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Wang H, Zhu B. Directed preparation of algal oligosaccharides with specific structures by algal polysaccharide degrading enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134093. [PMID: 39053825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Seaweed polysaccharides have a wide range of sources and rich content, with various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anticoagulant, and blood pressure lowering. They can be applied in fields such as food, agriculture, and medicine. However, the poor solubility of macromolecular seaweed polysaccharides limits their further application. Reports have shown that some biological activities of seaweed oligosaccharides are more extensive and superior to that of seaweed polysaccharides. Therefore, reducing the degree of polymerization of polysaccharides will be the key to the high value utilization of seaweed polysaccharide resources. There are three main methods for degrading algal polysaccharides into algal oligosaccharides, physical, chemical and enzymatic degradation. Among them, enzymatic degradation has been a hot research topic in recent years. Various types of algal polysaccharide hydrolases and related glycosidases are powerful tools for the preparation of algal oligosaccharides, including α-agarases, β-agaroses, α-neoagarose hydrolases and β-galactosidases that are related to agar, κ-carrageenases, ι-carrageenases and λ-carrageenases that are related to carrageenan, β-porphyranases that are related to porphyran, funoran hydrolases that are related to funoran, alginate lyases that are related to alginate and ulvan lyases related to ulvan. This paper describes the bioactivities of agar oligosaccharide, carrageenan oligosaccharide, porphyran oligosaccharide, funoran oligosaccharide, alginate oligosaccharide and ulvan oligosaccharide and provides a detailed review of the progress of research on the enzymatic preparation of these six oligosaccharides. At the same time, the problems and challenges faced are presented to guide and improve the preparation and application of algal oligosaccharides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211086, China
| | - Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, 211086, China.
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Zeng X, Tian Y, Kong H, Li Z, Gu Z, Li C, Hong Y, Cheng L, Ban X. Catalytic Mode and Product Specificity of an α-Agarase Reveal Its Direct Catalysis for the Production of Agarooligosaccharides. Foods 2024; 13:2351. [PMID: 39123543 PMCID: PMC11311870 DOI: 10.3390/foods13152351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many α-agarases have been characterized and are utilized for producing agarooligosaccharides through the degradation of agar and agarose, which are considered valuable for applications in the food and medicine industries. However, the catalytic mechanism and product transformation process of α-agarase remain unclear, limiting further enzyme engineering for industrial applications. In this study, an α-agarase from Catenovulum maritimus STB14 (Cm-AGA) was employed to degrade agarose oligosaccharides (AGOs) with varying degrees of polymerization (DPs) to investigate the catalytic mechanism of α-agarases. The results demonstrated that Cm-AGA could degrade agarose into agarotetraose and agarohexaose. The reducing ends of agarotetraose and agarohexaose spontaneously release unstable 3,6-anhydro-α-l-galactose molecules, which were further degraded into agarotriose and agaropentose. Cm-AGA cannot act on α-1,3-glucoside bonds in agarotriose, agarotetraose, neoagarobiose, and neoagarotetraose but can act on AGOs with a DP greater than four. The product analysis was further verified by β-galactosidase hydrolysis, which specifically cleaves the non-reducing glycosidic bond of agarooligosaccharides. Multiple sequence alignment results showed that two conserved residues, Asp994 and Glu1129, were proposed as catalytic residues and were further identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Molecular docking of Cm-AGA with agaroheptose revealed the potential substrate binding mode of the α-agarase. These findings enhance the understanding of Cm-AGA's catalytic mode and could guide enzyme engineering for modulating the production of agarooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zeng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Yixiong Tian
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Haocun Kong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (X.Z.); (Y.T.); (H.K.); (Z.L.); (Z.G.); (C.L.); (Y.H.); (L.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Wang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Mi J, Ma Q, Li T, Huang S. Agaro-oligosaccharides mitigate deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal inflammation by regulating gut microbiota and enhancing intestinal barrier function in mice. Food Funct 2024; 15:3380-3394. [PMID: 38498054 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04898e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Agarose-derived agaro-oligosaccharides (AgaroS) have been extensively studied in terms of structures and bioactivities; they reportedly possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that maintain intestinal homeostasis and host health. However, the protective effects of AgaroS on deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced intestinal dysfunction remain unclear. We investigated the effects of AgaroS on DON-induced intestinal dysfunction in mice and explored the underlying protective mechanisms. In total, 32 mice were randomly allocated to four treatments (n = 8 each) for 28 days. From day 1 to day 21, the control (CON) and DON groups received oral phosphate-buffered saline (200 μL per day); the AgaroS and AgaroS + DON groups received 200 mg AgaroS per kg body weight once daily by orogastric gavage. Experimental intestinal injury was induced by adding DON (4.8 mg per kg body weight) via gavage from day 21 to day 28. Phosphate-buffered saline was administered once daily by gavage in the CON and AgaroS groups. Herein, AgaroS supplementation led to a higher final body weight and smaller body weight loss and a lower concentration of plasma inflammatory cytokines, compared with the DON group. The DON group showed a significantly reduced ileal villus height and villus height/crypt depth, compared with the CON and AgaroS + DON groups. However, AgaroS supplementation improved DON-induced intestinal injury in mice. Compared with the DON group, ileal and colonic protein expression levels of claudin, occludin, Ki67, and mucin2 were significantly higher in the AgaroS supplementation group. Colonic levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β tended to be higher in the DON group than in the AgaroS + DON group. AgaroS altered the gut microbiota composition, accompanied by increased production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. In conclusion, our findings highlight a promising anti-mycotoxin approach whereby AgaroS alleviate DON-induced intestinal inflammation by modulating intestinal barrier functional integrity and gut microbiota in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 21001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinqiu Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
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Zhu La ALT, Li D, Cheng Z, Wen Q, Hu D, Jin X, Liu D, Feng Y, Guo Y, Cheng G, Hu Y. Enzymatically prepared neoagarooligosaccharides improve gut health and function through promoting the production of spermidine by Faecalibacterium in chickens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169057. [PMID: 38056640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining animal gut health through modulating the gut microbiota is a constant need when antibiotics are not used in animal feed during the food animal production process. Prebiotics is regarded as one of the most promising antibiotic alternatives for such purpose. As an attractive prebiotic, the role and mechanisms of neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOS) in promoting animal growth and gut health have not been elucidated. In this study, we first cloned and expressed marine bacterial β-agarase in yeast to optimize the NAOS preparation and then investigated the role and the underlying mechanisms of the prepared NAOS in improving chicken gut health and function. The marine bacterial β-agarase PDE13B was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 and generated even-numbered NAOS. Dietary the prepared NAOS promoted chicken growth and improved intestinal morphology, its barrier, and digestion capabilities, and absorption function. Metagenomic analysis indicated that NAOS modulated the chicken gut microbiota structure and function, and microbial interactions, and promoted the growth of spermidine-producing bacteria especially Faecalibacterium. Through integration of gut metagenome, gut content metabolome, and gut tissue transcriptome, we established connections among NAOS, gut microbes, spermidine, and chicken gut gene expression. The spermidine regulation of genes related to autophagy, immunity, and inflammation was further confirmed in chicken embryo intestinal epithelium cells. We also verified that NAOS can be utilized by Faecalibacterium prausnitzii to grow and produce spermidine in in vitro experiments. Collectively, we provide a systematic investigation of the role of NAOS in regulating gut health and demonstrate the microbial spermidine-mediated mechanism involved in prebiotic effects of NAOS, which lays foundation for future use of NAOS as a new antibiotic alternative in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A La Teng Zhu La
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Depeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqian Cheng
- Huzhou Inspection & Quarantine Comprehensive Technology Center, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Qiu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Die Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuqing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Lee ZJ, Xie C, Ng K, Suleria HAR. Unraveling the bioactive interplay: seaweed polysaccharide, polyphenol and their gut modulation effect. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37991467 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2274453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Seaweed is rich in many unique bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and sulfated polysaccharides that are not found in terrestrial plant. The discovery of numerous biological activities from seaweed has made seaweed an attractive functional food source with the potential to be exploited for human health benefits. During food processing and digestion, cell wall polysaccharide and polyphenols commonly interact, and this may influence the nutritional properties of food. Interactions between cell wall polysaccharide and polyphenols in plant-based system has been extensively studied. However, similar interactions in seaweed have received little attention despite the vast disparity between the structural and chemical composition of plant and seaweed cell wall. This poses a challenge in extracting seaweed bioactive compounds with intact biological properties. This review aims to summarize the cell wall polysaccharide and polyphenols present in brown, red and green seaweed, and current knowledge on their potential interactions. Moreover, this review gives an overview of the gut modulation effect of seaweed polysaccharide and polyphenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu Jia Lee
