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Crone AS, Wright LM, Cheknis A, Johnson S, Pacheco SM, Skinner AM. Characteristics and outcomes of Clostridioides difficile infection after a change in the diagnostic testing algorithm. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2024; 45:57-62. [PMID: 37462099 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2023.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for the detection of C. difficile is a highly sensitive test. Some clinical laboratories have included a 2-step testing algorithm utilizing PCR plus toxin enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) to increase specificity. OBJECTIVE To determine the risk factors and outcomes of C. difficile PCR-positive/toxin-positive encounters compared to PCR-positive/toxin-negative encounters. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING A Veterans' Affairs hospital. METHODS A retrospective case-control study of patient encounters with a positive C. difficile test by PCR and either a toxin EIA-positive assay (ie, cases) or toxin EIA-negative assay (ie, controls). Clinically relevant exposures and risk factors were determined to assess CDI recurrence at 30 days. Available encounter stool specimens were cultured for C. difficile and were subjected to restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) strain typing. RESULTS Among 130 C. difficile PCR-positive patient encounters, 80 (61.5%) were toxin EIA negative and 50 (38.5%) were toxin EIA positive. Encounters that were toxin positive were more frequently treated (96.0%) compared to toxin-negative encounters (71.3%; P < .01). A multivariable logistic regression model revealed that toxin-negative encounters were less likely to suffer a recurrent CDI episode within 30 days (odds ratio [OR], 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.05-0.83). Additionally, a higher C. difficile PCR cycle threshold predicted a lower risk of CDI recurrence at 30 days. (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.68-0.98). During the study period, the REA group Y strain accounted for most toxin-negative encounters (32.5%; P = .05), whereas REA group BI strain accounted for most toxin-positive encounters (24.3%; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS A testing strategy of PCR plus toxin EIA helped predict recurrent CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Crone
- Research Service and Infectious Diseases Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Lorinda M Wright
- Research Service and Infectious Diseases Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Adam Cheknis
- Research Service and Infectious Diseases Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
| | - Stuart Johnson
- Research Service and Infectious Diseases Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Susan M Pacheco
- Research Service and Infectious Diseases Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Andrew M Skinner
- Research Service and Infectious Diseases Section, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
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Wright LM, Skinner AM, Cheknis A, McBurney C, Ge L, Pacheco SM, Leehey D, Gerding DN, Johnson S. Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Rates and Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Infection in One VA Hospital. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1159. [PMID: 37508255 PMCID: PMC10376799 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increases in some healthcare-associated infections. We investigated the impact of the pandemic on the rates and molecular epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) within one VA hospital. We anticipated that the potential widespread use of antibiotics for pneumonia during the pandemic might increase CDI rates given that antibiotics are a major risk for CDI. Hospital data on patients with CDI and recurrent CDI (rCDI) were reviewed both prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (2015 to 2019) and during the pandemic (2020-2021). Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) strain typing was performed on CD isolates recovered from stool samples collected from October 2019 to March 2022. CDI case numbers declined by 43.2% in 2020 to 2021 compared to the annual mean over the previous 5 years. The stool test positivity rate was also lower during the COVID-19 pandemic (14.3% vs. 17.2%; p = 0.013). Inpatient hospitalization rates declined, and rates of CDI among inpatients were reduced by 34.2% from 2020 to 2021. The mean monthly cases of rCDI also declined significantly after 2020 [3.38 (95% CI: 2.89-3.87) vs. 1.92 (95% CI: 1.27-2.56); p = <0.01]. Prior to the pandemic, REA group Y was the most prevalent CD strain among the major REA groups (27.3%). During the first wave of the pandemic, from 8 March 2020, to 30 June 2020, there was an increase in the relative incidence of REA group BI (26.7% vs. 9.1%); After adjusting for CDI risk factors, a multivariable logistic regression model revealed that the odds of developing an REA group BI CDI increased during the first pandemic wave (OR 6.41, 95% CI: 1.03-39.91) compared to the pre-pandemic period. In conclusion, the incidence of CDI and rCDI decreased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, REA BI (Ribotype 027), a virulent, previously epidemic CD strain frequently associated with hospital transmission and outbreaks, reappeared as a prevalent strain during the first wave of the pandemic, but subsequently disappeared, and overall CDI rates declined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorinda M. Wright
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.); (D.N.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Andrew M. Skinner
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.); (D.N.G.); (S.J.)
- Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, 2160 S. First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Adam Cheknis
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.); (D.N.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Conor McBurney
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.); (D.N.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Ling Ge
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.); (D.N.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Susan M. Pacheco
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.); (D.N.G.); (S.J.)
- Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, 2160 S. First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - David Leehey
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.); (D.N.G.); (S.J.)
- Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, 2160 S. First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Dale N. Gerding
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.); (D.N.G.); (S.J.)
| | - Stuart Johnson
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave., Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.C.); (C.M.); (L.G.); (S.M.P.); (D.L.); (D.N.G.); (S.J.)
- Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, 2160 S. First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Skinner AM, Petrella LA, Cheknis A, Johnson S. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridioides difficile to omadacycline and comparator antimicrobials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:1779-1784. [PMID: 37279600 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omadacycline is a novel aminomethylcycline tetracycline antimicrobial that was approved for the treatment of community-associated bacterial pneumonia (CABP) and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) in 2018. Omadacycline has demonstrated a high degree of in vitro activity towards Clostridioides difficile and previous data have hypothesized that use of omadacycline for CABP or ABSSSI may decrease the risk of C. difficile infections. OBJECTIVES To compare the in vitro antimicrobial activity of omadacycline versus commonly used antimicrobials for the approved indications of use. METHODS We compared the antimicrobial activity of eight antimicrobials approved for CABP and ABSSSI against omadacycline by agar dilution on 200 clinically relevant contemporary C. difficile isolates representing local and national prevalent strain types. RESULTS The in vitro omadacycline geometric mean MIC was 0.07 mg/L. Ceftriaxone resistance was noted in >50% of all isolates tested. The epidemic strain group, identified as restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) group BI, was commonly resistant to azithromycin (92%), moxifloxacin (86%) and clindamycin (78%). REA group DH strains had an elevated trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole geometric mean MIC of 17.30 mg/L compared with the geometric mean MIC of 8.14 mg/L noted in all other isolates. In the REA group BK isolates that had a doxycycline MIC of ≥2 mg/L, the omadacycline MIC was <0.5 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS Among 200 contemporary C. difficile isolates, there were no notable elevations in the in vitro omadacycline MIC, indicating a high level of activity towards C. difficile in comparison with commonly used antimicrobials for CABP and ABSSSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Skinner
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
- Research Section, Infection Diseases Section, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Laurica A Petrella
- Research Section, Infection Diseases Section, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Adam Cheknis
- Research Section, Infection Diseases Section, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Stuart Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
- Research Section, Infection Diseases Section, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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Skinner AM, Phillips ST, Merrigan MM, O’Leary KJ, Sambol SP, Siddiqui F, Peterson LR, Gerding DN, Johnson S. The Relative Role of Toxins A and B in the Virulence of Clotridioides difficile. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010096. [PMID: 33396595 PMCID: PMC7796042 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most pathogenic strains of C. difficile possess two large molecular weight single unit toxins with four similar functional domains. The toxins disrupt the actin cytoskeleton of intestinal epithelial cells leading to loss of tight junctions, which ultimately manifests as diarrhea in the host. While initial studies of purified toxins in animal models pointed to toxin A (TcdA) as the main virulence factor, animal studies using isogenic mutants demonstrated that toxin B (TcdB) alone was sufficient to cause disease. In addition, the natural occurrence of TcdA−/TcdB+ (TcdA−/B+)mutant strains was shown to be responsible for cases of C. difficile infection (CDI) with symptoms identical to CDI caused by fully toxigenic (A+/B+) strains. Identification of these cases was delayed during the period when clinical laboratories were using immunoassays that only detected TcdA (toxA EIA). Our hospital laboratory at the time performed culture as well as toxA EIA on patient stool samples. A total of 1.6% (23/1436) of all clinical isolates recovered over a 2.5-year period were TcdA−/B+ variants, the majority of which belonged to the restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) group CF and toxinotype VIII. Despite reports of serious disease due to TcdA−/B+ CF strains, these infections were typically mild, often not requiring specific treatment. While TcdB alone may be sufficient to cause disease, clinical evidence suggests that both toxins have a role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Skinner
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr., Veterans Affairs Hospital, Infectious Disease Section, Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.T.P.); (M.M.M.); (S.P.S.); (F.S.); (D.N.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60153, USA
| | - S. Tyler Phillips
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr., Veterans Affairs Hospital, Infectious Disease Section, Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.T.P.); (M.M.M.); (S.P.S.); (F.S.); (D.N.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60153, USA
| | - Michelle M. Merrigan
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr., Veterans Affairs Hospital, Infectious Disease Section, Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.T.P.); (M.M.M.); (S.P.S.); (F.S.); (D.N.G.)
