to Burn Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies

Burns are often accompanied by a dysfunctional immune response, which can lead to systemic inflammation, shock, and excessive scarring. The objective of this study was to provide insight into inflammatory pathways associated with burn-related complications. Because detailed information on the various inflammatory mediators is scattered over individual studies, we systematically reviewed animal experimental data for all reported inflammatory mediators. Meta-analyses of 352 studies revealed a strong increase in cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, particularly 19 mediators in blood and 12 in burn tissue. Temporal kinetics showed long-lasting surges of proinflammatory cytokines in blood and burn tissue. Significant time-dependent effects were seen for IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1, and CCL2. The response of anti-inflammatory mediators was limited. Burn technique had a profound impact on systemic response levels. Large burn size and scalds further increased systemic, but not local inflammation. Animal characteristics greatly affected inflammation, for example, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were highest in young, male rats. Time-dependent effects and dissimilarities in response demonstrate the importance of appropriate study design. Collectively, this review presents a general overview of the burn-induced immune response exposing inflammatory pathways that could be targeted through immunotherapy for burn patients and provides guidance for experimental set-ups to advance burn research.

The Combination of Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma Increases Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in Full-Thickness Burns in Animal Model

The previous study on the injection of SVFs in combination with PRP showed positive effect on the healing of deep dermal burns. We now seek to understand the effect on full thickness burns, as assessed by changes in serum FGF2, IGF1, epithelialization, and fibroblast count. Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) rats with full thickness burns given a local injection of combined SVFs and PRP; (2) rats with burns given topical Vaseline; (3) rats with burns given a local injection of placebo; and (4) rats without burns. Primary data were measured according to the time of euthanasia (at the 8th hour, 4th day, 7th day, 14th day or 21st day). One-way ANOVA test followed by post hoc test were used. Epithelialization in rats who received SVFs and PRP was superior on days 7, 14 and 21 when compared to the other groups. The fibroblast count in rats who received SVFs and PRP showed significant difference on days 7 (p=0.022). Significant differences in serum FGF2 were observed on days 4, 7, 14 and 21 (p=0.003, p=0.001, p=0.024, p=0.038, respectively). A significant difference was also observed in serum IGF1 levels on days 7, 14 and 21 (p=0.043, p=0.003, p=0.045, respectively), and the combination of SVFs and PRP showed superior results compared to other groups. Injection of combined SVFs and PRP increases FGF2, IGF1, fibroblast count, and epithelialization.

The Combination of Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma Mediates the Inflammatory Process in Deep Dermal Burn Injury

The combination of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs) was beneficial in accelerating wound healing. This study aims to assess the effect of this combination in balancing the inflammatory process to accelerate burn healing. Thirty eligible Wistar rats were used in this study to establish a deep dermal degree burn wound model. They were randomly divided into four groups: locally injected with the combination of SVFs and PRP (n=9), vaseline (n=9), placebo (n=9), and healthy Wistar rats group (n=3), as treatment group, positive control group, negative control group and healthy control group, respectively. The burn wound tissue was excised from three separated sacrificed rats (8, 24 and 48 hours) to examine polymorphonuclear (PMN) and lymphocyte counts through the standard hematoxylin-eosin procedure and for cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2) expression through the immunohistochemical procedure. The highest PMN, lymphocyte cell count, and COX 2 expression were found at 8 hours in the local injection with the PRP combination SVF group (28,555±11,237, 8,111±3,218, and 4,666±2,309, respectively, p <0.05 except for COX 2). The regression analysis results showed that local injection of a combination of PRP and SVF could reduce PMN cells by 1.068 times, lymphocytes by 1.786 times, and COX 2 by 1.853 times greater than topical application with vaseline. The combined injection of PRP and SVF effectively heals deep burns by acutely increasing the PMN cell and lymphocyte count, and COX 2 expression. Conversely, the treatment decreased the PMN cell and lymphocyte count but not the COX 2 expression in the sub-acute phase of wound healing.

