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Niu Y, Cao S, Ma X, Xu Z, Wu H. Multiple cytokine analyses identify CSF1 as a robust biomarker for predicting postoperative recurrence in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111430. [PMID: 38142640 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous disease with a high rate of postoperative recurrence. This study aimed to discover potential biomarkers by analyzing multiple cytokine profiles in serum to predict postoperative recurrence in CRSwNP and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS In this prospective study, we enrolled 18 healthy controls (HC) and 60 CRSwNP patients and analyzed the baseline serum cytokine profiles using the Luminex assay. Patients were followed up for more than 2 years and divided into non-recurrence and Recurrence groups. The differentially expressed cytokines were validated in the serum and tissue samples in a validation cohort, and their predictive values for recurrence were evaluated. RESULTS Fifty-four CRSwNP patients completed the follow-up schedule, including 37 patients in the non-Recurrence group and 17 patients in the Recurrence group. Multiple cytokine analyses showed that serum CD40, CD40L, IL-18, IL-8, MCP1, and CSF1 levels were elevated in the CRSwNP group, especially in the Recurrence group, compared to the HC group. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that serum levels of CD40, CD40L, and CSF1 were closely associated with the risk of postoperative recurrence. Further validation results showed that both serum and tissue mRNA levels of CD40, CD40L, and CSF1 were significantly higher in the Recurrence group in comparison with the non-recurrence and HC groups, and tissue CSF1 mRNA expression exhibited a robust value for predicting the CRSwNP recurrence. Immunofluorescence results revealed that CSF1 was enhanced in the recurrent CRSwNP patients, especially in the epithelial cell area, and CSF1 expressions were augmented when patients suffered postoperative recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Circulating cytokine profiles may affect the risk of postoperative recurrence in CRSwNP patients. Our discovery-validation results suggested that CSF1 might serve as a robust biomarker for predicting CRSwNP recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shouming Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhaoxiong Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second People's Hospital of Xuanwei City, Xuanwei, China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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Chen S, Tan L, Qin D, Lv H, Liu K, Xu Y, Wu X, Huang J, Xu Y. The causal relationship between multiple autoimmune diseases and nasal polyps. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228226. [PMID: 37691921 PMCID: PMC10484405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although previous sporadic studies have reported the associations between a few autoimmune diseases and nasal polyps, these studies have limitations such as conflicting results, small sample sizes, and low levels of evidence. Methods Several autoimmune diseases were selected as exposures while the nasal polyps were selected as outcomes. Bidirectional univariable Mendelian randomization and multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses were performed after rigorous screening of instrumental variables. Then mediation analyses were conducted to further investigate the underlying mechanisms. Results For the first time, we investigated the causal relationships between nine autoimmune diseases and nasal polyps in different genders and found: (1) there was a causal association between adult-onset Still's disease and nasal polyps; (2) sarcoidosis, ulcerative colitis, type 1 diabetes, and Crohn's disease had no significant associations with nasal polyps; (3) celiac disease showed a suggestive positive association with female nasal polyps, whereas juvenile arthritis and multiple sclerosis showed suggestive positive associations with male nasal polyps. By contrast, arthropathic psoriasis showed a suggestive negative association with nasal polyps. In addition to these nine diseases, previous controversial issues were further investigated: (1) there was a causal relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and nasal polyps, which was partially mediated by "BAFF-R for IgD+ B cells"; (2) ankylosing spondylitis showed suggestive positive associations with the female but not the male nasal polyps. Besides, we validated that there was no causal effect of autoimmune hyperthyroidism on nasal polyps. Conclusion Specific conclusions regarding the causal effects of multiple autoimmune diseases on nasal polyps are the same as above. By comparing results between different genders, we have initially observed the sex bimodality in the causal effects between autoimmune diseases and nasal polyps, with those on male nasal polyps being stronger than those on female nasal polyps. Our study lays a solid foundation for further research in the future, not only helping identify individuals susceptible to nasal polyps early but also improving our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of these heterogeneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danxue Qin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lv
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunyu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Rhinology and Allergy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Itoh N, Ohshima Y. The dual aspects of IgD in the development of tolerance and the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Allergol Int 2022; 72:227-233. [PMID: 37010995 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-surface form of IgD is co-expressed with IgM on mature, naïve B cells as B-cell receptors. The secreted IgD antibody (Ab) is found in relatively modest concentrations in the blood and other body fluids as it has a relatively short serum half-life. IgD Abs produced in the upper-respiratory mucosa presumably participate in host defense against pathogens. The allergen-mediated cross-linkage of basophil-bound IgD Ab enhances type 2 cytokine secretion; IgD Ab may also interfere with IgE-mediated basophil degranulation, suggesting dual and opposing roles of IgD Ab in allergen sensitization and the development of allergen immune tolerance. We recently demonstrated that children with egg allergies who avoided all forms of egg have lower ovomucoid-specific IgD and IgG4 Ab levels than those who only partially avoided egg products and that different mechanisms may regulate allergen-specific IgD Ab production compared to allergen-specific IgG4 Ab production. The relationship between antigen-specific IgD Ab levels and the clinical improvement of asthma and food allergies suggests that antigen-specific IgD Ab affects the process of outgrowing allergies. We discuss the possibility that allergen-specific IgD Ab production reflects low-affinity, allergen-specific IgE production as children outgrow a food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Itoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Yusei Ohshima