| | - Kevin J. O’Leary
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Susan P. Sambol
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr., Veterans Affairs Hospital, Infectious Disease Section, Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.T.P.); (M.M.M.); (S.P.S.); (F.S.); (D.N.G.)
| | - Farida Siddiqui
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr., Veterans Affairs Hospital, Infectious Disease Section, Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.T.P.); (M.M.M.); (S.P.S.); (F.S.); (D.N.G.)
| | - Lance R. Peterson
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Dale N. Gerding
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr., Veterans Affairs Hospital, Infectious Disease Section, Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.T.P.); (M.M.M.); (S.P.S.); (F.S.); (D.N.G.)
| | - Stuart Johnson
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr., Veterans Affairs Hospital, Infectious Disease Section, Hines, IL 60141, USA; (A.M.S.); (S.T.P.); (M.M.M.); (S.P.S.); (F.S.); (D.N.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60153, USA
- Correspondence:
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Cheknis A, Devaris D, Chesnel L, Dale SE, Nary J, Sambol SP, Citron DM, Goering RV, Johnson S. Characterization of Clostridioides difficile isolates recovered from two Phase 3 surotomycin treatment trials by restriction endonuclease analysis, PCR ribotyping and antimicrobial susceptibilities. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:3120-3125. [PMID: 32747931 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridioides difficile isolates from patients with C. difficile infection (CDI) from two Phase 3 clinical trials of surotomycin. METHODS In both trials [Protocol MK-4261-005 (NCT01597505) conducted across Europe, North America and Israel; and Protocol MK-4261-006 (NCT01598311) conducted across North America, Asia-Pacific and South America], patients with CDI were randomized (1:1) to receive oral surotomycin (250 mg twice daily) or oral vancomycin (125 mg four times per day) for 10 days. Stool samples were collected at baseline and C. difficile isolates were characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and PCR ribotyping. Susceptibility testing was performed by agar dilution, according to CLSI recommendations. RESULTS In total, 1147 patients were included in the microbiological modified ITT population. Of 992 recovered isolates, 922 (92.9%) were typed. There was a high association between REA groups and their corresponding predominant PCR ribotype (RT) for BI, DH, G and CF strains. REA group A showed more diverse PCR RTs. Overall, the most common strain was BI/RT027 (20.3%) followed by Y/RT014/020 (15.0%) and DH/RT106 (7.2%). The BI/RT027 strain was particularly prevalent in Europe (29.9%) and Canada (23.6%), with lower prevalence in the USA (16.8%) and Australia/New Zealand (3.4%). Resistance was most prevalent in the BI/RT027 strain, particularly to metronidazole, vancomycin and moxifloxacin. CONCLUSIONS A wide variation in C. difficile strains, both within and across different geographical regions, was documented by both REA and ribotyping, which showed overall good correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julia Nary
- ACM Global Laboratories, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stuart Johnson
- Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA.,Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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Kociolek LK, Perdue ER, Fawley WN, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN, Johnson S. Correlation between restriction endonuclease analysis and PCR ribotyping for the identification of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile clinical strains. Anaerobe 2018; 54:1-7. [PMID: 30009944 PMCID: PMC6924008 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and PCR ribotyping are two typing systems that have been frequently utilized for molecular epidemiologic characterization of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile. To correlate typing data obtained from each method, we performed both REA and PCR ribotyping on a large and diverse set of historical and contemporary C. difficile infection clinical isolates. Eighty isolates were selected from each reference laboratory in the United States (Microbiology Reference Laboratory, Hines VA Medical Center) and United Kingdom (Clostridium difficile Network for England and Northern Ireland laboratory, University of Leeds). The 160 isolates were assigned to 82 unique ribotypes and 51 unique REA groups (116 unique REA types). In general, concordance between typing methods was good. Dendrogram analysis of PCR ribotype band patterns demonstrated close genetic relationships among strain types with discordant REA and ribotype assignments. While REA typing was more discriminatory, several REA types in this study were further discriminated by PCR ribotyping, indicating that discriminatory value of these typing methods may be strain dependent. These data will assist with molecular epidemiologic surveillance of strains identified by these two commonly used C. difficile typing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry K Kociolek
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 420 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Eric R Perdue
- Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, 5000 5th Ave., Hines, IL, 60141, USA.