Advances and prospects of platelet-rich plasma therapy in veterinary ophthalmology

In the recent decades, there has been a significant uptick on the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a better alternative for ophthalmologic therapies in pathologies, primarily of the ocular surface. PRP is a class of liquid platelet concentrate containing a supra-physiological concentration of platelets in a relatively small amount of plasma. Its potential to heal various tissues has piqued interest in its therapeutic application as a biomaterial in regenerative medicine. It is currently a popular therapeutic agent in plastic surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, reconstructive surgery, and even oral and maxillofacial surgery. Based on the data from in vitro and in vivo studies, it can be concluded that PRP possesses adequate therapeutic potential in ocular pathologies, especially those involving cornea. In addition, the high concentrations of growth factors (TGF-β, VEGF, EGF) present in the PRP accelerate the healing of the corneal epithelium. PRP has great therapeutic prospects in veterinary ophthalmology as a regenerative therapeutic modality. However, several variables are yet to be defined and standardized that can directly affect the efficacy of PRP application in different ophthalmic conditions. There is a shortage of research on the use of PRP in ocular surface defects compared to the number of studies and reports on the use of autologous and allogeneic serum eye drops. Therefore, a data-driven approach is required to generate consensus/guidelines for the preparation, characterization, and therapeutic use of PRP in veterinary ophthalmology. This review aims to inform readers of the latest research on PRP, including its preparation methods, physiological and biochemical properties, clinical applications in veterinary ophthalmology, and their safety and efficacy.

Therapeutic role of mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma on skin burn healing and rejuvenation: A focus on scar regulation, oxido-inflammatory stress and apoptotic mechanisms

Cell-based therapies have great promise in accelerating and improving burn wound healing. It is a growing need to scale their competence to meet the clinical demands. In this study, the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) were tested on the repair of induced burn wounds in a murine model. After the induction of thermal injury, rats were injected with BMSCs and/or PRP in the burn area. After 4 weeks of post-burn, our findings revealed that local treatment of burnt skin with BMSCs and/or PRP offered substantial outcomes when compared with the untreated group. Injected burn with BMSCs and/or PRP enhanced the wound contraction rate and decreased the burn area and period of epithelization. Significant increases in VEGF together with declines in MMP-9 and TGF-β1 were observed in burnt areas after being treated with BMSCs and/or PRP therapy that indicated improved angiogenesis, and re-epithelization. Furthermore, both MSCs and PRP modulated the burn's oxidative and inflammatory microenvironment as indicated by increases in SOD, CAT, and GSH besides declines in MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, NO, and iNOS. Notable increases in Bcl-2 levels and decreases in Cas-3 and Bax levels were recorded in burnt skin that received both agents concomitantly. Interestingly, the histopathological examination validates the healing power of BMSCs and/or PRP. Collectively, BMSCs and PRP have pioneered therapeutics candidates for clinical application in burn healing possibly via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms along with regulating angiogenesis and scar formation.

The Combination of Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma Increases Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 and Promotes Angiogenesis in Full Thickness Burn Injury: Rat Experimental Study

Our previous study on how the combination of stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) affect deep dermal burn healing showed promising results. In this study, we assessed the effect on full-thickness burns by evaluating FGF7 serum level and capillary count. Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided into four major groups: (1) locally injected with combined SVFs and PRP; (2) topically applied Vaseline; (3) locally injected with placebo; (4) and rats without burns. These groups were divided further into smaller groups based on the day of euthanasia (8th hour, 4th day, 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day). FGF7 serum level was measured using ELISA, and capillaries were counted using a microscope. A one-way ANOVA test, post hoc, and regression tests were used. On day 4, both FGF7 and capillary counts showed significant differences between groups (p=0.000 and 0.048, respectively). On day 7, only FGF7 result showed a significant difference (p=0.000). On day 14, FGF7 and capillary counts showed significant differences (p=0.000, 0.018 respectively). The SVFs and PRP-treated groups showed superior results compared to other groups. The injection of combined SVFs and PRP increased FGF7 and capillary counts.