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cundong Xie
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken Ng
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hafiz A R Suleria
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Labade D, Sevamani S, Tabassum H, Madhyastha H, Wani M. Statistical optimization of process variables for agarase production using Microbacterium sp. SS5 strain from non-marine sources. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 54:393-406. [PMID: 37671950 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2245866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Agar oligosaccharides are thought to be valuable biomolecules with high bioactivity potential, along with a wide range of applications and advantages. The current study aimed to optimize the culture parameters required to produce agarase enzyme and agar oligosaccharides from industrial waste agar. Microbacterium spp. strain SS5 was isolated from a non-marine source and could synthesize oligo derivatives for use in a variety of industries ranging from food to pharmaceuticals. In addition, the strain and culture conditions were optimized to maximize extracellular agarase production. The bacterium grew best at pH 5.0 - 9.0, with an optimal pH of 7.5 - 8.0; temperatures ranging from 25 to 45 °C, with an optimal of 35 °C; and carbon and nitrogen concentrations of 0.5% each. Plackett-Burman experimental design and response surface methods were used to optimize various process parameters for agarase production by Microbacterium spp. strain SS5. Using the Plackett-Burman experimental design, eleven process factors were screened, and agar, beef extract, CaCl2, and beginning pH were found as the most significant independent variables affecting agarase production with confidence levels above 90%. To determine the optimal concentrations of the identified process factors on agarase production, the Box- Behnken design was used. Agarase production by Microbacterium spp. strain SS5 after optimization was 0.272 U/mL, which was determined to be greater than the result obtained from the basal medium (0.132 U/mL) before screening using Plackett-Burman and BBD with a fold increase of 2.06.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Labade
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Rise N' Shine Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Selvaraju Sevamani
- Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Salalah, Oman
| | - Heena Tabassum
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harishkumar Madhyastha
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cardio-Vascular Physiology, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Minal Wani
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Rise N' Shine Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Lee HK, Jang WY, Kim YH. Extracellular production of a thermostable Cellvibrio endolytic β-agarase in Escherichia coli for agarose liquefaction. AMB Express 2023; 13:42. [PMID: 37145239 PMCID: PMC10163192 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01551-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Four GH16 family β-agarases (GH16A, GH16B, GH16C, and GH16D), originated from an agarolytic bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1, were expressed in an Escherichia coli system and their activities were compared. Only GH16B (597 amino acids, 63.8 kDa), with N-terminal 22-amino acid signal sequence, was secreted into the culture supernatant and demonstrated a robust endolytic agarose hydrolyzing activity for producing neoagarotetraose (NA4) and neoagarohexaose (NA6) as end products. The optimal temperature and pH for the enzyme activity were 50 °C and 7.0, respectively. The enzyme was stable up to 50 °C and over a pH range of 5.0-8.0. The kinetic parameters, including Km, Vmax, kcat, and kcat/Km, of GH16B β-agarases for agarose were 14.40 mg/mL, 542.0 U/mg, 576.3 s-1, and 4.80 × 106 s-1 M-1, respectively. The addition of 1 mM MnCl2 and 15 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine enhanced the enzymatic activity. When agarose or neoagaro-oligosaccharides were used as substrates, the end products of enzymatic catalysis were NA4 and NA6, whereas agaropentaose was produced along with NA4 and NA6 when agaro-oligosaccharides were used as substrates. Treatment of 9%[w/v] melted agarose with the enzyme (1.6 µg/mL) under continuous magnetic stirring at 50 °C for 14 h resulted in efficient agarose liquefaction into NA4 and NA6. Purification of NA4 and NA6 from the enzymatic hydrolysate (9%[w/v] agarose, 20 mL) via Sephadex G-15 column chromatography yielded ~ 650 mg NA4/~ 900 mg NA6 (i.e., ~ 85.3% of the theoretical maximum yield). These findings suggest that the recombinant thermostable GH16B β-agarase is useful for agarose liquefaction to produce NA4 and NA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyoung Lee
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Jang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Kang JY, Song HY, Kim JM. Agarolytic Pathway in the Newly Isolated Aquimarina sp. Bacterial Strain ERC-38 and Characterization of a Putative β-agarase. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 25:314-327. [PMID: 37002465 PMCID: PMC10163077 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine microbes, particularly Bacteroidetes, are a rich source of enzymes that can degrade diverse marine polysaccharides. Aquimarina sp. ERC-38, which belongs to the Bacteroidetes phylum, was isolated from seawater in South Korea. It showed agar-degrading activity and required an additional carbon source for growth on marine broth 2216. Here, the genome of the strain was sequenced to understand its agar degradation mechanism, and 3615 protein-coding sequences were predicted, which were assigned putative functions according to their annotated functional feature categories. In silico genome analysis revealed that the ERC-38 strain has several carrageenan-degrading enzymes but could not degrade carrageenan because it lacked genes encoding κ-carrageenanase and S1_19A type sulfatase. Moreover, the strain possesses multiple genes predicted to encode enzymes involved in agarose degradation, which are located in a polysaccharide utilization locus. Among the enzymes, Aq1840, which is closest to ZgAgaC within the glycoside hydrolase 16 family, was characterized using a recombinant enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. An enzyme assay revealed that recombinant Aq1840 mainly converts agarose to NA4. Moreover, recombinant Aq1840 could weakly hydrolyze A5 into A3 and NA2. These results showed that Aq1840 is involved in at least the initial agar degradation step prior to the metabolic pathway that uses agarose as a carbon source for growth of the strain. Thus, this enzyme can be applied to development and manufacturing industry for prebiotic and antioxidant food additive. Furthermore, our genome sequence analysis revealed that the strain is a potential resource for research on marine polysaccharide degradation mechanisms and carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kang
- Industrial Microbiology and Bioprocess Research Center, Korea Research, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ha-Yeon Song
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kim
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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Long J, Ye Z, Li X, Tian Y, Bai Y, Chen L, Qiu C, Xie Z, Jin Z, Svensson B. Enzymatic preparation and potential applications of agar oligosaccharides: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5818-5834. [PMID: 36547517 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2158452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides derived from agar, that is, agarooligosaccharides and neoagarooligosaccharides, have demonstrated various kinds of bioactivities which have been utilized in a variety of fields. Enzymatic hydrolysis is a feasible approach that principally allows for obtaining specific agar oligosaccharides in a sustainable way at an industrial scale. This review summarizes recent technologies employed to improve the properties of agarase. Additionally, the relationship between the degree of polymerization, bioactivities, and potential applications of agar-derived oligosaccharides for pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and agricultural industries are discussed. Engineered agarase exhibited general improvement of enzymatic performance, which is mostly achieved by truncation. Rational and semi-rational design assisted by computational methods present the latest strategy for agarase improvement with greatest potential to satisfy future industrial needs. Agarase immobilized on magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles via covalent bond formation showed characteristics well suited for industry. Additionally, albeit with the relationship between the degree of polymerization and versatile bioactivities like anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial agents, prebiotics and in skin care of agar-derived oligosaccharides are discussed here, further researches are still needed to unravel the complicated relationship between bioactivity and structure of the different oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Long
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ziying Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingfei Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yaoqi Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Long Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhengjun Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Neoagaro-Oligosaccharides Ameliorate Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Depression by Increasing 5-HT and BDNF in the Brain and Remodeling the Gut Microbiota of Mice. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20110725. [PMID: 36422003 PMCID: PMC9693468 DOI: 10.3390/md20110725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOs) belong to the algae oligosaccharides. NAOs have been found to have diverse biological activities. However, the effects of NAOs on depression and their underlying mechanism have not been thoroughly studied. A chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced C57BL/6J mouse model was used to assess the antidepressant effects of NAOs. Anxiety and depression behaviors were assessed by open field tests (OFT) and forced swimming tests (FST), while interleukin 18 (IL-18), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were the molecular biomarkers of depression. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed. The results showed that NAO treatment significantly improved the body weight of depressed mice and reduced the central area time in the OFT and immobility time in the FST. NAO treatment decreased the levels of IL-18 in the serum and increased the levels of 5-HT in the serum and whole brain and of BDNF in the whole brain. NAO treatment mitigated the gut microbiota dysbiosis in the depressed mice and reversed the decreased levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecum of the depressed mice. FMT indicated that the gut microbiota is, indeed, linked to depression, which was reflected in the changes in weight gain and behaviors. In a word, NAOs effectively reversed the CRS-induced mice model of depression, which depended on the changes in the gut microbiota and SCFAs, as well as its modulation of 5-HT and BDNF.