| | - Warren N Fawley
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals and University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Mark H Wilcox
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals and University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Dale N Gerding
- Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, 5000 5th Ave., Hines, IL, 60141, USA; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S 1st Ave., Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
| | - Stuart Johnson
- Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Administration Hospital, 5000 5th Ave., Hines, IL, 60141, USA; Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 S 1st Ave., Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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Molecular epidemiology of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile strains recovered from clinical trials in the US, Canada and Europe from 2006-2009 to 2012-2015. Anaerobe 2018; 53:38-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) typing using HindIII enzyme is a highly discriminatory, reproducible, and consistent method of genetic typing of Clostridium difficile (CD) isolates. REA typing analyzes CD whole cellular DNA on two levels of discrimination: REA Group designation and REA Type designation, which distinguishes specific subtypes within the REA Group. This methodology has enabled the tracking of epidemiologically significant CD strains over time and in some cases has allowed documentation of the evolution of previously rare REA Group strains that have subsequently become epidemic. The chapter details the methods used to isolate and purify CD colonies from stool samples, to obtain intact, full-length whole cellular DNA from CD isolates by use of guanidine-EDTA solution, and to analyze the HindIII-digested DNA after electrophoretic separation on agarose gels.
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U.S.-Based National Sentinel Surveillance Study for the Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrheal Isolates and Their Susceptibility to Fidaxomicin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6437-43. [PMID: 26239985 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00845-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2011 a surveillance study for the susceptibility to fidaxomicin and epidemiology of Clostridium difficile isolates in the United States was undertaken in seven geographically dispersed medical centers. This report encompasses baseline surveillance in 2011 and 2012 on 925 isolates. A convenience sample of C. difficile isolates or toxin positive stools from patients were referred to a central laboratory. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by agar dilution (CLSI M11-A8). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), Food and Drug Administration, or European Union of Clinical Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints were applied where applicable. Toxin gene profiles were characterized by multiplex PCR on each isolate. A random sample of 322 strains, stratified by institution, underwent restriction endonuclease analysis (REA). The fidaxomicin MIC90 was 0.5 μg/ml for all isolates regardless of REA type or toxin gene profile, and all isolates were inhibited at ≤1.0 μg/ml. By REA typing, BI strains represented 25.5% of the isolates. The toxin gene profile of tcdA, tcdB, and cdtA/B positive with a tcdC 18-bp deletion correlated with BI REA group. Moxifloxacin and clindamycin resistance was increased among either BI or binary toxin-positive isolates. Metronidazole and vancomycin showed reduced susceptibility (EUCAST criteria) in these isolates. Geographic variations in susceptibility, REA group and binary toxin gene presence were observed. Fidaxomicin activity against C. difficile isolated in a national surveillance study did not change more than 1 year after licensure. This analysis provides baseline results for future comparisons.
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Dingle TC, MacCannell DR. Molecular Strain Typing and Characterisation of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Broad coverage of genetically diverse strains of Clostridium difficile by actoxumab and bezlotoxumab predicted by in vitro neutralization and epitope modeling. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:1052-60. [PMID: 25451052 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04433-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) are the leading cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea and primarily involve two exotoxins, TcdA and TcdB. Actoxumab and bezlotoxumab are human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize the cytotoxic/cytopathic effects of TcdA and TcdB, respectively. In a phase II clinical study, the actoxumab-bezlotoxumab combination reduced the rate of CDI recurrence in patients who were also treated with standard-of-care antibiotics. However, it is not known whether the antibody combination will be effective against a broad range of C. difficile strains. As a first step toward addressing this, we tested the ability of actoxumab and bezlotoxumab to neutralize the activities of toxins from a number of clinically relevant and geographically diverse strains of C. difficile. Neutralization potencies, as measured in a cell growth/survival assay with purified toxins from various C. difficile strains, correlated well with antibody/toxin binding affinities. Actoxumab and bezlotoxumab neutralized toxins from culture supernatants of all clinical isolates tested, including multiple isolates of the BI/NAP1/027 and BK/NAP7/078 strains, at antibody concentrations well below plasma levels observed in humans. We compared the bezlotoxumab epitopes in the TcdB receptor binding domain across known TcdB sequences and found that key substitutions within the bezlotoxumab epitopes correlated with the relative differences in potencies of bezlotoxumab against TcdB of some strains, including ribotypes 027 and 078. Combined with in vitro neutralization data, epitope modeling will enhance our ability to predict the coverage of new and emerging strains by actoxumab-bezlotoxumab in the clinic.
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