Experimental study on stromal vascular fraction mediated inhibition of skin pigmentation in guinea pigs

Background

Pigment disorder dermatoses are common diseases with complex mechanisms. There are various methods for the clinical treatment of pigmentation diseases, but these have a poor curative effect and many adverse reactions. Currently, looking for safe and effective whitening agents is a popular research topic. Stromal vascular fractions (SVFs) are a compound cell component of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) that can promote tissue regeneration, healing, and vascularization. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the inhibitory effect of SVFs on pigmentation in guinea pigs.

Methods

After guinea pig subcutaneous fat was digested and centrifuged, SVFs were isolated and quantified. SVF was injected into the pigmentation area of the prepared guinea pig pigmentation model. The amount of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined using immunohistochemical analysis, histopathological staining, and the Fontana-Masson (F-M) method for measuring melanin formation.

Results

The skin of the guinea pigs obtained stable and homogenous coloration following three treatments with narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining revealed that compared to the control group, the cuticle, granular layer, and spinous layer were thicker and the number of epidermal melanocytes and melanin granules increased. While the quantity of pigment granules in the treated group dramatically decreased, it did not significantly change in the blank control group. F-M staining revealed that melanin granules greatly expanded following ultraviolet irradiation and were continuously distributed in basal cells and spinous layers. The entire epidermis was evenly covered in melanin granules. The level of melanin dramatically decreased following therapy. According to immunohistochemical labeling, epidermal cells' cytoplasm and membranes are where iNOS is primarily found. In the epidermis of the irradiated group, iNOS expression was much higher than in the control group, and following treatment, it decreased in the experimental group.

Conclusions

SVFs have a reliable treatment effect on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced pigmentation in guinea pig skin. SVFs can significantly inhibit pigmentation, effectively shorten the fading time of pigmentation, and play a role in skin whitening, providing a new breakthrough for the treatment of pigmentation diseases.

Adipose stromal vascular fraction: a promising treatment for severe burn injury

Thermal skin burn injury affects both adults and children globally. Severe burn injury affects a patient's life psychologically, cosmetically, and socially. The pathophysiology of burn injury is well known. Due to the complexity of burn pathophysiology, the development of specific treatment aiding in tissue regeneration is required. Treatment of burn injury depends on burn severity, size of the burn and availability of donor site. Burn healing requires biochemical and cellular events to ensure better cell response to biochemical signals of the healing process. This led to the consideration of using cell therapy for severe burn injury. Adult mesenchymal stem cells have become a therapeutic option because of their ability for self-renewal and differentiation. Adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF), isolated from adipose tissues, is a heterogeneous cell population that contains adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ADSC), stromal, endothelial, hematopoietic and pericytic lineages. SVF isolation has advantages over other types of cells; such as heterogeneity of cells, lower invasive extraction procedure, high yield of cells, and fast and easy isolation. Therefore, SVF has many characteristics that enable them to be a therapeutic option for burn treatment. Studies have been conducted mostly in animal models to investigate their therapeutic potential for burn injury. They can be used alone or in combination with other treatment options. Treatment with both ADSCs and/or SVF enhances burn healing through increasing re-epithelization, angiogenesis and decreasing inflammation and scar formation. Research needs to be conducted for a better understanding of the SVF mechanism in burn healing and to optimize current techniques for enhanced treatment outcomes.

The effect of stromal vascular fraction and Platelet-Rich Plasma combination on basic Fibroblast Growth Factor serum level during anal trauma healing in a Wistar rat model

Introduction

Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF) and Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) application play important roles in the healing process by increasing basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) secretion. This research assesses the effect of combined SVF and PRP local injection on bFGF levels, using an anal trauma model in Wistar rats.