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11
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Popov S, Smirnov V, Paderin N, Khramova D, Chistiakova E, Vityazev F, Golovchenko V. Enrichment of Agar Gel with Antioxidant Pectin from Fireweed: Mechanical and Rheological Properties, Simulated Digestibility, and Oral Processing. Gels 2022; 8:gels8110708. [PMID: 36354617 PMCID: PMC9689380 DOI: 10.3390/gels8110708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were to evaluate the influence of pectin isolated from fireweed (FP) on the mechanical and rheological properties of agar (A) gel, to investigate the release of phenolic compounds (PCs) and pectin from A-FP gels at simulated digestion in vitro, and to evaluate the oral processing and sensory properties of A-FP gels. The hardness of A-FP gels decreased gradually with the increase in the concentration of FP added (0.1, 0.4, and 1.6%). The hardness of A-FP1.6 gel was 41% lower than A gel. Rheological tests found A gel was a strong physical gel (storage modulus (G′) >>loss modulus (G″)), and the addition of FP up to 1.6% did not significantly change its G’. The G″ value decreased in A-FP gels compared to A gel. The release of galacturonic acid (GalA) was 3.4 ± 0.5, 0.5 ± 0.2, 2.4 ± 1.0, and 2.2 ± 0.7 mg/mL after digestion of A-FP1.6 gel in the oral in vivo phase (OP) and subsequent incubation in simulated gastric (SGF), intestinal (SIF), and colonic (SCF) fluids in vitro. The incubation medium after OP, SGF, and SIF digestion of A-FP1.6 contained 24−64 μg GAE/mL of PCs, while SCF contained 144 μg GAE/mL, supposing a predominant release of antioxidant activity from the gel in the colon. Chewing to readiness for swallowing A-FP gel required less time and fewer chews with less activity of the masseter and temporalis muscles. A-FP1.6 gel had a lower likeness score for taste and consistency and a similar score for appearance and aroma when compared with A gel. Thus, A-FP gels were weakened compared to A gel and required less time and muscle activity for oral processing. A-FP gel had antioxidant activity due to the PCs associated with pectin, while A gel had no antioxidant activity.
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12
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Gu X, Zhao L, Tan J, Zhang Q, Fu L, Li J. Characterization of a novel β-agarase from Antarctic macroalgae-associated bacteria metagenomic library and anti-inflammatory activity of the enzymatic hydrolysates. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:972272. [PMID: 36118221 PMCID: PMC9478344 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.972272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An agarase gene (aga1904) that codes a protein with 640 amino acids was obtained from the metagenomic library of macroalgae-associated bacteria collected from King George Island, Antarctica. Gene aga1904 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and recombinant Aga1904 was purified by His Bind Purification kit. The optimal temperature and pH for the activity of Aga1904 were 50°C and 6.0, respectively. Fe3+ and Cu2+ significantly inhibited the activity of Aga1904. The Vmax and Km values of recombinant Aga1904 were 108.70 mg/ml min and 6.51 mg/ml, respectively. The degradation products of Aga1904 against agarose substrate were mainly neoagarobiose, neoagarotetraose, and neoagarohexaose analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The cellular immunoassay of enzymatic hydrolysates was subsequently carried out, and the results showed that agaro-oligosaccharides dominated by neoagarobiose significantly inhibited key pro-inflammatory markers including, nitric oxide (NO), interleukins 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). This work provides a promising candidate for development recombinant industrial enzyme to prepare agaro-oligosaccharides, and paved up a new path for the exploitation of natural anti-inflammatory agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Gu
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Luying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaojiao Tan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Fu
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Li,
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13
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Gut microbiome modulation and gastrointestinal digestibility in vitro of polysaccharide-enriched extracts and seaweeds from Ulva rigida and Gracilaria fisheri. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Jagtap AS, Parab AS, Manohar CS, Kadam NS. Prebiotic potential of enzymatically produced ulvan oligosaccharides using ulvan lyase of Bacillus subtilis, NIOA181, a macroalgae-associated bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3176-3190. [PMID: 35957555 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize the polysaccharide hydrolyzing potential of macroalgae-associated bacteria (MABs) for enzymatic production of oligosaccharides and determining their prebiotic potential. METHODS AND RESULTS Approximately 400 MABs were qualitatively characterised for polysaccharide hydrolyzing activity. Only about 5 to 15% of the isolates were found to have the potential for producing porphyranase, alginate lyase and ulvan lyase enzymes which were quantified in specific substrate broths. One potential MAB, Bacillus subtilis, NIOA181, isolated from green macroalgae, showed the highest ulvan lyase activity. This enzyme was partially purified and used to hydrolyse ulvan into ulvan oligosaccharides. Structural characterization of ulvan oligosaccharides showed that they are predominantly composed of di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharide units. Results showed that the enzymatically produced ulvan oligosaccharides exhibited prebiotic activity by promoting the growth of probiotic bacteria and suppressing the enteric pathogens, which were higher than the ulvan polysaccharide and equivalent to commercial fructooligosaccharides. CONCLUSIONS A potential MAB, NIOA181, producing ulvan lyase was isolated and used for the production of ulvan oligosaccharides with prebiotic activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Rarely studied ulvan oligosaccharides with prebiotic activity can be widely used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient in nutraceutical and other healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok S Jagtap
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India.,School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, India
| | - Ashutosh S Parab
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India.,School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, India
| | - Cathrine S Manohar
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, India
| | - Nitin S Kadam
- Central Instrumentation Facility, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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15
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Disaster Risk Management, Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines, and Sanitation Challenges in South Africa. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The current paper provides a review and meta-analysis of the practical implications of disaster risk management related to the ventilated improved latrines in South Africa. This technology is evaluated through its legacy and novel challenges of disaster risk reduction. In the current article, the methodology adopted was a literature review and meta-analyses. The results indicate that the in-situ treatment and breakdown of faecal sludge in the ventilated improved pit latrines is not always taking place and that anaerobic digestion might not always be feasible. New strategies are proposed to manage the sanitation-related risks in South Africa by specifying more exact dimensions for the newly built ventilated improved pit latrines by suggesting the use of novel sanitation additives such as fly ash to enhance on-site and in situ treatment, as well as ex situ treatment of the pit latrine faecal sludge. Regular maintenance can lead to prevention of the dysfunctional character of the ventilated improved pit latrines as a functional sanitation technology and a user-friendly hygiene barrier to the spread of sanitation/WASH-related epidemics or infectious diseases. The implementation of the novel strategies should be enhanced by the application of the (Environmental) Technology Assessment in sanitation service delivery in South Africa.
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16
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Song T, Liu L, Tang Q, Xiang S, Wang B, Zhang S, Wang X, Chu Y, Luo D, Lin J. Antioxidant neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs) and dietary fiber production from red algae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis using enzyme assisted one-step process. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Xu J, Cui Z, Zhang W, Lu J, Lu X, Yu W. Characterizing of a new α-agarase AgaE from Thalassomonas sp. LD5 and probing its catalytically essential residues. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:50-57. [PMID: 34863832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new α-agarase AgaE belonging to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 96 was identified and cloned from marine bacterium Thalassomonas sp. LD5. AgaE consists of 926 amino acids with a theoretical molecular mass of 97 kDa. The optimum temperature and pH for recombinant AgaE were 35 °C and 7.0, respectively. In contrast to known α-agarases, the activity of AgaE does not depend on Ca2+, but on Na+. Thin-layer chromatography and 13C NMR analysis revealed that AgaE endohydrolytic of agarose to produce agarotetraose and agarohexaose as the final main products. Extensive site-directed mutagenesis studies on the conserved carboxylic amino acids of GH96 revealed two essential amino acids for AgaE, D779 and D781. Replacing D779 with G779 leads to complete inactivation of the enzyme, while D781G results in 70% loss of activity. Later studies showed that site D781 involved in the binding of Na+, and its mutation raised the optimal concentration of Na+ 4 times higher than that of the wild type. However, attempts to rescue the mutant's activities with sodium azide were failed. Kinetic parameters comparison of AgaE, AgaD, another α-agarase from LD5, and their mutants revealed that the former aspartic acid plays critical role in the catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Xu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, China
| | - Zibo Cui
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, China
| | - Weibin Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jingxuan Lu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xinzhi Lu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Wengong Yu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, China.