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Shen Y, Zhang N, Yang Y, Hong S, Bachert C. Local Immunoglobulin E in nasal polyps: Role and modulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961503. [PMID: 36159836 PMCID: PMC9492990 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the airway, IgE is traditionally regarded as a key mediator in allergic diseases, such as AR and allergic asthma. However, growing evidence demonstrates the importance of local IgE in airway inflammatory diseases, irrespective of the presence of allergy. In this review, we discuss the most recent evidence for IgE in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps(CRSwNP), including the local IgE’s characteristics, the modulation of its synthesis, and its function. The levels of local IgE are significantly elevated in polyps independently of IgE serum levels and atopic status. Local IgE, which is correlated with type 2 inflammation, is polyclonal and functional. IgE is produced by active B cells and is dependent on the class switch recombination(CSR). In NPs, this process is triggered by not only allergens but also microbial colonization, especially the superantigen- Staphylococcus aureus. The production of local IgE is modulated by lymphocytes(such as Tfh, ILC2s, iTreg), cytokines(such as IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-2, IL-21), transcription factors, and B cell-intrinsic factor. Due to the central role of IgE in NPs, it is regarded as an ideal target for therapy and has been proved to be clinically successful. Based on this knowledge, we believe that exploring the trigger and regulatory factors for the activation of local B cells and CSR to IgE will provide more valuable information for us to recognize the pathological mechanisms of local IgE and offer the possible option for new therapeutic targets of nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yucheng Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Suling Hong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Claus Bachert,
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Sánchez Montalvo A, Gohy S, Rombaux P, Pilette C, Hox V. The Role of IgA in Chronic Upper Airway Disease: Friend or Foe? FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:852546. [PMID: 35386640 PMCID: PMC8974816 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.852546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic upper airway inflammation is amongst the most prevalent chronic disease entities in the Western world with prevalence around 30% (rhinitis) and 11% (rhinosinusitis). Chronic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis may severely impair the quality of life, leading to a significant socio-economic burden. It becomes more and more clear that the respiratory mucosa which forms a physiological as well as chemical barrier for inhaled particles, plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and driving disease. In a healthy state, the mucosal immune system provides protection against pathogens as well as maintains a tolerance toward non-harmful commensal microbes and benign environmental substances such as allergens. One of the most important players of the mucosal immune system is immunoglobulin (Ig) A, which is well-studied in gut research where it has emerged as a key factor in creating tolerance to potential food allergens and maintaining a healthy microbiome. Although, it is very likely that IgA plays a similar role at the level of the respiratory epithelium, very little research has been performed on the role of this protein in the airways, especially in chronic upper airway diseases. This review summarizes what is known about IgA in upper airway homeostasis, as well as in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis, including current and possible new treatments that may interfere with the IgA system. By doing so, we identify unmet needs in exploring the different roles of IgA in the upper airways required to find new biomarkers or therapeutic options for treating chronic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Sánchez Montalvo
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Gohy
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Cystic Fibrosis Reference Center, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Rombaux
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Hox
- Pole of Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Valérie Hox
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Th2 inflammatory responses in the development of nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 20:1-8. [PMID: 31567293 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pathogenesis of nasal polyp has been largely studied based on innate and adaptive immunity of sinonasal mucosa. So far, various factors have been identified that trigger an inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. In this review, we summarized recently updated information in the understanding of mechanisms in the development of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) focusing on Th2 inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Endotype of CRSwNP presented mainly Th2-skewed inflammation, and it has been associated with refractoriness and comorbidities. Staphylococcus aureus can drive Th2 inflammation by producing enterotoxins and serine protease-like protein. Moreover, S. aureus directly affected mucosal barrier function and enhanced Th2 cytokine production by fast induction of epithelial-derived innate cytokines. Epithelial-derived innate cytokines, including TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33, promote Th2 responses via the development of innate lymphoid cells. Mast cell expresses IL-5, IL-13, and periostin, and it plays a role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps through orchestrating eosinophil infiltration. Formation of eosinophil extracellular traps and Charcot-Leyden crystals is strongly associated with disease severity and viscous mucus plug production. Therefore, it needs to be investigated mechanistically. The role of neutrophils in Th2 inflammation has been poorly understood but appears to enhance Th2 inflammation and make it more resistant to steroid therapy. SUMMARY There is growing evidence of the role of S. aureus in innate and adaptive immunity, which contribute to Th2 inflammation in CRSwNP. Innate immunity, including epithelial-derived cytokines, plays a crucial role in the development of CRSwNP by inducing various pathways and need to be investigated more as Th2-targeted biomarkers. Recently, the role of neutrophilic inflammation in Th2 inflammation has started to be studied but still remains unclear.