Method

Twenty-eight adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Groups A and B underwent modified surgical anal trauma and repair; Group A was treated with the SVF and PRP combination local injection, while Group B was treated with only normal saline. Subsequently, we examined bFGF levels in Groups A and B on days 1, 7, and 14. Group C consisted of healthy controls sacrificed on day 0 to obtain baseline data on bFGF levels.

Results

The bFGF levels were higher in Group A than in Group B on every experimental day. The Repeated Measures test shows a significant increase in bFGF levels on day 1 (p = 0.000), day 7 (p = 0.000), and day 14 (p = 0.000). This test also indicates that the local injection combination of SVF and PRP increased bFGF levels by 96.2% compared to the placebo group.

Conclusion

The combination of SVF and PRP can increase bFGF levels during anal trauma healing in the Wistar rat model. Basic FGF is an important factor throughout the anal trauma healing process.

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The combination of SVFs and PRP is effective to increase the concentration of bFGF.

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Administration of SVFS + PRP by injection was better at increasing the expression of bFGF than by placebo.

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The combination of SVFs and PRP increases the level of bFGF in the healing process of anal trauma.

Effect of erythropoietin administration on expression of mRNA brain-derived Neutrophic factor, levels of stromal cell-derived Factor-1, and neuron specific enolase in brain injury model Sprague Dawley

BACKGROUND

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a complicated condition that is the primary cause of death and disability in children and young adults in developed countries. Various kinds of therapy have been carried out in the management of brain injury, one of which is the administration of erythropoietin (EPO). There are not many studies in Indonesia have proven that EPO administration is effective on parameters such as stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF mRNA), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in brain injury patients. The purpose of this study was to see how EPO affected BDNF mRNA expression, SDF-1 serum levels, and NSE levels in experimental rats with TBI.

METHODS

This study was conducted using a rat head injury model. Fifteen rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: A, B, or C. EPO was administered subcutis with a dose of 30.000 U/kg. Blood samples were taken after brain injury (H0), 12 h (H12), and 24 h (H24) after brain injury. Serum level of SDF-1 and NSE were measured using mRNA BDNF gene expression was measured with Real-Time-PCR, and ELISA.

RESULTS

This study found EPO increase BDNF mRNA expression in group C at H-12 (7,92 ± 0.51 vs 6.45 ± 0.33) compared to group B, and at H-24 (9.20 ± 0.56 vs 7.22 ± 0.19); increase SDF-1 levels in group C at H-12 (7,56 ± 0,54) vs 4,62 ± 0,58) compared to group B, and at H-24 (11,32 ± 4,55 vs 2,55 ± 0,70); decrease serum NSE levels in group C at H-12 (17,25 ± 2,02 vs 29,65 ± 2,33) compare to group B and at H-24 (12,14 ± 2,61 vs 37,31 ± 2,76); the values are significantly different with p < 0,05.

CONCLUSION

EPO may have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in TBI by increasing mRNA BDNF expression and serum SDF-1 levels, and decrease serum NSE levels.

The effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma and Stromal Vascular Fraction combination on Epidermal Growth Factor serum level for anal trauma healing in the Wistar rat model

Introduction

Stromal Vascular Fraction cells (SVFs) and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) are clinically proven to aid in cell regeneration and wound healing. The healing effects can be measured by the level of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). This study aims to investigate the effect of an SVFs and PRP combination on EGF levels in the anal trauma model.

Method

Twenty-eight adult Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: Group A consisted of healthy rats as a normal control group; Group B and C underwent modified anal surgical trauma and repair. Group B was treated with saline only and Group C was treated with local injection of a combination of SVFs and PRP after anal surgical repair. The EGF level was subsequently assessed on days 1, 7, and 14.

Results

EGF levels were generally increased in Group C compared to Group B. A one-way ANOVA test result showed significantly increased EGF levels on days 7 (p = 0.038) and 14 (p = 0.018). Based on the linear regression test results, we found that local injection of PRP and SVFs after anal repair on an anal surgical trauma model can increase the EGF level in group C by 36.9% more than that of group B.