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18
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Drira M, Hentati F, Babich O, Sukhikh S, Larina V, Sharifian S, Homai A, Fendri I, Lemos MFL, Félix C, Félix R, Abdelkafi S, Michaud P. Bioactive Carbohydrate Polymers-Between Myth and Reality. Molecules 2021; 26:7068. [PMID: 34885655 PMCID: PMC8659292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are complex macromolecules long regarded as energetic storage resources or as components of plant and fungal cell walls. They have also been described as plant mucilages or microbial exopolysaccharides. The development of glycosciences has led to a partial and difficult deciphering of their other biological functions in living organisms. The objectives of glycobiochemistry and glycobiology are currently to correlate some structural features of polysaccharides with some biological responses in the producing organisms or in another one. In this context, the literature focusing on bioactive polysaccharides has increased exponentially during the last two decades, being sometimes very optimistic for some new applications of bioactive polysaccharides, notably in the medical field. Therefore, this review aims to examine bioactive polysaccharide, taking a critical look of the different biological activities reported by authors and the reality of the market. It focuses also on the chemical, biochemical, enzymatic, and physical modifications of these biopolymers to optimize their potential as bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Drira
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies des Plantes Appliquées à l’Amélioration des Cultures, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (M.D.); (I.F.)
| | - Faiez Hentati
- INRAE, URAFPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Olga Babich
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Stanislas Sukhikh
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Viktoria Larina
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (O.B.); (S.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Sana Sharifian
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 74576, Iran; (S.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Ahmad Homai
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas 74576, Iran; (S.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies des Plantes Appliquées à l’Amélioration des Cultures, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia; (M.D.); (I.F.)
| | - Marco F. L. Lemos
- MARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (M.F.L.L.); (C.F.); (R.F.)
| | - Carina Félix
- MARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (M.F.L.L.); (C.F.); (R.F.)
| | - Rafael Félix
- MARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal; (M.F.L.L.); (C.F.); (R.F.)
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe de Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia;
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Structure Characterization of Polysaccharide from Chinese Yam ( Dioscorea opposite Thunb.) and Its Growth-Promoting Effects on Streptococcus thermophilus. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112698. [PMID: 34828979 PMCID: PMC8624800 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the mechanisms underlying the growth-promoting effects of yam polysaccharide on Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus), the yam polysaccharide was extracted using a deep eutectic solvents (DESs) method and separated into four fractions by DEAE-cellulose 52. These fractions were used as the alternative carbon source to substitute lactose to compare their growth-promoting effects on S. thermophilus. Furthermore, their molecular weight, monosaccharide and functional groups' composition, microscopic forms and other basic structure characterizations were analyzed. The results showed that all the fractions could significantly promote S. thermophilus growth, and fractions exhibited significantly different growth-promoting effects, whose viable count increased by 6.14, 6.03, 11.48 and 11.29%, respectively, relative to those in the M17 broth medium. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the high growth-promoting activity of yam polysaccharide might be more dependent on the higher molecular weight, the higher galacturonic acid content and its complex spatial configuration, and the existence of β-glycosides would make the yam polysaccharide have a better growth-promoting effect on S. thermophilus.
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20
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Li S, Hu J, Yao H, Geng F, Nie S. Interaction between four galactans with different structural characteristics and gut microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-11. [PMID: 34669541 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1992605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota played a key role in maintaining and regulating host health. Gut microbiota composition could be altered by daily diet and related nutrients. Diet polysaccharide, an important dietary nutrient, was one kind of biological macromolecules linked by the glycosidic bonds. Galactans were widely used in foods due to their gelling, thickening and stabilizing properties. Recently, effects of different galactans on gut microbiota have attracted much attention. This review described the structural characteristics of 4 kinds of galactans, including porphyran, agarose, carrageenan, and arabinogalactan, along with the effects of different galactans on gut microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids. The ability of gut microbiota to utilize galactans with different structural characteristics and related degradation mechanism were also summarized. All these four galactans could be used by gut Bacteroides. Besides, the porphyran could be utilized by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, while the arabinogalactan could be utilized by Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Roseburia. Four galactans with significant difference in molecular weight/degree of polymerization, glycosidic linkage, esterification, branching and monosaccharide composition required gut microbes which could utilize them have corresponding genes encoding the corresponding enzymes for decomposition. This review could help to understand the relationship between galactans with different structural characteristics and gut microbiota, and provide information for potential use of galactans as functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang China
| | - Jielun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang China
| | - Haoyingye Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang China
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21
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Structural, antioxidant, prebiotic and anti-inflammatory properties of pectic oligosaccharides hydrolyzed from okra pectin by Fenton reaction. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Jin Y, Yu S, Liu JJ, Yun EJ, Lee JW, Jin YS, Kim KH. Production of neoagarooligosaccharides by probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii engineered as a microbial cell factory. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:160. [PMID: 34407819 PMCID: PMC8371797 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01644-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii is a representative probiotic yeast that has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, S. boulardii has not been studied as a microbial cell factory for producing useful substances. Agarose, a major component of red macroalgae, can be depolymerized into neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOSs) by an endo-type β-agarase. NAOSs, including neoagarotetraose (NeoDP4), are known to be health-benefiting substances owing to their prebiotic effect. Thus, NAOS production in the gut is required. In this study, the probiotic yeast S. boulardii was engineered to produce NAOSs by expressing an endo-type β-agarase, BpGH16A, derived from a human gut bacterium Bacteroides plebeius. Results In total, four different signal peptides were compared in S. boulardii for protein (BpGH16A) secretion for the first time. The SED1 signal peptide derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected as optimal for extracellular production of NeoDP4 from agarose. Expression of BpGH16A was performed in two ways using the plasmid vector system and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 system. The production of NeoDP4 by engineered S. boulardii was verified and quantified. NeoDP4 was produced by S. boulardii engineered using the plasmid vector system and CRISPR-Cas9 at 1.86 and 0.80 g/L in a 72-h fermentation, respectively. Conclusions This is the first report on NAOS production using the probiotic yeast S. boulardii. Our results suggest that S. boulardii can be considered a microbial cell factory to produce health-beneficial substances in the human gut. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01644-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerin Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sora Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Eun Ju Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Metabolic and enzymatic elucidation of cooperative degradation of red seaweed agarose by two human gut bacteria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13955. [PMID: 34230500 PMCID: PMC8260779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Various health beneficial outcomes associated with red seaweeds, especially their polysaccharides, have been claimed, but the molecular pathway of how red seaweed polysaccharides are degraded and utilized by cooperative actions of human gut bacteria has not been elucidated. Here, we investigated the enzymatic and metabolic cooperation between two human gut symbionts, Bacteroides plebeius and Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis, with regard to the degradation of agarose, the main carbohydrate of red seaweed. More specifically, B. plebeius initially decomposed agarose into agarotriose by the actions of the enzymes belonging to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 16 and 117 (i.e., BpGH16A and BpGH117) located in the polysaccharide utilization locus, a specific gene cluster for red seaweed carbohydrates. Then, B. infantis extracted energy from agarotriose by the actions of two agarolytic β-galactosidases (i.e., Bga42A and Bga2A) and produced neoagarobiose. B. plebeius ultimately acted on neoagarobiose by BpGH117, resulting in the production of 3,6-anhydro-l-galactose, a monomeric sugar possessing anti-inflammatory activity. Our discovery of the cooperative actions of the two human gut symbionts on agarose degradation and the identification of the related enzyme genes and metabolic intermediates generated during the metabolic processes provide a molecular basis for agarose degradation by gut bacteria.