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Kariyawasam HH, James LK. B cells and upper airway disease: allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps evaluated. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:445-459. [PMID: 33729073 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1905527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The first mucosal site to encounter inhaled allergen, antigen, and microbes is the upper airway. It must perforce have a rapid system of environmental threat recognition and self-defense. B cells play a critical role in such airway host-defense, tissue surveillance, and immune modulation. Several common upper airway diseases can be defined in the expression of either exaggerated or dysregulated B-cell function within T2-high mucosal inflammatory states.Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the immunology of allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) in the context of highlighting key aspects of B-cell biology and function. The review is based on the findings of a literature search using the terms B cells, rhinitis, nasal polyps, and rhinosinusitis.Expert opinion: Despite the emerging role of B-cell overdrive and dysfunction in upper airway disease, studies are lacking specifics to B cells, particularly in association with sinonasal infection and mucosal inflammation. There is a pressing need to focus on how respiratory inflammation, alongside impaired or exaggerated B-cell function, amplifies and further dysregulates immune signaling pathways in the disease setting of AR and CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Hospital, London, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Rhinology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Hospital, London, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,University College London, London, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Tan BK, Peters AT, Schleimer RP, Hulse KE. Pathogenic and protective roles of B cells and antibodies in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 141:1553-1560. [PMID: 29731101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nose and sinuses that affects up to 12% of the population in Europe and the United States. This complex disease is likely driven by multiple environmental, genetic, and inflammatory mechanisms, and recent studies suggest that B cells might play a critical role in disease pathogenesis. B cells and their antibodies have undisputed roles in health and disease within the airway mucosae. Deficient or inadequate B-cell responses can lead to susceptibility to infectious disease in the nose, whereas excess antibody production, including autoantibodies, can promote damaging inflammation. Thus, patients with B-cell defects often have either chronic or recurrent acute infections, and this can be associated with nonpolypoid CRS. In contrast, many patients with CRS with nasal polyps, which is less likely to be driven by pathogens, have excess production of local immunoglobulins, including autoreactive antibodies. These B-cell responses activate complement in many patients and likely contribute to immunopathogenic responses. A better understanding of the B cell-associated mechanisms that drive disease in patients with CRS should be a high priority in the quest to understand the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Anju T Peters
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Kathryn E Hulse
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
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Dai X, Wu YJ, Jia XY, Chang Y, Wu HX, Wang C, Wei W. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) and IgD receptor expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 24:544-551. [PMID: 31315540 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2019.1642553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Immunoglobulin D (IgD) levels are often elevated in patients with autoimmune diseases. However, the oncogenic activities of IgD and IgD receptor (IgDR) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have not been reported in detail. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression of IgD and IgDR in patients with DLBCL. Methods: Membrane IgD (mIgD) and IgDR expression in tissue samples was analyzed using IHC, mIgD and IgDR expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was analyzed by FCM, and secreted IgD (sIgD) level was analyzed by ELISA. Fisher's exact test and Spearman correlation analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between IgD, IgDR, and clinical parameters. Results: The pathological lymph nodes of 34 patients with DLBCL were studied, and mIgD and IgDR expression was found in 16 and 19 patients. mIgD and IgDR expression was upregulated in patients with DLBCL and mIgD expression was significantly associated with IgDR expression. Further correlation analysis showed that mIgD expression was correlated with serum β2-MG level and Hans algorithm as germinal center B (GCB), whereas IgDR expression correlated with serum LDH level, IPI score and GCB. ELISA showed that sIgD level was significantly increased in DLBCL patients and it correlated with serum β2-MG and LDH levels. FCM showed that mIgD and IgDR expression in PBMCs of patients with DLBCL was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that overexpression of IgD and IgDR is an abnormal activation state in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Dai
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of the Education Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jing Wu
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of the Education Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yi Jia
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of the Education Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chang
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of the Education Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Xun Wu
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of the Education Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Wang
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of the Education Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- a Institute of Clinical Pharmacology , Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine of the Education Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine , Hefei , People's Republic of China
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Zhai GT, Wang H, Li JX, Cao PP, Jiang WX, Song J, Yao Y, Wang ZC, Wang ZZ, Wang MC, Liao B, Feng QM, Lu X, Wang H, Gao P, Liu Z. IgD-activated mast cells induce IgE synthesis in B cells in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1489-1499.e23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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