Conclusion

The combination of PRP and SVFs can increase the EGF level in the wound healing process of anal trauma. EGF is critical in the anal trauma healing process.

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Application of PRP and SVFs can increase EGF level in the anal trauma healing process

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PRP and SVFs combination therapy is a promising treatment to increase growth factor levels.

Transfer factor treatment in management of peritonitis condition: An experimental study in rat

Background

There is a role for the immune system in improving the outcome of peritonitis cases in children. Transfer factors are one immunomodulatory treatment that can increase the activity of natural killer (NK) cells to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which is thought to increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages. This study analyzed the effects of transfer factors on the phagocytic activity of macrophages in the intraperitoneal fluid of a Wistar rat model of peritonitis.

Methods

This experimental study had a post-test-only control group design and was carried out at the Laboratory of Pharmacology and Microbiology of Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. It analyzed the effect of transfer factors on the phagocytic activity of macrophages in the intraperitoneal fluid of Wistar rats experiencing peritonitis after being injected with Escherichia coli. An unpaired comparative t-test was performed using the SPSS program to analyze the difference between transfer factor administration and macrophage phagocytic activity levels.

Results

There was a statistically significant difference between the phagocytosis index values of macrophages in samples treated with transfer factors and those that were untreated (p = 0.005).

Conclusions

Transfer factors increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages in a Wistar rat model of peritonitis. This suggests that transfer factors could have a role as an immunomodulatory treatment for peritonitis.

Systemic lidocaine administration influences NF-kβ gene expression, NF-kβ and TNF- α protein levels on BALB/c mice with musculoskeletal injury

BACKGROUND

The immune system can produce various inflammatory mediators to protect the body from stress and surgical trauma. However, this excessive inflammatory response will interfere with the body's immune system, causing systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multi-organ failure if allowed to continue. Lidocaine as an anti-inflammatory is used to treat surgical pain and pain arising from the disease process and treat ventricular arrhythmias. This study aims to prove the efficacy of systemic lidocaine injection as an anti-inflammatory drug in BALB/c mice with sterile musculoskeletal injuries.

METHODS

This study used a prospective experimental laboratory study on experimental animals of BALB/c mice using a simple randomized design. Sixteen adult white BALB/c mice (male, healthy, 10-12 weeks old, 35-40 g body weight, and no disability) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: the group given lidocaine (2 mg/kg body weight) and a group that was given sterile distilled water. NF-kβ and TNF-α protein levels were detected by ELISA, while mRNA expression of NF-kβ was analyzed and determined by quantitative real-time PCR.

RESULTS

Musculoskeletal injury significantly increased the expression of both mRNA and protein levels of NF-kβ and TNF-α protein level. In addition, the NF-kβ (protein and mRNA) and TNF-α (protein) levels in rats experiencing inflammation due to musculoskeletal injury were significantly decreased in the lidocaine group (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The administration of systemic lidocaine injection was able to inhibit the expression of mRNA NF-kβ, the protein levels of NF-kβ, and protein levels of TNF-α in mice with musculoskeletal injuries.

Analysis of CD4 and CD8 expression in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis infection with diabetes mellitus: An experimental study in mice

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, in the top 10 causes of death. As a regulator of the immune response, T-helper (Th) cells activate other lymphocytes from the immune system, such as B cells, to destroy the TB pathogen by releasing CD4 and CD8 Th cells. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a known cause of developing active pulmonary TB. Few studies have examined the biomolecular expression affecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) MTB, which are associated with low immunity represented by TB in diabetes and CD4 and CD8 levels.

Materials and methods

This animal study used a post-test control group design. We performed an experimental study using 30 BALB/c mice, each weighing 25 g. It included six experimental animal groups, of which three had a diabetes condition induced using intraperitoneal streptozotocin, and all were infected with MTB or MDR TB. We evaluated the CD4 and CD8 levels in each group and analyzed the differences.