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Shannon E, Conlon M, Hayes M. Seaweed Components as Potential Modulators of the Gut Microbiota. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:358. [PMID: 34201794 PMCID: PMC8303941 DOI: 10.3390/md19070358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae, or seaweeds, are a rich source of components which may exert beneficial effects on the mammalian gut microbiota through the enhancement of bacterial diversity and abundance. An imbalance of gut bacteria has been linked to the development of disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, immunodeficiency, hypertension, type-2-diabetes, obesity, and cancer. This review outlines current knowledge from in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the potential therapeutic application of seaweed-derived polysaccharides, polyphenols and peptides to modulate the gut microbiota through diet. Polysaccharides such as fucoidan, laminarin, alginate, ulvan and porphyran are unique to seaweeds. Several studies have shown their potential to act as prebiotics and to positively modulate the gut microbiota. Prebiotics enhance bacterial populations and often their production of short chain fatty acids, which are the energy source for gastrointestinal epithelial cells, provide protection against pathogens, influence immunomodulation, and induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells. The oral bioaccessibility and bioavailability of seaweed components is also discussed, including the advantages and limitations of static and dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal models versus ex vivo and in vivo methods. Seaweed bioactives show potential for use in prevention and, in some instances, treatment of human disease. However, it is also necessary to confirm these potential, therapeutic effects in large-scale clinical trials. Where possible, we have cited information concerning these trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer Shannon
- Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Michael Conlon
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Maria Hayes
- Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15 KN3K Dublin, Ireland;
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Patel AK, Singhania RR, Awasthi MK, Varjani S, Bhatia SK, Tsai ML, Hsieh SL, Chen CW, Dong CD. Emerging prospects of macro- and microalgae as prebiotic. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:112. [PMID: 34090444 PMCID: PMC8180151 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Macro- and microalgae-based foods are becoming popular due to their high nutritious value. The algal biomass is enriched with polysaccharides, protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals. However, the most promising fraction is polysaccharides (PS) or their derivatives (as dietary fibers) which are not entirely fermented by colonic bacteria hence act as potential prebiotic. Primarily, algae become famous as prominent protein sources. Recently, these are widely adopted as functional food (e.g., desserts, dairy products, oil-derivatives, pastas etc.) or animal feed (for poultry, cattle, fish etc.). Besides prebiotic and balanced amino acids source, algae derived compounds implied as therapeutics due to comprising bioactive properties to elicit immunomodulatory, antioxidative, anticancerous, anticoagulant, hepato-protective, and antihypertensive responses. Despite the above potentials, broader research determinations are inevitable to explore these algal compounds until microalgae become a business reality for broader and specific applications in all health domains. However, scale up of algal bioprocess remains a major challenge until commercial affordability is accomplished which can be possible by discovering their hidden potentials and increasing their value and application prospects. This review provides an overview of the significance of algae consumption for several health benefits in humans and animals mainly as prebiotics, however their functional food and animal feed potential are briefly covered. Moreover, their potential to develop an algal-based food industry to meet the people's requirements not only as a sustainable food solution with several health benefits but also as therapeutics is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382010, India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan.
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26
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Li S, Zhang B, Hu J, Zhong Y, Sun Y, Nie S. Utilization of four galactans by
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
A4 based on transcriptome. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology China‐Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Baojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology China‐Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Jielun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology China‐Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Yadong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology China‐Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Yonggan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology China‐Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology China‐Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University Nanchang China
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Jang WY, Kwon MJ, Kim KY, Kim YH. Enzymatic characterization of a novel recombinant 1,3-α-3,6-anhydro-L-galactosidase specific for neoagarobiose hydrolysis into monosaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4621-4634. [PMID: 34057561 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11341-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two GH117 family α-neoagarobiose hydrolases (GH117A α-NABH and GH117B α-NABH) from the freshwater agar-degrading Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1 were expressed and purified as recombinant His-tagged proteins using an Escherichia coli expression system to compare activities. The amino acid sequence of GH117A α-NABH (364 amino acids, 40.9 kDa) showed 35% identity with that of GH117B α-NABH (392 amino acids, 44.2 kDa). GH117A α-NABH, but not GH117B α-NABH, could hydrolyze neoagarobiose (NA2) into monosaccharides 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose (L-AHG) and D-galactose. The presence of GH117A α-NABH homologues in all of the agar-degrading bacteria aligned suggests that GH117A α-NABH hydrolyzing NA2 into L-AHG and D-galactose is an essential component of the agar-degrading enzyme machinery. For GH117A α-NABH-catalyzed hydrolysis, NA2 was the sole substrate among various neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NA2~NA18). GH117A α-NABH appeared to exist as a dimer, and optimal enzymatic temperature and pH were 35 °C and 7.5, respectively. GH117A α-NABH was stable up to 35 °C and at pH 7.5 and unstable beyond 35 °C and outside pH 7.0~7.5. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, kcat, and kcat/Km for NA2 were 16.0 mM, 20.8 U/mg, 14.2 s-1, and 8.9 × 102 s-1 M-1, respectively. Combined addition of 5 mM MnSO4 and 10 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine enhanced the enzyme activity by 2.4-fold. The enzyme-mediated hydrolysis of 5.0% NA2 into monosaccharide and purification of L-AHG from hydrolysis products by Sephadex G-10 column chromatography recovered ~ 192 mg L-AHG from 400 mg NA2 (~ 92% of the theoretical maximum yield). These results indicate that the recombinant GH117A α-NABH is NA2-specific and useful to produce L-AHG from NA2. KEY POINTS: • Recombinant GH117A α-NABH (364 aa, 40.9 kDa) purified from E. coli forms a dimer. • The enzyme hydrolyzes only NA2 among various neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NA2~NA18). • The enzyme completely hydrolyzes up to 5% NA2 into monomers under optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Jang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Kwon
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yun Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Corino C, Di Giancamillo A, Modina SC, Rossi R. Prebiotic Effects of Seaweed Polysaccharides in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1573. [PMID: 34072221 PMCID: PMC8229765 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure environmental sustainability, according to the European Green Deal and to boost the One Health concept, it is essential to improve animals' health and adopt sustainable and natural feed ingredients. Over the past decade, prebiotics have been used as an alternative approach in order to reduce the use of antimicrobials, by positively affecting the gut microbiota and decreasing the onset of several enteric diseases in pig. However, dietary supplementation with seaweed polysaccharides as prebiotics has gained attention in recent years. Seaweeds or marine macroalgae contain several polysaccharides: laminarin, fucoidan, and alginates are found in brown seaweeds, carrageenan in red seaweeds, and ulvan in green seaweeds. The present review focuses on studies evaluating dietary seaweed polysaccharide supplementation in pig used as prebiotics to positively modulate gut health and microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raffaella Rossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.C.); (A.D.G.); (S.C.M.)
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29
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Jiang C, Cheng D, Liu Z, Sun J, Mao X. Advances in agaro-oligosaccharides preparation and bioactivities for revealing the structure-function relationship. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110408. [PMID: 34112411 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Agaro-oligosaccharides originating from red algae have attracted increasing attention in both basic theoretical research and applied fields due to their excellent bioactivities, which indicates the wide prospects of agaro-oligosaccharides for application in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Thus, a considerable number of studies regarding functional agaro-oligosaccharides preparation as well as the bioactivities exploration have been carried out. Based on these studies, this review first introduced different methods that have been used in agar extraction from red algae, and further provided research progress on arylsulfatase. Then, different methods used for agaro-oligosaccharides production were summarized. Moreover, the abundant bioactivities of agaro-oligosaccharides were described in detail. Finally, this review has discussed current research problems and further provided critical aspects, which may be helpful for revealing the structure-function relationship of agaro-oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Danyang Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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30
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Xie XT, Cheong KL. Recent advances in marine algae oligosaccharides: structure, analysis, and potential prebiotic activities. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7703-7717. [PMID: 33939558 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1916736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine algae contain abundant polysaccharides that support a range of health-promoting activities; however, the high molecular weight, high viscosity, and low solubility of marine algae polysaccharides (MAPs) limit their application in food, agriculture and medicine. Thus, as the degradation products of MAPs, marine algae oligosaccharides (MAOs) have drawn increasing attention. Most MAOs are non-digestible by digestive enzyme in the human gastrointestinal tract, but are fermented by bacteria in the gut and converted into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). MAOs can selectively enhance the activities of some populations of beneficial bacteria and stimulate a series of prebiotic effects, such as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-tumour. However, the exact structures of MAOs and their prebiotic activities are, to a large extent, unexplored. This review summarizes recent advances in the sources, categories, and structure analysis methods of MAOs, emphasizing their effects on gut microbiota and its metabolite SCFAs as well as the resulting range of probiotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, PR China
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31
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Chen X, Fu X, Huang L, Xu J, Gao X. Agar oligosaccharides: A review of preparation, structures, bioactivities and application. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 265:118076. [PMID: 33966840 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Agar, a gelatinous polysaccharide which is in the cell wall of many red algae, is widely used as food and gelling agent. Agar oligosaccharides (AOs), the hydrolysate of agar, show much more kinds of bio-activities because of its lower molecular weight, better water solubility and higher absorption efficiency. It is indicated that AOs with different structure and degree of polymerization, i.e. series of agaro-oligosaccharides and neoagaro-oligosaccharides, can be obtained under different preparation conditions. In addition, the biological activities of AOs are diversely and closely correlated to the composition and structure. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the preparation, structural characteristics and bio-activities of AOs, so as to provide a reference for applications of AOs as marine natural products in pharmacological, cosmetics and nutraceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoting Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Luqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization of Fujian Province, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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32
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Jagtap AS, Manohar CS. Overview on Microbial Enzymatic Production of Algal Oligosaccharides for Nutraceutical Applications. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:159-176. [PMID: 33763808 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Global requirement for algal foods is increasing, as they are progressively consumed for its nutrition and health. Macroalgae is a proven source of metabolites, proteins, pigments, bioactive compounds, and algal polysaccharides. The unique polysaccharides such as agar, carrageenan, porphyran, alginate, fucoidan, laminarin, and ulvan are known for its wide range of bioactivities and extensively used for applications from tissue engineering to drug delivery. However, there are few limitations due to its high molecular size, low compatibility, and hydrocolloid nature. Hence, the enzymatically produced algal oligosaccharides have drawn tremendous attention due to its green synthesis, solubility, and lower molecular size. They are reported to have bioactivities including antioxidant, antiglycemic, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, and prebiotic activities, which can be used in the healthcare and nutraceutical industry for the manufacture of functional foods and dietary supplements. However, identification of potential microorganisms, producing polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes, remains a major bottle neck for efficient utilization of bioactive algal oligosaccharides. This review summarizes the recent developments in the identification and characterization of microbial enzymes for the production of bioactive algal oligosaccharides. This can improve our understanding of bioactive algal oligosaccharides and pave way for efficient utilization of macroalgae to prevent various chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok S Jagtap
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India
- School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India
| | - Cathrine S Manohar
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa, 403004, India.
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Novel and emerging prebiotics: Advances and opportunities. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 95:41-95. [PMID: 33745516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are conscientiously changing their eating preferences toward healthier options, such as functional foods enriched with pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics are attractive bioactive compounds with multidimensional beneficial action on both human and animal health, namely on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiometabolism, bones or mental health. Conventionally, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which generally present favorable organoleptic properties, temperature and acidic stability, and are considered interesting food ingredients. However, according to the current definition of prebiotics, application categories other than food are accepted, as well as non-carbohydrate substrates and bioactivity at extra-intestinal sites. Regulatory issues are considered a major concern for prebiotics since a clear understanding and application of these compounds among the consumers, regulators, scientists, suppliers or manufacturers, health-care providers and standards or recommendation-setting organizations are of utmost importance. Prebiotics can be divided in several categories according to their development and regulatory status. Inulin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and lactulose are generally classified as well established prebiotics. Xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides and lactosucrose are classified as "emerging" prebiotics, while raffinose, neoagaro-oligosaccharides and epilactose are "under development." Other substances, such as human milk oligosaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered "new candidates." This chapter will encompass actual information about the non-established prebiotics, mainly their physicochemical properties, market, legislation, biological activity and possible applications. Generally, there is a lack of clear demonstrations about the effective health benefits associated with all the non-established prebiotics. Overcoming this limitation will undoubtedly increase the demand for these compounds and their market size will follow the consumer's trend.
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Kwon M, Jang WY, Kim GM, Kim YH. Characterization and Application of a Recombinant Exolytic GH50A β-Agarase from Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1 for Enzymatic Production of Neoagarobiose from Agarose. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29453-29464. [PMID: 33225177 PMCID: PMC7676358 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Neoagarobiose (NA2) is the repeating disaccharide unit of agarose and possesses various promising biological activities. To identify an efficient exolytic β-agarase required for NA2 production from agarose, the GH50A β-agarase gene from agar-degrading Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1 was overexpressed as a recombinant His-tagged protein using the Escherichia coli expression system. GH50A β-agarase that consists of 797 amino acids was able to produce predominantly NA2 from agarose at an optimal temperature and pH of 35 °C and 7.5, respectively. The enzyme was stable up to 35 °C and within a pH range of 7.0-9.0. The K m, V max, K cat, and K cat/K m values of the enzyme were 26.5 mg/mL, 16.9 U/mg, 25.2 s-1, and 1.2 × 105 s-1 M-1, respectively. The copresence of 5 mM MnSO4 and 10 mM tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) resulted in a 2.5-fold enhancement of the enzyme activity. For NA2 production, neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOSs) containing NA4-NA18 were preferred over agarose or agaro-oligosaccharides (AOSs) as substrates. NA2 was produced along with minor amounts of agarotriose (A3) after treatment of AOS with the enzyme, indicating that the exolytic digestion of AOS by the enzyme was initiated by releasing A3 from nonreducing ends. Enzymatic hydrolysis of 0.4% agarose (100 mL) using GH50A β-agarase (20 μg/mL) for 4 h under optimal reaction conditions (5 mM MnSO4, 10 mM TCEP, 35 °C, 20 mM Tris-HCl, and pH 7.5) and purification of NA2 from hydrolysis products by Bio-Gel P-2 column chromatography resulted in the recovery of 216 mg of NA2 (∼54% yield from agarose). Altogether, these results suggest that the recombinant GH50A β-agarase is useful to convert agarose to NA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- MiJung Kwon
- Laboratory of Immunobiology,
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Jang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology,
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Min Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology,
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology,
School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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35
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Qu W, Wang D, Wu J, Chan Z, Di W, Wang J, Zeng R. Production of Neoagaro-Oligosaccharides With Various Degrees of Polymerization by Using a Truncated Marine Agarase. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:574771. [PMID: 33072038 PMCID: PMC7541962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.574771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactivities, such as freshness maintenance, whitening, and prebiotics, of marine neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOS) with 4-12 degrees of polymerization (DPs) have been proven. However, NAOS produced by most marine β-agarases always possess low DPs (≤6) and limited categories; thus, a strategy that can efficiently produce NAOS especially with various DPs ≥8 must be developed. In this study, 60 amino acid residues with no functional annotation result were removed from the C-terminal of agarase AgaM1, and truncated recombinant AgaM1 (trAgaM1) was found to have the ability to produce NAOS with various DPs (4-12) under certain conditions. The catalytic efficiency and stability of trAgaM1 were obviously lower than the wild type (rAgaM1), which probably endowed trAgaM1 with the ability to produce NAOS with various DPs. The optimum conditions for various NAOS production included mixing 1% agarose (w/v) with 10.26 U/ml trAgaM1 and incubating the mixture at 50°C in deionized water for 100 min. This strategy produced neoagarotetraose (NA4), neoagarohexaose (NA6), neoagarooctaose (NA8), neoagarodecaose (NA10), and neoagarododecaose (NA12) at final concentrations of 0.15, 1.53, 1.53, 3.02, and 3.02 g/L, respectively. The NAOS served as end-products of the reaction. The conditions for trAgaM1 expression in a shake flask and 5 L fermentation tank were optimized, and the yields of trAgaM1 increased by 56- and 842-fold compared with those before optimization, respectively. This study provides numerous substrate sources for production and activity tests of NAOS with high DPs and offers a foundation for large-scale production of NAOS with various DPs at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Qu
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Dingquan Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhuhua Chan
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjie Di
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Runying Zeng
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China.,Technical Innovation Center for Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
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Gotteland M, Riveros K, Gasaly N, Carcamo C, Magne F, Liabeuf G, Beattie A, Rosenfeld S. The Pros and Cons of Using Algal Polysaccharides as Prebiotics. Front Nutr 2020; 7:163. [PMID: 33072794 PMCID: PMC7536576 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae stand out for their high content of dietary fiber (30–75%) that include soluble, sulfated (fucoidan, agaran, carrageenan, and ulvan) and non-sulfated (laminaran and alginate) polysaccharides. Many studies indicate that these compounds exert varied biological activities and health-promoting effects and for this reason, there is a growing interest for using them in food products. The aim of this review was to critically evaluate prebiotic properties of algal polysaccharides, i.e., their ability to exert biological activities by modulating the composition and/or diversity of gut microbiota (GM). Pre-clinical studies show that the non-sulfated alginate and laminaran are well-fermented by GM, promoting the formation of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including butyrate, and preventing that of harmful putrefactive compounds (NH3, phenol, p-cresol, indole and H2S). Alginate increases Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus species while laminaran mostly stimulates Bacteroides sp. Results with sulfated polysaccharides are more questionable. Agarans are poorly fermentable but agarose-oligosaccharides exhibit an interesting prebiotic potential, increasing butyrate-producing bacteria and SCFAs. Though carrageenan-oligosaccharides are also fermented, their use is currently limited due to safety concerns. Regarding fucoidan, only one study reports SCFAs production, suggesting that it is poorly fermented. Its effect on GM does not indicate a clear pattern, making difficult to conclude whether it is beneficial or not. Notably, fucoidan impact on H2S production has not been evaluated, though some studies report it increases sulfate-reducing bacteria. Ulvan is badly fermented by GM and some studies show that part of its sulfate is dissimilated to H2S, which could affect colonic mitochondrial function. Accordingly, these results support the use of laminaran, alginate and agaro-oligosaccharides as prebiotics while more studies are necessary regarding that of fucoidan, carrageenan and ulvan. However, the realization of clinical trials is necessary to confirm such prebiotic properties in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gotteland
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla Riveros
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Naschla Gasaly
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Carcamo
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabien Magne
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gianella Liabeuf
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Beattie
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Centro de Investigación para la Conservación de Ecosistemas Australes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Sebastián Rosenfeld
- Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
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Kim M, Lee JE, Cho H, Jung HG, Lee W, Seo HY, Lee SH, Ahn DG, Kim SJ, Yu JW, Oh JW. Antiviral efficacy of orally delivered neoagarohexaose, a nonconventional TLR4 agonist, against norovirus infection in mice. Biomaterials 2020; 263:120391. [PMID: 32977259 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neoagarohexaose (NA6) is an oligosaccharide that is derived from agarose, the major component of red algae cell walls, by enzymatic hydrolysis. Here we show that NA6 is a noncanonical Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist with antiviral activity against norovirus. Its TLR4 activation was dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), leading to interferon-β (IFN-β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production. This effect was abolished by TLR4 knockdown or knockout in murine macrophages. NA6 inhibited murine norovirus (MNV) replication with an EC50 of 1.5 μM in RAW264.7 cells. It also lowered viral RNA titer in a human hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7-derived cell line harboring a human norovirus subgenomic replicon. The antiviral activity of NA6 was mainly attributed to IFN-β produced through the TLR4-TRIF signaling pathway. NA6-induced TNF-α, which had little effect on norovirus replication per se, primed macrophages to mount greater antiviral innate immune responses when IFN signaling was activated. NA6 boosted the induction of IFN-β in MNV-infected RAW264.7 cells and upregulated IFN-regulatory factor-1, an IFN-stimulated gene. NA6 induced IFN-β expression in the distal ileum with Peyer's patches and oral administration of NA6 reduced MNV loads through activation of TLR4 signaling, highlighting its potential contribution to protective antiviral innate immunity against norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hee Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hae-Gwang Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Wooseong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Han Young Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Soung-Hoon Lee