Results

We found a significant difference in CD4 and CD8 levels in MTB and MDR TB conditions.

Conclusion

This study shows that acute infection in experimental mice with MTB and MDR TB with or without diabetes had the highest levels of both CD4 and CD8 cells, which can be a sign of increased cellular immunity in a mice model.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major global health problem.

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TB with comorbid diabetes mellitus (DM) are associated with increased CD4 and CD8.

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CD4 and CD8 values are increased in animals with DM plus TB infection.

Profile of collagen prolines level of anterior rectus sheath tissue in indirect inguinal hernia: A cross-sectional study

Introduction

A hernia is a protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal anatomical channel or opening. Epidemiological data indicated an increased prevalence of inguinal hernias in patients with connective tissue diseases. The biomechanical strength of connective tissue is highly dependent on the constituent of the matrix, including collagen. Fibroblasts produce and secrete procollagen containing high concentrations of proline and lysine. Collagen integrity plays an essential role in preventing hernia formation in the abdominal wall. To investigate the relationship between collagen proline levels of the anterior rectus sheath tissue in patients with lateral inguinal hernias (indirect inguinal hernia).

Methods

The study participants consisted of 67 inguinal hernia patients. A sample of anterior rectus tissue was obtained at the time of surgery, then being washed in a PBS buffer (pH 7.4). The measurement of collagen proline levels was subsequently carried out with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results

All study participants were male with mean age of 44 years, mean body mass index of 22.6 kg/m² and mean onset of events of 27 months. Study subjects with reducible, irreducible, and incarcerated hernias were 45.7% (44/67 cases), 14.9% (10/67) and 19.4% (13/67), respectively. The mean proline level of the study subjects was 9.20. Correlation tests showed a correlation of proline levels and age (p = 0.001), body mass index (p = 0.006), and the onset of events (p = 0.023). Meanwhile, correlation of proline levels and occupation (p = 0.235) and clinical degree (p = 0.164) were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Presence if relationship between proline levels with age, and onset of incidence among indirect inguinal hernia patients.

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Collagen is the main structural protein in the muscle wall layer.

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Defects in collagenases will result in abnormal collagen synthesis leading to pathological collagen degradation.

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Decreases in hydroxyproline and collagen were observed in the fascia and muscle tissue of patients with inguinal hernias.

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There are a relationship between proline levels with age, and onset of incidence among indirect inguinal hernia.

The Combination of Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma Reduces Malondialdehyde and Nitric Oxide Levels in Deep Dermal Burn Injury

Introduction

Thermal burns release reactive oxygen species, which cause profound systemic and local changes. Stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFs) combined with platelet-rich plasma accelerate burn wound healing. This study investigated the effect of a combination of locally injected SVFs and PRP on malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) serum and tissue levels in a deep dermal burn model in Wistar rats.

Methods

Thirty-six adult Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 250 grams were used in this study to establish a deep dermal degree burn wound model. They were randomly divided into 4 groups: locally injected the combination SVFs and PRP, the Vaseline group, the placebo group, and healthy Wistar rats (the normal control group). MDA and NO levels in blood serum and burn wound tissue were measured at 8, 24, and 48 hours. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by multiple comparisons tests and regression tests.

Results

Local injection of SVFs and PRP in combination affected blood MDA, tissue MDA, blood NO and tissue NO levels, with reductions of 0.257µmol/L, 0.427 µmol/L, 21.78nmol/mg, and 23.777nmol/mg, respectively. Injection of SVFs and PRP in combination reduced tissue MDA levels by 1.282 times, NO blood levels by 2.305, and NO tissue levels by 2.377 times compared to Vaseline application.

Conclusion

The combination of SVFs and PRP undeniably reduced the MDA and NO levels in blood and tissue compared to those in the Vaseline and placebo groups. The injection of these two preparations in combination inhibited the local and systemic stress oxidative response, as illustrated by the decreased MDA and NO levels in blood serum and tissue.