- CK Biotechnology Inc, Engineering Research Park, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, South Korea
| | - Je-Wook Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jong-Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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38
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Sun H, Gao L, Xue C, Mao X. Marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes: Status and prospects. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2767-2796. [PMID: 33337030 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes have recently been studied extensively. They are particularly interesting as they catalyze the cleavage of glycosidic bonds in polysaccharide macromolecules and produce oligosaccharides with low degrees of polymerization. Numerous findings have demonstrated that marine polysaccharides and their biotransformed products possess beneficial properties including antitumor, antiviral, anticoagulant, and anti-inflammatory activities, and they have great value in healthcare, cosmetics, the food industry, and agriculture. Exploitation of enzymes that can degrade marine polysaccharides is in the ascendant, and is important for high-value use of marine biomass resources. In this review, we describe research and prospects regarding the classification, biochemical properties, and catalytic mechanisms of the main types of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes, focusing on chitinase, chitosanase, alginate lyase, agarase, and carrageenase, and their product oligosaccharides. The state-of-the-art discussion of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes and their properties offers information that might enable more efficient production of marine oligosaccharides. We also highlight current problems in the field of marine-polysaccharide degrading enzymes and trends in their development. Understanding the properties, catalytic mechanisms, and modification of known enzymes will aid the identification of novel enzymes to degrade marine polysaccharides and facilitation of their use in various biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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39
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A Review of the Varied Uses of Macroalgae as Dietary Supplements in Selected Poultry with Special Reference to Laying Hen and Broiler Chickens. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8070536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seaweeds comprise ca. 12,000 species. Global annual harvest is ca. 30.13 million metric tonnes, (valued ca. $11.7 billion USD in 2016) for various commercial applications. The growing scope of seaweed-based applications in food, agricultural fertilizers, animal feed additives, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care is expected to boost market demand. Agriculture and animal feed applications held the second largest seaweed market share in 2017, and the combined market is anticipated to reach much higher values by 2024 due to the impacts of current research and development targeting enhanced animal health and productivity. In general, seaweeds have been utilized in animal feed as a rich source of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins and dietary fibers with relatively well-balanced amino acid profiles and a unique blend of bioactive compounds. Worldwide, the animal nutrition market is largely driven by rising demand for poultry feeds, which represents ca. 47% of the total consumption for all animal nutrition. This review provides an overview of the utilization of specific seaweeds as sustainable feed sources for poultry production, including a detailed survey of seaweed-supplemented diets on growth, performance, gastrointestinal flora, disease, immunity and overall health of laying/broiler hens. Anti-microbial effects of seaweeds are also discussed.
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40
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Molecular and Microbial Signatures Predictive of Prebiotic Action of Neoagarotetraose in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Murine Colitis Model. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070995. [PMID: 32635315 PMCID: PMC7409226 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoagarotetraose (NT), a hydrolytic product of agar by β-agarase, is known to possess bioactive properties. However, the mechanisms via which NT alleviates intestinal inflammation remain unknown. In this study, a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine model was developed to evaluate the effect of NT on gut microbiome and microbial metabolism using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics. Our data demonstrate that NT ingestion improved gut integrity and inflammation scores. NT reversed the abundance of Proteobacteria from an elevated level induced by DSS and significantly increased the abundance of Verrucomicrobia. Further, NT significantly increased the abundance of Akkermansia and Lactobacillus and concomitantly decreased that of Sutterella, which were among the important features identified by random forests analysis contributing to classification accuracy for NT supplementation. A microbial signature consisting of Adlercreutzia (denominator) and Turicibacter (numerator) predicted the NT supplementation status. Moreover, NT significantly modulated multiple gut metabolites, particularly those related to histidine, polyamine and tocopherol metabolism. Together, our findings provided novel insights into the mechanisms by which NT modulated the gut microbiome and metabolome and should facilitate the development of NT as a potent prebiotic for colitis management.
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41
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Zhu B, Ni F, Xiong Q, Yao Z. Marine oligosaccharides originated from seaweeds: Source, preparation, structure, physiological activity and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:60-74. [PMID: 31968996 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1716207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine polysaccharides originated from seaweeds, including agar, alginate, carrageenan, and fucoidan, possess various kinds of physiological activities and have been widely used in food, agricultural and medical areas. However, the application has been greatly limited by their poor solubility and low bioavailability. Thus marine oligosaccharides, as the degradation products of those polysaccharides, have drawn increasing attentions due to their obvious biological activities, good solubility and excellent bioavailability. This review will summarize the recent advances on the source, molecular structure and physiological activity of marine oligosaccharides, emphasizing their application as functional food additives. Furthermore, the relationship between the structure and the physiological activity of marine oligosaccharides is also elucidated and highlighted. The review concludes with an outlook toward potential applications for preparing the functional oligosaccharides in food biotechnology and agriculture fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benwei Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P R China
| | - Fang Ni
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P R China
| | - Qiang Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P R China
| | - Zhong Yao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, P R China
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42
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Charoensiddhi S, Abraham RE, Su P, Zhang W. Seaweed and seaweed-derived metabolites as prebiotics. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 91:97-156. [PMID: 32035602 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Seaweeds and their bioactive compounds, particularly polysaccharides and phenolics can be regarded as great dietary supplements with gut health benefits and prebiotics. These components are resistant to digestion by enzymes present in the human gastrointestinal tract, also selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and the production of fermentation products such as short chain fatty acids. Commonly, the health benefits of seaweed components are assessed by including them in an in vitro anaerobic fermentation system containing human fecal inocula that mimics the environment of the human large bowel. Regarding to the complex interactions between dietary components, gastrointestinal physiological processes, and gut microbiota are difficult to model in vitro. Consequently it is important to follow up the promising in vitro results with in vivo animal or human testing. The aim of this chapter is to have a comprehensive review on the application of seaweeds and seaweed-derived metabolites as prebiotics, and understand the trends, gaps and future directions of both scientific and industrial developments. This work contributes to develop and expand new platform of seaweed utilization for higher-value products, particularly to functional food and nutraceutical industries in order to serve the social demand for health awareness and support economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvimol Charoensiddhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reinu E Abraham
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peng Su
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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43
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Anti-aging Effect of Agar Oligosaccharide on Male Drosophila melanogaster and its Preliminary Mechanism. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110632. [PMID: 31698828 PMCID: PMC6891751 DOI: 10.3390/md17110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Agar oligosaccharide (AOS) is a marine prebiotic with apparent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor effects. During this study, different doses of AOS are added to a basal diet to evaluate its effects on the lifespan, motor vigor and reproduction of male Drosophila melanogaster. Additionally, the activities of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in male Drosophila are examined on the 10th, 25th and 40th days. The fly midguts are removed on the 10th and 40th days for analyses of the intestinal microbial community by 16S rDNA sequencing and the expression level of intestinal immunity genes by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The results show that AOS significantly prolonged the average and maximum lifespan and increased the antioxidant capacity of male Drosophila. Additionally, AOS significantly regulated the structure of the intestinal flora of "old" flies (40 days) and upregulated the expression of immune deficiency (IMD) genes to improve the intestinal immunity, which could be beneficial for delaying aging in old flies. The above-described results provide a theoretical basis for the application of AOS, a type of marine oligosaccharide, as a nutritional supplement or immunomodulator.
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44
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An overview of extraction and purification techniques of seaweed dietary fibers for immunomodulation on gut microbiota. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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45
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Liu J, Liu Z, Jiang C, Mao X. Biochemical Characterization and Substrate Degradation Mode of a Novel α-Agarase from Catenovulum agarivorans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10373-10379. [PMID: 31453692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Agarose can be hydrolyzed into agarooligosaccharides (AOSs) by α-agarase, which is an important enzyme for efficient saccharification of agarose or preparation of bioactive oligosaccharides from agarose. Although many β-agarases have been reported and characterized, there are only a few studies on α-agarases. Here, we cloned a novel α-agarase named CaLJ96 with a molecular weight of approximately 200 kDa belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 96 from Catenovulum agarivorans. CaLJ96 has good pH stability and exhibits maximum activity at 37 °C and pH 7.0. The hydrolyzed products of agarose by CaLJ96 are analyzed as agarobiose (A2), agarotetraose (A4), and agarohexaose (A6), in which A4 is the dominant product. CaLJ96 can hydrolyze agaropentaose (A5) into A2 and agarotriose (A3) and A6 into A2 and A4 but cannot act on A2, A3, or A4. This is the first report to characterize the α-agarase action on AOSs in detail. Therefore, CaLJ96 has potential for the manufacture of bioactive AOSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Zhen Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Chengcheng Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003 , China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237 , China
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46
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Gomez-Zavaglia A, Prieto Lage MA, Jimenez-Lopez C, Mejuto JC, Simal-Gandara J. The Potential of Seaweeds as a Source of Functional Ingredients of Prebiotic and Antioxidant Value. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090406. [PMID: 31533320 PMCID: PMC6770939 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two thirds of the world is covered by oceans, whose upper layer is inhabited by algae. This means that there is a large extension to obtain these photoautotrophic organisms. Algae have undergone a boom in recent years, with consequent discoveries and advances in this field. Algae are not only of high ecological value but also of great economic importance. Possible applications of algae are very diverse and include anti-biofilm activity, production of biofuels, bioremediation, as fertilizer, as fish feed, as food or food ingredients, in pharmacology (since they show antioxidant or contraceptive activities), in cosmeceutical formulation, and in such other applications as filters or for obtaining minerals. In this context, algae as food can be of help to maintain or even improve human health, and there is a growing interest in new products called functional foods, which can promote such a healthy state. Therefore, in this search, one of the main areas of research is the extraction and characterization of new natural ingredients with biological activity (e.g., prebiotic and antioxidant) that can contribute to consumers' well-being. The present review shows the results of a bibliographic survey on the chemical composition of macroalgae, together with a critical discussion about their potential as natural sources of new functional ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gomez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA), CCT-CONICET La Plata, Calle 47 y 116, La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Prieto Lage
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Cecilia Jimenez-Lopez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Juan C Mejuto
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain.
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47
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Zhang YH, Song XN, Lin Y, Xiao Q, Du XP, Chen YH, Xiao AF. Antioxidant capacity and prebiotic effects of Gracilaria neoagaro oligosaccharides prepared by agarase hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:177-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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48
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Kwon GH, Kwon MJ, Park JE, Kim YH. Whole genome sequence of a freshwater agar-degrading bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 23:e00346. [PMID: 31193527 PMCID: PMC6535462 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the whole genome sequence of a freshwater agar-degrading bacterium Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1 (KCTC13629BP) to explore genetic information encoding agarases which hydrolyze agar into its monomers. The complete genome of KY-GH-1 comprised 5,762,391 base pairs (bp) with 47.9% GC content, and contained 5080 protein-encoding sequences, including nine β-agarase genes and two α-neoagarobiose hydrolase (α-NABH) genes in an agarase gene cluster spanning approximately 77 kb. Based on these genetic information, the degradation of agar into monomers (D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose) by KY-GH-1 was predicted to be initiated by endolytic GH16 β-agarases and endolytic GH86 β-agarases, further processed by exolytic GH50 β-agarases, and then terminated by exolytic GH117 α-NABHs. This study reveals the diversity and abundance of agarase genes, and provides insight into their roles in the agar-degrading enzyme machinery of Cellvibrio sp. KY-GH-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Young Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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49
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Cherry P, Yadav S, Strain CR, Allsopp PJ, McSorley EM, Ross RP, Stanton C. Prebiotics from Seaweeds: An Ocean of Opportunity? Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E327. [PMID: 31159359 PMCID: PMC6627129 DOI: 10.3390/md17060327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds are an underexploited and potentially sustainable crop which offer a rich source of bioactive compounds, including novel complex polysaccharides, polyphenols, fatty acids, and carotenoids. The purported efficacies of these phytochemicals have led to potential functional food and nutraceutical applications which aim to protect against cardiometabolic and inflammatory risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and some cancers. Concurrent understanding that perturbations of gut microbial composition and metabolic function manifest throughout health and disease has led to dietary strategies, such as prebiotics, which exploit the diet-host-microbe paradigm to modulate the gut microbiota, such that host health is maintained or improved. The prebiotic definition was recently updated to "a substrate that is selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit", which, given that previous discussion regarding seaweed prebiotics has focused upon saccharolytic fermentation, an opportunity is presented to explore how non-complex polysaccharide components from seaweeds may be metabolised by host microbial populations to benefit host health. Thus, this review provides an innovative approach to consider how the gut microbiota may utilise seaweed phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and carotenoids, and provides an updated discussion regarding the catabolism of seaweed-derived complex polysaccharides with potential prebiotic activity. Additional in vitro screening studies and in vivo animal studies are needed to identify potential prebiotics from seaweeds, alongside untargeted metabolomics to decipher microbial-derived metabolites from seaweeds. Furthermore, controlled human intervention studies with health-related end points to elucidate prebiotic efficacy are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cherry
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK.
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland.
| | - Supriya Yadav
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Conall R Strain
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland.
| | - Philip J Allsopp
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Emeir M McSorley
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - R Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland.
- College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996, Ireland.
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland.
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Abstract
A simple method for obtaining pure and well-defined oligosaccharides was established by hydrolyzing agar with β-agarase from Vibrio natriegens. The conditions for enzymolysis were optimized as follows: a temperature of 45 °C, a pH of 8.5, a substrate concentration of 0.3%, an enzyme amount of 100 U/g and an enzymolysis time of 20 h. Neoagaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization were obtained by hydrolyzing agar with β-agarase for different lengths of time. After removing pigments using activated carbon and salts by dialyzing, the enzyme hydrolysis solution was separated with Bio-Gel P2 column chromatography. Neoagaro-oligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization were acquired. By comparing with authentic standard substances, along with further confirmation by FTIR, MS and NMR, structures of the purified neoagaro-oligosaccharides were identified as neoagarobiose (NA2), neoagaroteraose (NA4), neoagarohexaose (NA6), neoagarooctaose (NA8), neoagaro-decaose (NA10) and neoagarododecaose (NA12) with purities of more than 97.0%. The present study established a method for the preparation of various neoagaro-oligosaccharides that may be of great significance for further study of their bioactivities.
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